IRLF 


ANDERSON 


ISTOE1CAL 


Progressive  Map,  No.  1, 


82      Juong.fcQm      »7     Greenwich       82 


THE  COUNTRY 

EAST  OF  THE  MlSSISSIPET 

AS  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  INDIANS 


15  J-ong.from  10 


JOHfl  S.  PRELL 

Civil  &  Mechanical  Engineer. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 
GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  HISTORY 


UNITED    STATES: 


TO  WHICH  ARE   ADDED 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

WITH    QUESTIONS    AND    EXPLANATIONS, 

THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE, 

AND 

WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 
BY 

JOHN  J.  ANDERSON,  Ph.,D. 

Author  of  a  "  Pictorial  School  History  of  the  United  States,"  a,  "  Manual  of 

General  History,"  a  "  History  of  England,"  "  The  Historical 

Header"  "  The  United  States  Reader  "  etc.,  etc. 


NEW     YORK: 

CLARK  <fc  MAYNARD,  PUBLISHERS, 

734  BROADWAY. 

1882. 


Anderson's  Historical  Series. 


A  Junior  Class   History  of  the   United   States. 

Illustrated  with  hundreds  of  portraits,  views,  maps,  etc.    272  pnges.    IGmo. 

A  Grammar  School  History  of  the  United  States. 

Annotated  ;  and  illustrated  with  numerous  portraits  and  views,  and  with  more  than 
forty  maps,  many  of  which  are  colored.  340  pp.  IGmo. 

A  Pictorial  School  History  of  the  United  States. 

Fully  illustrated  with  maps,  portraits,  vigncttes,'etc.    420  pp.    12mo. 

A  Popular  School  History  of  the  United  States, 

in  which  are  inserted  :i8  a  part  of  the  narrative  selections  from  the  writings  of  eminent 
American  historians  and  other  American  writers  of  note.  Fully  illustrated  with  maps, 
colored  and  plain  ;  portraits,  views,  etc.  356  pp.  12mo. 

A  Manual  of  General  History,    illustrated  with  numerous 

engravings  and  with  beautifully  colored  maps  showing  the  changes  in  the  political  di 
visions  of  the  world,  and  giving  the  location  of  important  places.  483  pp.  12mo. 

A  School  History  Of  England.  Illustrated  with  numerous 
engravings  and  with  colored  maps  showing  the  geographical  changes  in  the  country  at 
different  periods.  3£2  pp.  12mo. 

A  School  History  Of  France.  Illustrated  with  numerous  en. 
gravings,  colored  and  uncolored  maps.  373  pp.  12mo. 

A  HlStOry  Of  Rome.  Amply  illustrated  with  maps,  .plans,  and 
engravings.  543  pp.  By  R.  F.  LEIGHTON,  Ph.D.  (Lips.). 

A  School  History  of  Greece,    in  preparation. 
Anderson's  Bloss's  Ancient  History,     illustrated  with 

engravings,  colored  maps,  and  a  chart.    445  pp.    12mo. 

The  Historical  Reader,  embracing  selections  in  prose  and  verse, 
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Words,  and  Biographical  and  Geographical  Indexes.  544  pp.  12mo. 

The  United  States  Reader,  embracing  selections  from  eminent 
American  historians,  orators,  statesmen,  and  poets,  with  explanatory  observations, 
notes,  etc.  Arranged  so  as  to  form  a  Class-manual  of  United  States  History.  Illustrated 
with  colored  historical  maps.  414  pp.  12uio. 

CLARK  &  MAYNARD,  Publishers, 

734  Broadway,  New  York, 


Coovri^ht,  1874,  by  JOHN  J.  ANDERSON. 

/'• 

GIFT 


_  JOHN  S.  PRELL 

Civil  &  Mechanical  'Engto 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


TO   TEACHEKS. 


THIS  work  is  intended  for  advanced  classes  in  Gram« 
mar  Schools  and  Academies.  The  leading  aim  in  its 
preparation  has  been  to  narrate  the  events,  as  well  aa 
their  causes,  details,  effects,  and  connection  with  each 
other,  in  the  most  concise  language  consistent  with 
the  clearness  and  fulness  necessary  for  the  proper 
understanding  of  the  subject.  Although  the  history 
of  our  country  is  here  condensed  within  a  few  pages, 
it  is  believed  that  all  the  important  facts  are  stated, 
and  that  no  particulars  are  omitted  that  are  essential 
to  their  clear  comprehension. 

A  knowledge  of  history  can  never  be  acquired  so  as 
to  make  the  acquisition  permanent  and  useful,  unless, 
at  the  same  time,  the  geography  of  the  narrative  is 
well  understood.  The  exact  location  of  every  place 
mentioned  in  this  work,  except  a  very  few  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  is  shown  on  maps,  a  num 
ber  of  which  were  specially  prepared  for  this  work ; 
and  the  system  of  map  questions,  by  which  not  only 
the  location  of  each  place  is  required  to  be  learned, 
but  its  situation  with  reference  to  other  places,  is  a 

039 


TO  TEACHERS. 


feature  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  history  which 
has  come  under  the  author's  notice.  Of  the  import 
ance  of  uniting  the  two  studies  of  history  and  geo 
graphy,  no  practical  teacher  need  be  informed.  By 
associating  events  with  places,  both  are  more  perma 
nently  impressed  on  the  mind. 

The  design  of  the  questions  at  the  bottom  of  the 
pages,  is  to  draw  attention  to  the  facts  singly.  Those 
at  the  end  of  the  sections,  called  Keview  Questions, 
associate  facts  belonging  to  the  same  class  or  train 
of  events,  and,  consequently,  require  answers  of  a 
topical  character.  This  method,  in  connection  with 
the  requirements  in  relation  to  geography,  cannot  fail 
to  awaken  an  interest  in  the  mind  of  the  learner,  and 
lead  him  to  a  knowledge  of  the  subject  that  will  prove 
satisfactory  and  permanent.  It  will  give  him,  too,  a 
power  and  readiness  of  grouping,  describing,  and  re 
lating,  that  will  prove  of  lasting  benefit. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  author  has  given  more 
attention  to  the  pronunciation  of  proper  names  than 
in  his  previous  works.  The  pronunciation  of  no  name 
that  seemed  to  be  at  all  difficult  for  the  learner,  has 
been  omitted.  The  authorities  employed  are  Web 
ster's  and  Worcester's  Dictionaries,  and  Baldwin's 
Gazetteer. 

The  author  would  suggest  to  his  fellow-teachers, 


TO  TEACHERS. 


that  this  book  may  be  used  just  as  it  is  written.  It 
is  a  production  growing  out  of  twenty  years'  expe 
rience  in  the  school-room  ;  and,  while  no  claim  of 
perfection  is  made  either  for  its  plan  or  infallibility 
in  its  statements,  it  will  be,  it  is  believed,  when  thus 
used,  an  important  aid  in  the  hands  of  teachers.  The 
maps  should  be  used  freely  :  they  may  be  drawn  by 
the  teacher  or  pupils  on  the  blackboard  ;  and  no  reci 
tation  should  be  heard  nor  instruction  given,  without 
them.  In  this  way  pupils  will  be  made  to  learn  and 
recite  intelligently,  since  they  will  be  compelled  to 
•use  their  eyes  as  well  as  their  ears,  and  to  exercise 
their  understanding. 

With  regard  to  the  chronology,  two  things  are  to  be 
avoided.  The  pupil  should  not  be  required  to  learn 
dates  unassociated  with  the  narrative,  nor  should  any 
system  of  mnemonics  be  employed  which  requires  the 
use  of  facts  or  statements  not  belonging  to  the  his 
tory.  In  the  one  case,  the  mind  is  burdened  with 
useless  lumber  to  the  overtasking  of  the  memory ; 
and,  in  the  other  case,  it  is  confused  with  a  multipli 
city  of  facts,  perhaps,  of  but  little  or  no  importance. 
A  few  prominent  events  should  be  selected  as  stand 
points,  from  which,  on  the  one  side,  may  be  seen  a 
train  of  causes  ;  and,  on  the  other,  a  series  of  effects 
or  consequences.  In  this  way,  whatever  is  really  im- 


TO   TEACHERS. 


portant,  will  be  readily  remembered  and  judiciously 
appropriated. 

With  these  few  remarks  and  suggestions,  the  author 
commits  the  work  to  the  impartial  examination  of  his 
fellow-laborers  in  the  cause  of  education ;  trusting 
that  it  will  be  received  with  that  kind  consideration 
which  has  been  extended  to  his  other  works  on  this 
subject. 

Teachers  who  desire  that  their  pupils  should  acquire 
a  more  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the 
United  States  than  can  be  gained  from  the  text,  are 
referred  to  the  QUESTIONS  FOR  TOPICAL  STUDY  AND  RECI 
TATION  at  the  end  of  the  work.  These  questions,  with 
the  references  and  the  additional  information  given  in 
connection  therewith,  supply  a  complete  collection  of 
topics,  beginning  with  the  discovery  of  the  New  World, 
and  running  through  succeeding  events  to  the  present 
time.  Much  interesting  information,  not  found  in  the 
preceding  pages  of  the  book,  is  there  inserted.  The 
author  is  indebted  to  School  Superintendents  and 
teachers,  and  to  examination-papers  which  have  been 
furnished  him,  for  many  of  these  questions. 

Two  articles  have  been  added  at  the  end  of  the 
History,  one  showing  the  Territorial  Growth  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  other  the  Civil  Progress  of 
the  Nation. 


HOW  TO  TEACH  HISTORY. 

The  author  of  this  book  having  been  solicited  by  many  teachers  fora  few  brief 
rales,  by  which  they  might  be  governed  in  using  it,  submits  the  following.  H« 
floes  not  claim  that  these  iir«  the  best,  nor  does  he  advise  any  teacher  who  may 
adopt  them  to  adhere  to  them  strictly  in  all  cases. 

Lessons  should  be  assigned  and  recitations  heard,  not  so  much  in  conformity  with, 
rules  as  in  accordance  with  circumstances. 

ASSIGNING   THE    LESSON. 

1.  "  Give  out "  a  short  lesson,  at  tlie  same  time  designating  a 
map  to  be  drawn  by  the  pupils,  on  paper  or  slate,  the  map  to  show, 
among  other  things,  the  location  of  the  important  places  mention 
ed  in  the  lesson.     Jgf"  Let  it  be  understood  that  no  lesson  is  learn 
ed  by  a  pupil  until  he  has  learned  how  every  place  mentioned  in 
it  is  located. 

2.  Let  the  lesson  be  read  by  the  class,  care  being  taken  to 
have  all  the  proper  names  correctly  pronounced.     Endeavor,  also, 
to  give  interest  to  the  lesson  by  enlarging  upon  the  facts,  throw 
ing  in  historical  incidents,  and  referring  to  authors. 

RECITATION, 

3.  Let  the  maps  be  examined  and  criticised.     In  this  duty 
the  teacher  may  bo  aided  veiy  much  by  a  system  of  examinations 
carried  out  by  he  pupils  themselves,  who  will  derive  benefit  in 
many  respects  by  the  exercise. 

4.  Bring1  out  the  facts  of  the  lesson  with  clearness,  partic 
ularly  the  relation  of  causes  to  results.     If  any  question  is  not  fully 
answered,  put  others  to  elicit  what  has  been  omitted.     Then  ask 
the  first  question  again,  requiring  it  to  be  properly  answered.     Of 
course  the  teacher  should  in  all  cases  aim  to  have  his  questions 
answered  with  intelligence.     Use  outline  wall-maps,  and  question 
freely  on  the  geography.     Occasionally  have  the  maps  drawn  on 
the  blackboard.     IHSIP'  Permit  no  answer  to  pass  if  it  is  not  clear 
that  the  pupil  is  acquainted  with  the  location  of  the  places  reierred 
to  in  it. 

REVIEWS. 

5.  Review  by  topics.     Besides  the  oral  method,  the  composition 
plan  (see  Appendix,  p.  62)  and  the  one  by  written  diagrams  (see 
model  preceding  p.  18)  should  occasionally  be  used.     (The  Review 
Questions,  at  different  places   in  the   book,  furnish  a   number  of 
topics  and  suggest  others.     A  list  of  about  two  hundred  topics  is 
also  given  at  the  end  of  the  book.) 

6.  Dates.    Do  not  require  dates  too  freely, — the  month  and 
the  day  of  the  month  in  no  case,  unless  there  is  a  special  reason 
for  it.     Take  the  date  of  an  important  event  as  a  turning  point  ; 
and  when  it  is  well  fixed  in  the  mind,  arrange  on  the  one  side  the 
train  of  events  as  causes,  and  on  the  other  the  train  of  results. 


JOHN  S.  PRELL 

Civil  &  Mechanical  Engineer. 

SAN  FKANCISCO,  CAL. 
INTKODUCTION. 


1.  THE  geographers  of  ancient  times  had  no  knowledge  whatever 
of  America ;  though  it  has  been  asserted  that,  several  years  before 
Christ,  navigators  had  sailed  out  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and, 
being  wafted  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  trade-winds,  had 
reached  the  Western  Continent. 

2.  About  five  centuries  previous  to  the  discovery  of  America  by 
Columbus,  the  Northmen,  a  people  from  Norway,  colonized  Iceland 
and  Greenland,  and  made  explorations  hi  America  as  far  south  aa 
New  England.     Settlements  are  also  said  to  have  been  made  by 
them,  and  intercourse  kept  up  for  some  time  with  the   mother 
country.    These  expeditions,  however,  seem  not  to  have  attracted 
any  general  attention ;  nor  were  their  results  permanent,  or  known 
to  the  other  nations  of  Europe.     (Read  Note  7,  end  of  Section.) 

3.  It  is  certain,  indeed,  that  when  Columbus  set  sail  on  his  event 
ful  voyage  hi  1492,  he  had  not  the  least  knowledge  of  the  ox.isten.ce 
of  a  second  continent,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  whatever  that  he 
even  imagined  there  was  such  a  continent*  His  great  aim  was  to 
find  a  shorter  and  better  route  to  India  than  the  one  then  travelled 
by  way  of  Egypt  and  the  Red  Sea.     To  him,  nevertheless,  is  justly 
ascribed  the  honor  of  being  the  discoverer  of  the  New  World,  since 
it  was  through  his  enterprise  and  sagacity  that  its  existence  came 
to  be  generally  known. 

4.  At  the  time  of  Columbus's  discovery,  the  continent  of  America, 
from  the  icy  latitudes  of  the  North  to  the  regions  far  south  of  the 
equator,  together  with  most  of  its  islands,  was  inhabited  by  various 
races  who  ditfered  in  many  respects  from  Europeans.    As  Uie  coun 
try  at  that  time,  and  until  Balboa  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean 
(p.  17),  was  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  India,  these  inhabitants  were 
called  Indians.    In  some  parts  of  the  country  they  were  found  to 
have  attained  a  considerable  degree  of  civilization ;  in  others  they 
were  hi  the  savage  state,  being  divided  into  tribes,  living  in  rude 
huts  called  wigwams,  and  existing  mostly  by  fishing  and  hunting 

*  This  statement  is  made  on  the  authority  of  Irving,  Helps,  and  others  ;  but  a  recent 
writer  holds  to  a  different  opinion,  giving  several  reasons  for  his  belief. 


6  INTRODUCTION. 


They  spoke  different  languages,  and  their  religion  consisted  in  wor 
shipping  an  unknown  and  invisible  Deity,  whom  they  called  the 
"  Great  Spirit." 

5.  "Whence  did  they  corne  ?   How  did  they  reach  America  ?  How 
long  had  they  been  living  there  ?    These  questions  have  been  asked 
a  great  many  times,  but  have  never  yet  been  satisfactorily  answered. 
Many  theories  have  been  advanced  to  solve  the  difficulty ;  but  the 
origin  of  these  various  races,  both  civilized  and  uncivilized,  remains 
as  much  a  mystery  as  ever. 

6.  According  to  one  of  these  theories,  America  received  its  first 
inhabitants  from  eastern  Asia,  by  way  of  Behring's  Straits ;  while 
other  and  more  probable  statements  are,  that  vessels  were  at  various 
times  watted  by  the  trade-winds  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean  from 
tho  Old  World,  and  that  thus  people  of  different  races  being  acci 
dentally  carried  to  the  other  continent,  settled  there,  and  founded 
the   different  nations  which  inhabited  it  at  the  time  of  its  dis 
covery  by  Columbus. 

".  Of  one  thing  there  can  be  no  doubt.  When  America  was  dis 
covered  by  Columbus,  it  had  been  inhabited  for  centuries ;  and  the 
previous  occupants  of  certain  portions  of  it  had  attained  a  degree 
of  civilization  not  possessed  by  their  inhabitants  at  the  time  of  this 
discovery.  The  evidences  of  this  are  still  abundant  in  the  ruins  of 
temples  and  other  buildings,  and  hi  the  articles  of  copper  and  silver 
found  buried  beneath  these  ruins.  Curious  specimens  of  pottery 
of  great  antiquity  have  also  been  found  ;  and  mounds  of  remark 
able  extent  are  seen  in  certain  parts,  the  origin  of  which  was  un 
known  *o  the  uncivilized  Indians. 

8.  After  Columbus  led  the  way,  expeditions  were  undertaken  by 
Europeans  of  different  nations  in  order  to  explore  the  New  World, 
aad  make  settlements  in  various  parts  of  it.    None  were  marked 
by  more  heroism  and  self-sacrifice  than  those  conducted  by  the 
French  Catholics  in  their  efforts  to  explore  the  country  in  the 
region  of  the  great  lakes,  and  along  the  Mississippi  River  and  ita 
tributary  streams.     Marquette  (mar-kef),  La  Salle  (sal),  and  others, 
penetrated  the  vast  wilderness  by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and 
they  were  followed  by  others  who  established  stations  .at  various 
places,  and  labored  to  convert  the  Indians  to  their  faith.* 

9.  At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  western  boundary 
of  the  territorial  possessions  of  the  United  States  extended  only  to 
the  Mississippi  (p  98).    By  the  "  Louisiana  Purchase,"  in  1803,  the 

•  See  Note  6,  end  of  Section  I.,  for  Marquette  ;  and,  for  Lc,  Salle,  Note  16,  end  of  Section  H 


Marquette  Sailing  Down  the  Mississippi. 


"  On  the  17th  of  June  (1673),  they  saw  on  their  right  the  broad  meadows,  bounded  in  the 
distance  by  rugged  hills,  where  now  stands  the  town  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  Before  them,  a 
wild  and  rapid  current  coursed  athwart  their  way,  by  the  foot  of  lofty  heights  wrapped 
thick  in  forests.  They  had  found  what  they  sought,  and  '  with  a  joy,'  writes  Marquette, 
'which  I  cannot  express,'  they  sieered  forth  their  canoes  on  the  eddies  of  the  Mississippi.'' 
— PAUK.MAN. 


INTRODUCTION. 


limits  were  extended  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  (p.  110).  The  coast 
strip,  about  fifty  miles  wide,  between  Florida  and  Louisiana,  claimed 
by  Spain  as  a  part  of  Florida,  was  occupied  by  the  United  States  at 
the  beginning  of  the  '•  War  of  1812,"  and,  under  the  claim  tbat  it 
was  part  of  the  "Louisiana  Purchase,"  was  retained.  In  1819, 
Florida  was  acquired  by  cession  from  Spain  (p.  135),  all  the  :<  rights, 
claims,  and  pretensions"  of  Spain  to  territory  west  of  the  Missis 
sippi  and  north  of  the  42>d  parallel,  being,  at  the  same  time,  also 
ceded  to  the  United  States. 

10.  The  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  extending  from 
'atitude  42°  to  about  54°,  with  the  Pacific  for  its  western  boundary, 
was  long  known  as  Oregon.    It  was  claimed  by  the  United  States, 
because,  among  other  reasons,  its  principal  river  had  been  discov 
ered  by  an  American — Captain  Gray,  of  the  ship  Columbia,  of  lios- 
ton — in  1792 ;  and  because,  during  the  administration  of  President 
Jefferson,  it  was  explored  by  Captains  Lewis  and  Clark,  command 
ing  an  overland  expedition  sent  out  by  the  United  States  govern 
ment.    Gray  gave  the  name  of  his  vessel  to  the  river  he  discovered. 
By  the  treaty  made  with  Spam  hi  1819,  the  United  States  strength 
ened  their  claim  to  the  region. 

11.  Great  Britain  also  claimed  Oregon  until  1846,  when,  by  treaty, 
the  boundary  line  between  the  possessions  of  the  two  nations  was 
fixed  at  the  49th  parallel ;  and  thus  was  settled  a  controversy  which 
had  been  continued  for  a  number  of  years,  and  which,  at  one  time, 
threatened  to  produce  a  war  between  the  two  countries.     In  1845. 
Texas  became  a  member  of  the  Union  by  annexation  (pp.  141-143), 
California,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  and  Nevada  were  acquired 
from  Mexico  by  conquest ;  and  their  possession  wag  confirmed  by 
a  treaty  made  at  the  close  of  the  war  with  that  country  (p.  150), 
and  by  subsequent  negotiation.   Alaska  was  ourc/iaaed  from  Russia 
in  1867  (p.  184). 

NOTE. — "  The  evidences  of  the  former  existence  of  a  pre-Mstoric  race,  known 
as  the  mound-builders,  who  at  oue  time  occupied  the  principal  affluent!)  of  the 
Mississippi,  the  C-Julf  Coast,  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes,  are  too  conclu 
sive  to  aumit  of  doubt.  These  evidences  consist  of  tumuli  symmetrically  raised 
and  often  enclosed  in  mathematical  figures,  such  as  the  square,  the  octagon, 
and  circle,  with  long  Hues  of  circumvallation;  of  pits  in  the  solid  rock,  and 
mobiith-heaps  formed  in  the  prosecution  of  their  mining  operations;  and  ol  a 
variety  o!' utensils,  wrousrht  in  stone  or  copper,  or  moulded  in  clay,  which  evince 
a  knowledge  of  art  and  methodical  labor  foreign  to  the  Red  man.  While  the 
character  of  these  structures,  a?  traced  over  wide  areas,  differ  in  minor  particu 
lars,  still  there  is  a  great  uniformity  which  stamps  the  authors  as  one  people  «nd 
subjects  of  one  controlling  government. " — Foster's  Pre-Historic  Races  in  th€ 
United  States  of  America. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


„      SECTION     I. 

Discoveries  and  Explorations. 

EXTENDING    FROM    THE    DISCOVERY    OF    AMERICA,    IN    1492,   TO 
THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    VIRGINIA,    IN    1607. 

1.  AMERICA  was  discovered  in  1492  by  Christopher  Co 
lumbus,  a  native  of  Genoa  (jen'-o-ah),  Italy.      Believing 
the  earth  to  be  round,  Columbus  concluded  that  by  sailing 
westward  he  would  sooner  reach  India  than  by  taking 
the  usual  route  by  way  of  Egypt.      The  route  around 

^the  southern  extremity  of  Africa  was  not  then  known.* 

2.  Being  too  poor  to  fit  out  an  expedition  at  his  own 
expense,  he  applied  for  aid  to  the  republic  of  Genoa,  and 
afterward  to  the  monarchs  of  England  and  Portugal ; 
but  in  vain.     At  last  he  was  assisted  by  Isabella,  Queen 
of  Spain.     With  a  fleet  of  three  vessels  he  set  sail,  and 
after  a  voyage  of  ten  weeks,  discovered  one  of  the  Baha- 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (See  Map,  page  8.)  Where  are  the  Bahama  Islands  ?  The 
West  Indies  ?  Where  is  Guanahani  ?  Labrador  ?  Porto  Rico  ?  Florida  ?  St. 
Domingo  ?  Cuba  ?  Tampa  Bay  ?  Newfoundland  ?  Quebec  ?  Nova  Scotia  f 
New  Brunswick  ?  Acadia  ?  Port  Royal  entrance  ?  St.  Augustine  ?  Pamlico 
Sound  ?  Albemarle  Sound  ?  Virginia  ?  Cape  Cod  ?  Maine  ?  Martha's  Vineyard  ? 
Jamestown  ?  Into  what  waters  does  the  Mississippi  flow  ?  The  St.  Lawrence  ? 
The  St.  John's  ?  The  Kennebec  ?  The  James  ? 

1.  Who  was  Columbus?    When  was  America  discovered?    Who  made  the 
discovery  ?    What  belief  did  Cok.mbus  have  ?     What  was  then  the  usual  route 
to  India  ?    What  route  was  then  not  yet  known  ? 

2.  For  what  did  Columbus  solicit  aid?    Why  did  he  do  eo?    Of  whom  did 
he  ask  aid  ?    Who,  finally,  assisted  him  ?    What  can  you  state  of  his  first  voyage  ? 
What  land  did  he  discover  ?    What  name  did  he  give  it  ? 

*  "  The  crown  of  Portugal  was  constant  in  its  efforts,  through  the  fifteenth  century,  to  find 
a  passage  round  the  southern  point  of  Africa  into  the  Indian  Ocean;  though  so  timid  was  the 
navigation  that  every  fresh  headland  became  n  formidable  barrier  ;  and  it  was  not  till  tire 
latter  part  of  the  century  that  the  adventurous  Diaz  passed  quite  round  the  Stormy  Cape,  as 
he  termed  it,  but  which  John  the  Second  (King  of  Portugal),  with  happier  augury,  called  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  But,  before  Vasco  de  Gama  had  availed  himself  of  this  discovery  to 
spread  his  sails  in  the  Indian  seas  (U97),  Spain  entered  on  her  glorious  career,  and  seat  Colum 
bus  across  tho  western  waters."— Pr escorts  Conquest  qfPeru. 


10  DISCOVERIES  AND   EXPLORATIONS.  [1492. 

ma  Islands,  called  by  the  natives  Gur,nahani  (gwah-nahr 
hah'-ne).     He  gave  it  the  name  of  San  Salvador. 

3.  Columbus  made  three   other  voyages  to  the  New 
World,  in  the  first  of  which,  as  well  as  in  the  one  just 
described,  his  discoveries  were  confined   to  the  islands 
between  North  and  South  America.     These  he  supposed 
to   be  near  India;  but  when,  in  after  years,  the  mistake 
became  known,  they  were  called  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
islands  southeast  of  Asia  were  called  the  East  Indies. 

4.  In  his  third  voyage* made  in  1498,  Columbus  dis 
covered  the  mainland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  O-ri-no'- 
co,  in  South  America ;  and  in  his  last   he  examined  the 
coast  of  Da-ri-en'.     He  died  in  Spain,  at  the  age  of  seventy, 
a  few  months  after  he  returned  from  his  fourth  voyage. 
He  never  knew  that  he  had  discovered  a  new  continent,  f 

5.  In  1497,  John  Cabot  (kab'-bot\  and  his  son  Sebastian, 
while  sailing   under  a   commission  from    Henry  VII.  of 
England,  reached  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  thus  were 
the    first   to    discover   the  continent  of  America.     In  a 
second  voyage,   made  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  in   1498,  the 
coast  from  Labrador  to  Chesapeake  Bay  was  explored. 

6.  In  1499,  Amerigo  Vespucci   (ah-ma-re-go   ves-poot'- 
che),  a  Florentine  navigator,  visited  the  eastern  coast  of 
South  America,  and,  in  1501,  made  a  second  voyage  to 
the  same  regions.     He  prepared  accounts  of  the  two  voy 
ages,  from  which  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  being  the 
discoverer  of  the  western  mainland.     In  consequence  of 
this,  as  well  as  from  the  fact  that  his  were  the  first  pub 
lished  accounts  of  the  newly  discovered  country,  it  was 
called  America.     (See  Appendix,  p.  76,  topic  208.) 

3.  Columbus1?  second  voyage?     Why  were  the  West  Indies  so  called? 

4.  Coluinbus's  third  voyage  ?    His  fourth  ?     What  further  of  Columbus? 

5.  What  discovery  was  made  in  1497  ?     What  exploration  in  1498? 

6.  Who  was  Amerigo  Ve-pucci  ?    What  two  voyages  are  mentioned  ?    Why 
was  the  iiL'Vf  world  called  America? 

*  Read  Note  1,  end  of  this  Section. 

t  His  body  was  deposited  in  a  convent  at  Valladolicl,  Spain,  "but  was  after 
ward  removed  to  Seville,  Spain.  Twenty-three  years  alter,  it  was  taken  across 
the  Atlantic  to  St.  Domingo,  and  finally,  two-  hundred  and  sixiy  years  later,  waa 
carried  with  great  ceremony  to  the  cathedral  at  Havana,  its  present  resting-place. 


1512.1  DISCOVERIES  AND   EXPLORATIONS.  11 

7.  Twenty  years  after  Columbus's  first  and  great  dis 
covery,  Ponce  de  Leon  (pon'-tha  da  let-on') ,  an  aged  Span 
iard,  sailed  from  Porto  Kico  (re'-co)  in  search  of  a  won 
derful  fountain,  which,  it  was  said,  existed  in  one  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  and  would  impart  immortal  youth  to  all 
who  might  drink  of  its  waters.  (Read  Note  8,  end  of  Sec.) 
,  8.  After  visiting  several  islands,  he  discovered,  in  1513, 
an  unknown  land,  whose  forests  were  adorned  with 
flowers.  From  the  abundance  of  the  flowers,  and  also 
because  the  discovery  happened  on  Easter  Sunday,  which 
the  Spaniards  call  Pascua  Florida  (pali -scoo-ah  flo-re'- 
dah],  it  received  the  name  of  Florida.  His  search  for 
the  fountain  was,  of  course,  unsuccessful. 

9.  Several  years  after,  he  went  again  to  Florida.     His 
object  this  time  was  to  make  a  settlement,  he  having 
been  appointed  governor  of  the  country  upon  the  condi 
tion  that  he  would  colonize  it.      He  effected  a  landing, 
but  in  an   attack   made   by  the   natives,  the   Spaniards 
were   killed    or    driven    back    to    their    ships,   and   De 
Leon   received   a   mortal  wound — of  which   he   died,  in 
Cuba. 

10.  Two   expeditions  were  made   to  Carolina  by  Do 
Ayllon  (da  ile-yone').     The  object  of  the  first,  made  in 
1520,  was  the  capture  of  natives  to  work  the  plantations 
and  mines  of  St.  Domingo.     The  second  was  undertaken 
to  conquer  the  country.     Both  were  unsuccessful.* 

11.  In  1517,  Cordova  (&or'-do~vd)  discovered  Mexico, 
and  explored   the   northern  coast  of  Yu-ca-tan'.f   After 
ward,  Cor'-tez,  who  had  been   sent  by  the  governor  of 

7.  Who  was  Ponce  de  Loon  ?    What  visionary  enterprise  did  h/1  undertake! 

8.  Did  he  discover  tne  fountain?    Why  not  ?  What  did  he  discover  ?  Why 
wa*  the  land  called  Florida? 

9.  What  next  did  DC  Leon  undertake?     What  was  the  result  ? 

10.  What  wa*  undertaken  in  1B20?  What,  afterward  ?  What  were  the  results? 

11.  When  was  Mexico  discovered  ?     Who  made  the  discovery  ?    What  els 
did  Cordova  do  ?    What  did  Cortez  accomplish  ? 

*  Many  of  De  Ayllon's  men,  in  the  second  expedition,  were  killed  by  th» 
natives,  because  he  had  kidnapped  a  number  of  their  companions  iu  his  first  ea? 
pedition.  He  himself  barely  escaped. 

+  Head  uoto  9.  end  of  Section. 


12  "DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS.         Lisas. 

Cuba,  succeeded  in  conquering  the  Mexicans ;  and  their 
country,  in  1521,  became  a  province  of  Spain.    (App.  p.  65.) 

12.  Narvaez  (nar-vah'-eth),  believing  Florida   to  be  a 
land  of  great  wealth,  obtained  from  the  Spanish  sovereign 
an   appointment   as  governor,   and,  in  1528,  sailed  from 
Cuba,  to  conquer  and  possess  it.     The  attempt  proved 
disastrous ;  for  of  the  three  hundred  men  who  penetrated 
the  wild  regions,  only  four,  after  years  of  wandering,  suc 
ceeded  in  reaching  a  Spanish  settlement  in  Mexico. 

13.  These  men  asserted  that  Florida  was  the  richest 
country  in  the  world, — a  statement  which  the  people  of 
Spain  generally  believed,  among  them  Ferdinand  de  Soto 
(da  so' -to).     With  a  fleet  of  ten  vessels,  and  a  gay  com 
pany  of  six  hundred  armed  men,  De  Soto-  sailed  for  Cuba, 
whence  he  proceeded  to  Florida.     He  landed  on  the  shores 
of  Tampa  Bay,  and,  in  the  summer  of  1539,  commenced 
his  march  into  the  interior.* 

14.  After   wandering   for   nearly   three   years,   during 
Which,  in  1541,  the  Mississippi  was  discovered,  he  sickened 
and  died.     To  conceal  his  death  from  the  natives,  who  re 
garded  him  with  fear,  his  body  was  sunk  in  the  waters  of 
the  great  river  which  he  had  discovered.     The  remnant 
of  his  followers,  having  in  vain  tried   to  reach  Mexico 
through  the  forests,  built  seven  frail  barks,  sailed  down 
the  Mississippi  and  along  the  coast  of  Mexico,  until  they 
reached  a  Spanish  settlement.    (Read  Note  2,  end  of  Sec.) 

15.  In  1524,  Verrazzani  (ver-rat-tsah'-ne),  a  Florentine 
navigator,  sailing  in  the  service  of  France,  explored  the 
coast  of  America  from   the  Carolinas  to  Newfoundland 
(new1 -fund-land).     To  the  whole  region  thus  examined  he 

12.  What  belief  did  Narvaez  have?    What  appointment  did  he  obtain? 
From  what  place  did  he  sail  ?    With  what  object  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

1 3.  Who  was  De  Soto  ?    What  statement  did  he  believe  ?    Give  an  account 
of  the  beginning  of  his  expedition. 

14.  Give*  further  account  of  his  expedition.    What  river  did  he  discover? 
When  dirt  he  make  the  discovery  ?    What  became  of  hie  folio  were  ? 

15.  Who  was  Verrazzani  ?    What  explorations  did  he  make  ?    What  name 
did  he  give  to  the  region  ?    Where  is  Chesapeake  Bay  ?    (See  Map,  p.  53.) 

*  His  explorations  extended  about  two  hundred  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi. 


1534.1  DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS.  13 

gave  the  name  of  New  France,  a  name  which  was  after 
ward  restricted  to  Canada.     (Read  Note  3,  end  of  Sec.) 

16.  No  other  explorations  were  made  by  the  French 
until  1534.     In  that  year  and  the  following,  James  Cartier 
(car-te-a)  made  two  voyages,  discovered  the  St.  Lawrence, 
explored   its   banks,   and  took  possession  of  the   whole 
country  in  the  name  of  his  king.     The  French,  however, 
effected  no  permanent  settlement  in  Canada  until  one  was 
made  on  the  site  of  Quebec,  in  1608.* 

17.  But  Quebec  was  not  the  first  settlement  made  by 
the  French  on  the  American  continent,  as  Port  Royal, 
now  Annapolis,  in  Nova   Scotia,  was  settled  three  years 
before.      The  French,  claiming  the  whole  territory  now 
included  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  called  it 
A-ca'-di-a. 

18.  The   French   Protestants,   or  Huguenots,   as  they 
were  called,  desired  to  have  in  America  a  place  of  refuge. 
With  the  permission  of  King  Charles,  and  aided  by  the 
celebrated  Coligny  (ko-leen-ye1),  two  attempts  were  made 
to  establish  a  colony — one  at  Port  Royal  entrance,  Caro 
lina,  in  1562,  and  the  other  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  John's 
River,  Florida,  in  1564. 

19.  The    settlers  of  1562  built  a  fort,  to  which  they 
gave  the  name  of  Carolina,  in  honor  of  Charles  ( Carolus, 
in  Latin),  their  king.     Twenty-six  men  were  left  to  keep 
possession  of  the  country,  while  the  others,  with  John 
Ribault  (re-bo') ,  their  commander,  returned  to  France  for 
re-enforcements;  but  the  promised  aid  not  arriving,  the 
colonists,  in  despair,  embarked  for  their  native  land. 

20.  Spain,   unwilling   that   the    settlement   on  the  St. 

16.  When  was  the  St.  Lawrence  discovered?    By  whom?    What  further 
did  Cartier  do  ?    When  was  Quebec  settled  ?    By  whom  ? 

17.  Which  was  the  first  French  settlement  in  America?    When  was  Port 
Royal  settled  ?    What  country  was  called  Acadia  ?    Who  called  it  so  ? 

18.  Who  were  the  Huguenots?    What  desire  did  they  have?    Who  aided 
them?    "What  settlements  were  begun  by  them? 

19.  Give  an  account  of  the  Carolina  settlement. 


By  Samuel  Champlain,  the  discoverer  and  explorer  of  Lake  Champlain. 


14  DISCOVERIES  AND   EXPLORATIONS.  [1583. 


John's  should  exist,  commissioned  Melendez  (md-leri- 
detli)  to  destroy  it.  After  laying  the  foundations  of  St. 
Augustine,  in  15G5,  Melendez  proceeded  against  the 
Huguenots,  whom  he  surprised  and  massacred.  In  re 
venge,  De  Gourgues  (goory),  of  France,  two  years  after, 
surprised  the  Spanish  forts  on  the  St.  John's,  and  hung 
two  hundred  captives  upon  the  trees. 

21.  In  1583,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  sailed  fromEnglnnd, 
under  a  patent  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth.     His  design 
was  to  take  possession  of  the  northern  parts  of  America, 
and  found  a  colony  in  Newfoundland.     He  landed  on  the 
island,  but,  in   consequence  of  disasters,  no  attempt   at 
settlement  wTas  made.     On  the  return  to  England,  one  of 
the  ships,  that  in  which  Gilbert  sailed,  foundered,  and  all 
on  board  perished.* 

22.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (raic'-le),  not  disheartened  by 
the  sad  fate  of  his  step-brother,  Gilbert,  obtained  from 
Elizabeth  an  ample  patent,  and,  in  1584,  sent  two  vessels, 
under  the  command  of  Am'-i-das  and  Barlow.     The  voy 
agers  arrived  on  the  coast  of  Carolina,  visited  the  islands 
in  Pam'-li-co  and  Albemarle  sounds,  took  possession  of 
the  country  in  the  name  of  their   sovereign,  and,  after 
trafficking  with  the  natives,  returned  to  England. 

23.  So  glowing  an  account  did  Amidas  and  Barlow  give 
of  the  country  which  they  had  seen,  that  Elizabeth  de 
clared  the  event  to  be  the  most  glorious  in   her  reign, 
and,  as  a  memorial  of  her  unmarried   state,  named  the 
'region  Virginia.     Upon  Raleigh  she  conferred  the  honor 
of  knighthood.}   (See  Appendix,  p.  73,  topic  147.) 

2O  Give  an  account  of  the  St.  John's  settlement.  When  was  St.  Augustine 
Fettled  ?  By  whom  ?  How  does  it  rank  in  age  among  the  towns  in  the  Uniiect 
State-  ?  Ana.  It,  is  the  oldest.  What  reventre  did  De  Gourgues  have? 

21.  What  voyage  was  commenced  in  1583?     What  was  Gilbert's  design  ? 
Givo  an  account  of  Gilbert's  operations  ?     Of  his  fate. 

22.  Who  was  Raleigh  ?    Give  an  account  of  his  expedition  sent  in  1584  ? 

23.  Why  was  thu  country  called  Virginia  ?    Honor  conferred  upon  Raleigh? 

*  Gilbert,  "  sitting;  abaft  witb  a  book  in  his  hand,  cried  out  to  those  in  the  other  resscl 
4  We  are  as  near  to  Heaven  by  sea  as  by  land.'  That  same  night  the  lights  of  the  Squirrel 
(a  bark  of  only  ten  tons)  suddenly  disappeared,  and  neither  vessel  nor  any  of  its  crew  wa» 
ever  seen  again."— Bancroft. 

tRead  Note  10,  end  of  Sectioff 


1&85.]  DISCOVERIES  AND   EXPLORATIONS.  15 

24.  Two  attempts  were  afterward  made  by  Raleigh  to 
establish  a  colony  on  Roanoke  Island — one,  under  Ralph 
Lane,  in  1585,  and  the  other,  under  John  White,  in  15S7. 
The  people  under  Lane,  after  a  year  of  distress  at  Roan- 
oke,  embarked  for  England  with  .Sir  Francis  Drake,  who 
had  stopped  there  on  his.  way  from  the  West  Indies.  White 
did  not  remain  long  at  the  island :  he  went  to  England 
for  supplies.     When  he    returned,  after   an   absence    of 
nearly   three    years,    none    of    the    colonists    could    be 
found.    (Read  Note  4,  end  of  Section.    Also  note  11.) 

25.  The  next   attempt  to  plant  an  English  colony  in 
America  was  made  by  Bartholomew  Gos'-nold,  in  1602. 
He  discovered  Cape  Cod,  and  so  named  it  because  of  the 
great   number  of  codfish   caught  there.     Concluding  to 
settle  on  one  of  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  he  built  a  store 
house  and  fort ;    but  discontents  arising,  the  design  was 
abandoned,  and  the  whole  party  returned  to  England.* 

26.  The  favorable  reports  of  the  country  made  by  Gos- 
nold  induced  some  English  merchants  to  fit  out  two  ves 
sels,  under  the  command  of  Martin  Pring,  for  exploration 
and  trade.     Pring,  in  ]603,  examined  the  shores  and  large 
rivers  of  Maine,  as  well  as  the  coast  thence  to  Martha's 
Vineyard.     Three  years  later  he  made  a  second  voyage, 
and  also  a  more  accurate  survey  of  Maine.  ^ 

27.  The   territory  which  the  English  claimed,  basing 
their  claim  upon  the  discoveries  of  the  Cabots,  extended 
from  the  34th  to  the  45th  degrees  of  north  latitude.!   In 
1606,  James  I.  divided  this   region  into  two  divisions. 
The  northern,  called  North  Virginia,  he  granted  to  the 

24.  What  did  Raleigh  wish  to  do  ?  Give  an  account  of  Lane's  undertaking. 
Of  White's.  25.  When  was  Cape  Cod  discovered?  By  whom  ?  Why  was  it 
eo  named?  Give  an  account  of  Gosnold's  attempt  at  settlement.  Where  are 
the  Elizabeth  Islands?  (See  Map,  p.  24.)  26.  Who  sent  Pring  to  America? 
What  induced  them  to  send  him  ?  Give  an  account  of  his  first  voyage.  His 
second.  27.  What  extent  of  American  territory  did  the  English  claim?  What 
was  their  title  to  the  claim  ?  What  division  was  made  in  1606  ? 


*  The  tobacco  plant  was  first  carried  to  England  by  some  of  Raleigh's  returning  colonists. 
and  he  introduced  the  habit  of  smoking  it.  •'  It  is  related  that  when  his  servant  entered 
his  room  with  a  tankard  of  ale,  and  for  the  first  time  saw  the  smoke  issuing  from  his  mas 
ter's  mouth  and  nostrils,  he  cast  the  liquor  in  his  face.  Terribly  frightened,  he  alarmed  tba 
household  with  the  intelligence  that  Sir  Walter  was  on  fire." 

t  This  claim  was  afterward  extended  to  the  48th  deRree  (see  page  24). 


16  DISCOVERIES  AND   EXPLORATIONS.  [1607. 

Plymouth  Company  ;  and  the  southern,  called  South  Vir 
ginia,  to  the  London  Company. 

28.  During  the  following   year,   1607,  the   Plymouth 
Company  sent  a  number  of  planters,  who  began  a  settle 
ment  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  ;  but  the  cold  of  the 
winter,  the  destruction  of  their  storehouse,  and  the  death 
of  their  president,  discouraged  them,  and  they  returned 
to  England. 

29.  The  London  Company  were  successful.     They  sent 
more  than  a  hundred  persons,  in  a  fleet  commanded  by 
Christopher  Newport.     The  design  of  the  colonists  was 
to  settle  on  Roanoke,  but  a  storm  carried  the  vessels  fur 
ther  north.     Sailing  up  a  large  stream,  which  they  named 
the  James  River,  they  selected  a  place  for  a  settlement, 
and  called  it  Jamestown.     (See  note,  p.  23.) 

CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

-1492.  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1497.  The  Continent  of  America  was  discovered  by  John  Cabot 

1498.  The  coast  of  North  America  was  explored  by  Sebastian  Cabot 
The  Continent  of  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1499.  South  America  was  visited  by  Amerigo  Vespucci. 
1513.  Florida  was  discovered  by  De  Leon.* 

1520.  Carolina  was  visited  by  De  Ayllon. 

1521.  Mexico  was  conquered  by  Cortez. 

'   1524.  The  coast  of  North  America  was  explored  by  Verrazzani. 
1528.  The  conquest  of  Florida  was  undertaken  by  Narvaez. 

-.1534.  The  St.  Lawrence  was  discovered  by  Cartier. 

-.1541.  The  Mississippi  was  discovered  by  De  Soto. 
1562.  The  Huguenots  began  a  settlement  at  Port  Royal.  ,    t 

1564.  The  Huguenots  began  a  settlement  in  Florida. 

MAP  QUESTIONS.—  (See  Map.  p.  53.)  What  lanje  bay  is  on  the  East  of  Vir« 
p-inia  ?  Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  James  River  flow  ?  Where  is  James 
town  ?  Where  are  the  Bermuda  Islands  ?  (See  Map,  p.  S.) 

28.  What  attempt  at  settlement  did  the  Plymouth  Company  make?     VVhat 
caused  the  failure  of  the  attempt? 

29.  Where  did  the  London  Company  design  to  plant  a  colony  ?    Did  they  (10 
BO  ?    Why  not  ?    Where  did  they  make  a  settlement? 


agrees  with  the  year  1513.    la  1612,  Easter  Sunday  came  la  April. 


DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS.  17 

1565.  St.  Augustine  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards. 

1584.  The  coast  of  Carolina  was  explored  by  Amidas  and  Barlow. 

1585.  The  first  attempt  was  made  to  form  a  settlement  at  Roanoke. 
1587.  Second  attempt  was  made  to  form  a  settlement  at  Roanoke. 
1602.  Cape  Cod  was  discovered  by  Gosnold. 

1103.  The  New  England  coast  was  explored  by  Pring. 
.1305.  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia,  was  settled  by  the  French. 
1606.  The  London  and  Plymouth  Companies  received  charters. 
1007.  The  Plymouth  Co.  began  a  settlement  on  the  Kennebec. 
Jamestown  was  settled  by  the  London  Company. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  Give  an  account  of  Columbus  and  his  discoveries 9, 10 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  Cahots  and  their  two  voyages 10 

3.  Give  an  account  of  the  two  voyages  made  by  Vespucci 10 

4.  Give  an  account  of  De  Leon's  two  expeditions  to  Florida 11 

5.  Give  an  account  of  De  Ayllon's  two  expeditions  to  Carolina 11 

6.  Of  Narvaez's  expedition  (12).— 7.  Of  De  Soto's  expedition 12 

8.  Of  Verrazzani's  expeditions  (12,  13).— 9.  Of  Cartier's  expeditions 13 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  Huguenot  settlement  at  Port  Royal  entrance. . .        13 

11.  Of  the  Huguenot  settlement  on  the  St.  John's  River 13,  14 

12.  Of  Gilbert's  expedition  to  Newfoundland,  and  his  fate 14 

13.  Of  the  voyage  made  by  Amidas  and  Barlow 14 

14.  Of  Raleigh's  two  attempts  to  settle  Roanoke  Island 15 

15.  Of  Gosnold's  expedition  and  discovery  in  1602 15 

16.  Of  two  voyages  made  by  Pring  to  New  England 15 

17.  What  grants  of  land  did  King  James  make  in  1606  ? 15, 16 

18.  What  were  the  exact  limits  of  the  two  regions  thus  granted?    Am. 

North  Virginia  extended  from  the  41st  to  the  45th  degree  of  north 
latitude ;  and  South  Virginia,  from  the  34th  to  the  38th  degree. 

19.  Give  an  account  of  the  undertaking  made  by  the  Plymouth  Company..        16 

20.  Give  an  account  of  the  success  of  the  London  Company  in  1607 16 

21.  Name,  in  order,  twelve  important  events  from  1492  to  1541 16 

22.  Name,  in  order,  twelve  important  events  from  1541  to  1607 16,  17 

23.  Name  six  of  the  early  navigators  who  sailed  in  the  interests  of  Spain .9-17 

24.  Name  (bur  of  the  early  navigators  who  sailed  in  the  interests  of  France  . . .     9-17 
2">   Name  eleven  of  the  early  navigators  who  sailed  in  the  interests  of  England.     9-11 
JJ6.  By  whom  was  the  southwest  passage  to  Asia  discovered?    Ans.  By 

Ferdinand  Magellan,  who  sailed  through  the  strait  which  bears  his 
name,  in  1520.  At  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  a  contest  with  the  na 
tives,  he  was  killed ;  bi>t  one  of  his  vessels  reached  Spain  by  way  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  thus  making  the  first  voyage  around  the 
globe. 

27.  Had  the  Pacific  Ocean  been  previously  discovered  ?  Ans.  In  1513, 
Bal-bo'-a,  wrhile  crossing  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  gained  the  summit 
of  a  mountain,  from  which  he  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean.  (See 
Note  6,  end  of  Section.) 

NOTE.— "It  must  be  recollected  that  the  name  of  Florida  then  (1580)  designated  a  vast 
extent  of  country,  stretching  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  northwestwardly,  towards  u 
region./'— Fairbanks^  History  of  Florida. 


ITa  DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS. 


SPANISH. 

Columbus  discovered  all  the  large  islands  of  the  West  Indies, 
besides  a  number  of  the  small  ones.  He  also  discovered  South 
America  (1498)  and  explored  the  coast  of  Darieii  (1503). 

Ponce  de  Leon  discovered  Florida  and  explored  its  coast 
(1513). 

Balboa,  while  crossing  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  discovered  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  called  it  the  South  Sea  (1513).  (Note  5,  end  of  sec.) 

Cordova  explored  the  northern  coast  of  Yucatan  (1517). 

Magellan  sailed  around  South  America  to  the  Pacific  (1520) ;  and 
westward  to  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  he  was  killed  in  a  con 
test  with  the  natives.  One  of  his  vessels  continued  the  voyage, 
thus  making  the  first  circumnavigation  of  the  earth  (1522). 

De  Ayllon  made  two  expeditions  to  Carolina  (1520  and  1524). 

Cortez  sailed  to  Mexico  (1519)  and  conquered  it  (1521). 

Narvaez  explored  the  interior  of  Florida  (1528). 

De  Soto  explored  a  large  part  of  the  country  from  Florida  to  a 
point  several  hundred  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi  (1539  to  1542). 

ENGLISH. 

The  Cabots  discovered  Labrador  (1497) ;  and  Sebastian  Cabot, 
in  a  second  voyage,  sailed  along  the  coast  from  Labrador  to  Chesa 
peake  Bay  (1498)'. 

Drake  sailed  along  the  coast  of  California  (1579). 

Gilbert  made  a  voyage  to  Newfoundland  (1583). 

Raleigh  sent  an  expedition  to  North  Carolina  (1584) ;  and  made 
two  attempts  to  found  a  colony  (1585,  1587). 

Gosnold  explored  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  (1602). 

Pring  explored  the  coast  of  New  England  (1603). 

FRENCH. 

Verrazzani  explored  the  coast  from  Carolina  to  Newfoundland, 
being  the  first  European  to  enter  the  harbor  of  New  York  (1524). 

Cartier  discovered  the  St.  Lawrence  (1534),  and,  in  a  second 
voyage,  sailed  up  the  river  as  far  as  Montreal  (1535). 

DUTCH. 
Hudson  sailed  up  the  Hudson  River  as  far  as  Albany  (1609). 

The  western  coast  of  North  America  was  first  explored  by  the  Spaniards. 
Expeditions  sent  by  Cortez  examined  the  California  peninsula.  Alarqon 
(ah-lar'-sori),  sent  by  the  governor  of  Mexico,  in  1540  ascended  the  Colorado 
River  beyond  the  CUla  (he'-lah);  and  Coronado  (ko-ro-nah'-do),  also  sent,  at  the 
same  time,  wandered  for  three  je;irs  over  the  regions  now  known  as  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada  (1540-1543).  In  1542.  Cabrillo  (cab- 
reel' -yo)  commanding  two  vessels,  sent  by  the  Mexican  governor,  examined 
the  coast  as  far  as  the  northern  limits  of  San  Francisco  Bay;  but,  dying,  his 
pilot,  Fer-re'-lo,  next  year  continued  the  exploration  as  far  north,  probably,  as 
the  latitude  of  43  degrees. 


17b 
MODEL  OF  A  DIAGRAM  FOR  A  WRITTEN  ANALYSIS. 


*  [Made  a  voyage  toward  Greenland. 


TOPIC—  COLUMBUS,    HIS   VOYAGES   AND   DISCOVERIES. 

(See  pa^es  9  and  10;  also  the  answer  to  question  34,  Appendix,  p.  65.) 

Born  at  Genoa. 

On  the  Mediterranean 

p.lgsed  much  time  ftnd 

west  coast  of  Africa. 


ljIFE- 


(  The  route  to  India. 
His  THEORY.  <  Shape  of  the  earth. 

(  Conclusion  regarding  India. 


EFFORTS  FOR  j  £°  {{j®  J^iardis0  of  EngTand  and  Portugal, 
ho  AID>          (  To  Isabella,  by  whom  he  was  aided. 

S»1  r   ' 

o1  (  Sailed  with  three  vessels. 


VOYAGES 
AND 


>  -j  Voyage  lasted  ten  weeks. 
^  (  Discovered  San  Salvador. 

Discovered  other  islands 


between  North  and  South  America. 


DISCOVERIES. 

^  (  Discovered  South  America. 

<*>  i  (Was  sent  back  to  Spain  in  irons.) 

•&  -(  Examined  the  coast  of  Darien. 

-3  ' 

DEATH.  •{  Died  in  Spain,  at  the  age  of  seventy. 


Topics. — The  Cabots,  their  voyages  and  discoveries. — Vespucci's 
voyages  and  their  consequences. — De  Leon  and  his  two  voyages 
to  Florida. — Narvaez's  expedition  and  its  consequences. — De  Soto 
and  his  expedition. — Verrazzani  and  his  explorations.— Cartier  and 
his  two  voyages. — The  Huguenots  and  their  settlements. — Gilbert 
and  his  expedition  to  Newfoundland.— Raleigh  and  the  three  expe 
ditions  sent  by  him. —  Gosnold  in  Massachusetts  and  Virginia. 
Spanish  discoveries  and  explorations. — English.  —French. 

MARCO  POLO.— Tils  first  and  most  extensive  traveler  among  the  Eastern  nations  WRS 
Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian,  who  passed  seventeen  years  in  the  service  of  the  Khan  of  Tartary, 
during  which  he  visited  the  chief  countries  and  cities  of  Eastern  Asia,  amonj;-  them  Jnpan, 
the  existence  of  which  was  not  previously  known.  He  returned  to  Venice  in  1295  ;  and  sub 
sequently  a  very  interesting  account  of  his  travels  was  published, which  had  a  wonderful 
effect  in  encouraging  geographical  research.  It  led  to  the  two  great  discoveries  :  ol 
America,  by  Columbus  ;  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  the  1'ortugues.e. 


NOTES. 

1.  Columbus  in  Chains.— While  Columbus,  during  his  third  voyage  in 
1498,  was  making  discoveries  in  the  New  World,  his  enemies  in  Spain  "artfully 
endeavored  to  undermine  his  credit  with  his  sovereign,"  by  circulating  false 
reports  about  his  integrity  and  loyalty.     At  last  "  the  queen  acquiesced  in  send 
ing  out  a  commission  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  the  colony  (Hispaniola).    The 

person  appointed  to  this  delicate  trust  was  Don  Francisco  de  Rob-a-dil'la 

From  the  very  first,  Robadilla  regarded  Columbus  in  the  light  of  a  convicted 

criminal,  on  whom  it  was  his  business  to  execute  the  sentence  of  the  law 

Accordingly,  on  his  arrival  at  the  island,  he  commanded  the  admiral  to  appear 
before  him,  and  without  affecting  the  forms  of  a  legal  inquiry,  at  once  caused 
him  to  be  manacled  and  thrown  into  prison.     Columbus  submitted  without  the 
least  show  of  resistance,  displaying  in  this  sad  reverse  that  magnanimity  of  soul 
which  would  have  touched  the  heart  of  a  generous  adversary.     Robadilla  caused 
the  accusation  to  be  sent  back  to  Spain  with  the  admiral,  whom  he  commanded 

to  be  kept  strictly  in  irons  during  the  passage So  monstrous  an  outrage 

shocked  the  minds  of  even  those  most  prejudiced  against  Columbus  ;  and  none 
partook  of  the  general  indignation  more  strongly  than  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
They  sent  to  Cadiz  without  an  instant's  delay,  and  commanded  the  admiral  to 
be  released  from  his  ignominious  fetters." — Prescotfs  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

2.  Burial  of  De  Soto  (p.  12,  U 14).— "They  buried  him  in  the  dead  of 
night,  with  sentinels  posted  to  keep  the  natives  at  a  distance.    The  place  chosen 
for  the  sepulchre  was  one  of  many  pits,  broad  and  deep  ;  but,  with  all  their  pre 
cautions,  they  soon  found  out  that  the  Indians  suspected  not  only  the  death  of 
the  governor,  but  the  place  where  he  lay  buried  ;  for,  in  passing  by  the  pit,  they 
would  stop,  look  round  attentively  on  all  sides,  talk  with  one  another,  and  make 
signs  with  their  chins  and  their  eyes  toward  the  spot  where  the  body  was 
interred.     The  Spaniards  perceiving  this,  determined  to  disinter  the  body  and 
deposit  it  in  the  mid-channel  of  the  Mississippi.     As  there  was  no  stone  in  the 
neighborhood  wherewith  to  sink  it,  they  cut  down  an  evergreen  oak,  and  made 
an  excavation  in  one  side,  of  the  size  of  a  man.     On  the  following  night,  with  all 
the  silence  possible,  they  disinterred  the  body,  and  placed  it  in  the  trunk  of  the 
oak,  nailing  planks  over  the  aperture.     The  rustic  coffin  was  then  conveyed  to  the 
center  of  the  river,  where,  in  presence  of  priests  and  cavaliers,  it  was  committed 
to  the  stream,  and  they  beheld  it  sink  to  the  bottom,  shedding  many  tears  over 
this  second  funeral  rite,  and  commending  anew  the  soul  of  the  good  cavalier  to 
heaven." — Theo.  Irving' s  Conquest  of  Florida. 

3.  Verrazzani  off  the  Coast  of  Carolina  (p.  12,  IT  15).— "What 
manner  of  men  were  the  naked,  swarthy,  befeathered  crew,  running  like  deer 
along  the  border  of   the  sea,  or  screeching  welcome  from  the  strand  ?    The 
Trench  rowed  towards  the  shore  for  a  supply  of  water.    The  surf  ran  high  •,  they 
could  not  land;  but  an  adventurous  young  sailor  leaped  overboard,  and  swam 
towards  the  crowd  with  a  gift  of  beads  and  trinkets.    His  heart  failed  him  as  he 
drew  near;  he  flung  his  gift  among  them,  turned,  and  struck  out  for  the  boat. 
The  surf  dashed  him  back,  flinging  him  with  violence  on  the  beach  among  the 
recipients  of  his  bounty,  who  seized  him  by  his  arms  and  legs,  and,  while  he 
called  lustily  for  aid,  answered  him  with  hideous  outcries  designed  to  allay  his 
terrors.    Next  they   kindled  a  great  fire— doubtless  to  roast  and  devour  him 
before  the  eyes  of  his  comrades,  gazing  in  horror  from  their  boat.    On  the  con 
trary,  they  carefully  warmed  him,  and  were  trying  to  dry  his  clothes,  when, 
recovering  from  his  bewilderment,  he  betrayed  a  strong  desire  to  escape  to  his 
friends;  whereupon,  'with  great  love,  clasping  him  fast  about,  with  many  em- 
bracings,"  they  led  him  to  the  shore,  and  stood  watching  till  he  had  reached  the 
boat."— Parkman's  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World. 


KOTES. 


4.  The  L,ost  Colony  of  Roanoke  (p.  15,  IF  24).    "White  found  the 
island  of  Roanoke  a  desert  (1590).    As  he  approached  the  island,  he  sounded  a 
signal  trumpet,  but  no  answer  was  heard  to  disturb  the  melancholy  stillness 
that  brooded  over  the  deserted  spot.     What  had  become  of  the  wretched  colo 
nists  ?    No  man  may  with  certainty  say;  for  all  that  White  found  to  indicate  their 
late  was  a  high  post  bearing  on  it  the  letters  CRO;  and,  at  the  former  site  of 
their  village,  he  found  a  tree  which  had  been  deprived  of  its  bark  and  bore  in 

well-cut  characters,  the  word  CROATAN Thus  ended  the  effort  to  find 

the  lost  colony,  and  they  were  never  heard  of.    That  they  went  to  Croatan 
(further  south),  where  the  natives  were  friendly,  is  almost  certain;  that  they 
became  gradually  incorporated  with  them  is  probable  from  the  testimony  of  a 
historian  who  lived  in  North  Carolina  and  wrote  in  1714:  <  The  Hatteras  Indians, 
who  lived  on  Roanoke  island,  or  much  frequented  it,  tell  us,'  says  he,  'that 
several  of  their  ancestors  were  white  people  and  could  talk  in  a  book,  as  we  do. 
The  truth  of  this  is  confirmed  by  gray  eyes  being  found  frequently  amongst 
those  Indians,  a  circumstance  which,  does  not  occur  in  any  other  tribe.'"— 
Hawks'1  K  History  of  North  Carolina. 

5.  Discovery  of  the  Pacific  (p.  17).— »  A  little  before  Vas'-co  Nufi'-ez 
de  Balboa  reached  the  height,  the  Indians  informed  him  of  his  near  approach  to 
the  sea  (1515).     It  was  a  sight  in  beholding  which,  for  the  first  time,  any  man 
would  wish  to  be  alone.    He  bade  his  men  sit  down  while  he  ascended  ;  and 
then,  in  solitude,  looked  down  upon  the  vast  Pacific — the  first  man  of  the  Old 
World,  so  far  as  we  know,  who  had  done  so.    Falling  on  his  knees,  he  gave  thanks 
to  God  for  the  favor  Shown  him,  in  his  being  permitted  to  discover  the  Sea  of  tho 
South."    Having  taken  "formal  possession,  on  behalf  of  the  kings  of  Castile,  of 
the  sea  and  all  that  was  in  it,"  by  "  cutting  down  trees,  forming  crosses,  and 
heaping  up  stones,  he  descended  with  difficulty  to  the  shore,  accompanied  by 
•ghty  of  his  men.    He  entered  the  sea  up  to  his  thighs,  having  his  sword  on, 
and  with  his  shield  iu  his  hand.     Then  he  called  the  bystanders  to  witness  how 
he  touched  with  his  person  and  took  possession  of  this  sea  for  the  kings  of  Cas 
tile." — Helps' s  Spanish  Conquests  in  America. 

6.  Marquette  and  Jolliet  descending  the  Mississippi  (p. 
6,  11  8). — "Then  launching  on  the  broad  Wisconsin,  they  sailed  slowly  down  its 
current  amid  its  vine-clad  hills,  and  its  countless  sand-bars.    No  sound  broke 
the  stillness,  no  human  form  appeared,  and,  at  last,  after  sailing  seven  days,  on 
the  17th  of  June  (1673),  they  happily  glided  into  the  great  river  (the  Mississippi). 
Joy  that  could  find  no  utterance  in  words,  filled  the  grateful  heart  of  Marquette. 
The  broad  river  of  the  Conception,  as  he  named  it,  now  lay  before  them,  stretch 
ing  away  hundreds  of  miles  to  an  unknown  sea.     Soon  all  was  new;  mountain 
and  forest  had  glided  away;  the  islands,  with  their  groves  of  cottonwood,  became 
more  frequent;  and  moose  and  deer  browsed  on  the  plains;   strange  animals 
were  seen  traversing  the  river,  and  monstrous  fish  appeared  in  its  waters.     De 
scending  still  further,  they  came  to  the  land  of  the  bison,  which,  with  the  turkey, 
became  sole  tenant  of  the  wilderness.    At  last,  they  descried  foot-prints  on  the 
shore.    They  now  took  heart,  and  Jolliet  and  the  missionary,  leaving  their  five 
men  in  the  canoes,  followed  the  beaten  path  to  discover  who  the  tribe  might  be. 
They  traveled  on  in  silence  almost  to  the  cabin  doors,  when  they  halted,  and 
with  a  loud  halloa;  proclaimed  their  coming.    Boused  by  the  cry,  the  village 
poured  forth  its  motley  group.     All  was  silence,  and  Marquette  asked,  « Who  are 
you?'     'We  are  Illinois,'  was  the  answer,  which  sent  a  thrill  to  the  heart  of 
Marquette.     The  Illinois  missionary  was  at  last  amid  the  children  of  that  tribe 
which  he  had  so  long,  so  tenderly  yearned  to  see." — Shea's  Discovery  and  Explo 
ration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  (Jolliet' s  name  is  BO  spelled  by  Shea.) 


NOTES. 


7.  The   Northmen'*  Discovery  of  America  (p.  5,  t  2).— It  la 
claimed  for  the  Northmen  (also  called  Norsemen)  that  "Bjarne  (byar'-ne)  Her'- 
julf-son,  in  the  year  966,  sailed  from  Norway  for  Iceland,  but,  owing  to  a  '  north- 
wind  and  fog  that  lasted  many  day.-,1  his  ship  was  driven  to  the  south  as  far  as 
'the  present   Nantucket,'  and  thus  he  'was  the  first  European  whose  eyes 
beheld  any  part   of  the  American  Continent;'  but  '  he  did  not  go  ashore.'    A 
few  years  later,  Leif  Jife)  Er-'ik-son,  having  'bought  Bjarne's  ship,  set  sail  with 
a  good  crew  of  thirty-five  men,  and  found  the  lands  just  as  Bjarne  had  described 
them.'  *  *    He  called  the  country  Vinland,  and  the  cause  of  this  was  the  follow 
ing  interesting  incident  :  There  was  a  German  in  Leif  Eriksson's  party,  by  name 
Tyrker  (tvr'-ker).    He  was  a  prisoner  of  war,  but  had  become  Leif's  special 
favorite.    He  was  missing  one  day  alter  they  came  from  an  exploring  expedi 
tion.    Leif  became  very  anxious  about  Tyrker,  and,  fearing  that  he  might  be 
killed  by  wild  beasts  or  by  Indians,  went  out  with  a  few  men  to  search  for  him. 
Toward  evening  he  was  found  coming  home,  but  in  a  very  excited  state  of 
mind.    The  cause  of  his  excitement  was  some  fruit  which  he  had  found,  and 
Avhich  he  held  up  in  his  hands,  shouting  :  '  Weintrauben  !  Weintrauben  ! '    The 
sight  and  taste  of  this  fruit,  to  which  he  had  been  accustomed  in  his  own  native 
land,  had  excited  him  to  such  an  extent  that  he  seemed  drunk,  and  for  some  time 
he  would  do  nothing  but  laugh,  devour  graphs,  and  talk  German,  which  language 
our  Norse  discoverers   did    not  understand.      At  last  he  spoke  Norse,  and 
explained  that  he,  to  his  great  joy  and  surprise,  had  found  vines  and  grapes  in 
great  abundance.  *  *  Here  i?,  then,  a  short  account  of  the  first  expedition  to 
America.    It  took  place  in  the  year  1000,  and  Leif  Erikson  was  the  first  pale- 
faced  man  who  planted  his  feet  on  the  American  Continent."-— .ff.  B.  Anderson^ 
America  Not  Discovered  by  Columbus. 

8.  The  Fountain  of  Youth— The  Story  believed  in  Europe 
(p.  11, 1  7).— "Among  the  islands  north  of  Hispaniola  (Hayti)  there  is  one,  as 
they  say  who  have  searched  the  same,  in  the  which  is  a  continued  spring  of 
running  water,  of  such  marvellous  virtue  that  the  water  thereof  being  drunk, 
perhaps  with  some  diet,  maketh  old  men  young  again.    And  here  I  must  make 
protestations  to  your  Holiness  not  to  think  this  to  be  said  lightly  or  rashly,  for 
they  have  so  spread  this  rumor  for  a  truth  throughout  all  the  court  (of  Spain), 
that  not  only  all  the  people,  but  also  many  of  them  whom  wisdom  or  fortune 
had  divided  from  the  common  sort,  think  it  to  be  true  ;  but,  if  you  ask  my 
opinion  herein,  I  will  answer  that  I  will  not  attribute  so  great  power  to  nature, 
but  that  God  hath  no  less  reserved  this  prerogative  to  himself  than  to  search 
the  hearts  of  men." — Peter  Martyr  (to  Leo  X.,  then  Bishop  of  Rome). 

9.  Civilization   in  Yucatan   (p.  11,1"  11).— "An  hidalgo  of  Cuba, 
named  Hernandez  de  Cordova,  sailed  with  three  vessels  on  an  expedition  to 
one  of  the  neighboring  Bahama  Islands,  in  quest  of  Indian  slaves.    He  en 
countered  a  succession  of  heavy  gales  that  drove  him  far  out  of  his  course,  and, 
at  the  end  of  three  weeks,  he  found  himself  on  a  strange  and  unknown  coast.  *  * 
Cordova  landed  on  the  north-eastern  end  of  the  peninsula  at  Cape  Catoche 
Qtah.-to' '-chay).    He  was  astonished  at  the  nize  and  solid  materials  of  the  build 
ings,  constructed  of  stone  and  lime,  so  different  from  the  frail  tenements  of 
reeds  and  rushes  which  formed  the  habitations  of  the  islanders.    He  was  struck, 
also,  with  the  higher  cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  with  the  delicate  texture  of  the 
cotton  garments  and  gold  ornaments  of  the  natives.     Everything  indicated  a 
civilization  far  superior  to  any  thing  he  had  before  witnessed  in  the  New 
World."— Prescott's  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

10.  Execution   of  Sir   Walter  Raleigh  (pp.  14,  15;  also  Topic 
147,  Ap.  p.  73).— Approaching  the  edge  of  the  scaffold  and  kneeling  down,  "he 


NOTES.  17t 


addressed  himself  to  prayer,  and,  in  a  very  earnest  manner,  begged  for  the 
prayers  of  all  who  heard  him."  When  he  arose,  he  examined  the  block  and 
fitted  himself  to  it.  Finding  it  as  he  would  have  it,  he  stood  up  once  more. 
"  The  executioner  then  kneeled  to  him  for.the  forgiveness  of  his  office.  Raleigh 
placed  both  his  hands  on  the  man's  shoulders,  and  assured  him  that  he  forgave 
him  with  all  his  heart.  '  Show  me  the  axe,'  Raleigh  added  ;  but,  as  the  execu 
tioner  hesitated,  he  had  to  repeat  the  request.  Touching  its  edge  with  his  finger, 
and  then  kissing  the  blade,  he  said  :  '  This  gives  me  no  fear.  It  is  a  sharp  and 
fair  medicine  to  cure  me  of  all  my  diseases.'  Presently  he  added:  'When  I 
stretch  forth  my  hands,  despatch  me.'  Once  more  he  turned  to  the  right  and  to 
the  left,  and  said  again  to  the  people  :  '  Give  me  heartily  your  prayers.'  Then 
Raleigh  knelt,  finally,  for  his  parting  prayer,  and,  laying  his  neck  on  the  block, 
awaited  the  death-stroke  that  was  to  follow.  There  was  something,  it  seems,  in 
the  scene  that  moved  the  headsman  beyond  the  wont  of  his  craft,  for  when 
Raleigh  extended  his  hands,  the  man  forbore  to  strike.  Raleigh  stretched  forth 
his  hands  again.  The  man  still  hesitated.  '  What  dost  thou  fear  ?  '  said  Raleigh. 
*  Strike,  man,  strike  !'  So  he  spake  ;  but  it  was  noticed  that  his  prostrate  body 
remained  as  motionless  as  a  statue.  His  lips  were  seen  to  move  in  prayer." 
At  two  blows  his  head  was  severed  from  his  body,  and  thus,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-six,  was  put  to  death  a  man,  who,  take  him  for  all  in  all,  had  in  his  day 
but  few  equals. — Edwards' 's  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

11.  Drake's  Voyage  around  the  World  (p.  15,  t  24).— Under  the 
patronage  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  Drake  sailed  from  England,  Dec.  13,  1577,  with 
five  small  vessels,  ostensibly  for  a  voyage  to  Egypt,  but  really  to  cruise  against 
the  dominions  and  subjects  of  Spain.  For  some  months  he  roved  about  the 
Atlantic  without  making  any  prize  of  value.  Passing  through  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  though  not  without  losing  one  of  his  vessels,  and,  shortly  after,  two 
others,  he  was  left  with  only  a  schooner  of  a  hundred  tons  burden.  Notwith 
standing  these  disheartening  occurrences,  Drake  did  not  hesitate  to  proceed. 
He  pillaged  the  Spanish  settlements  of  Peru,  Chili,  and  Mexico,  and,  having 
filled  his  vessel  with  the  precious  spoils,  became  anxious  to  return  to  England. 
Fearing,  however,  that  the  Spaniards  would  intercept  him  if  he  attempted  to 
repass  Magellan's  Strait,  he  resolved  to  seek  a  northern  route  to  the  Atlantic. 
Repelled  by  the  severe  cold,  he  sailed  along  the  American  coast  southward  to  a 
bay  (either  San  Francisco  or  Bodega,  it  is  not  certain  which).  In  this  bay  the 
English  remained  five  weeks.  The  natives,  "  having  their  houses  close  by  the 
water's  side,"  at  first  exhibited  signs  of  hostility;  but  they  were  soon  concili 
ated  by  the  kind  and  forbearing  conduct  of  the  strangers ;  and  their  respect  for 
Drake  increased  so  that,  when  they  saw  him  about  to  depart,  they  earnestly 
implored  him  to  continue  among  them  as  their  king.  "  Whereupon,  in  the 
name  and  to  the  use  of  her  Majesty,  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  took  the  crown, 
Bcepter,  and  dignity  of  the  country  into  his  own  hands,  wishing  that  the  riches 
and  treasure  thereof  might  be  so  conveniently  transported,  for  the  enriching 
her  kingdom  at  home."  The  coronation  accordingly  took  place,  with  most 
ludicrous  solemnities,  and  Drake  bestowed  on  his  dominions  the  name  of  New 
Albion.  On  the  22cl  of  July,  1579,  he  took  leave  of  his  worthy  subjects,  to  their 
great  regret,  and,  sailing  directly  across  the  Pacific,  arid  thence  through  the 
Indian  Seas,  and  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  reached  England  on  the  26th  of 
September,  1580,  thus  accomplishing  the  second  circumnavigation  of  the  world. 
(It  was  the  first  ever  performed  by  one  crew  in  one  vessel).  Elizabeth  received 
Drake  with  favor,  knighted  him,  and  partook  of  a  banquet  on  board  of  hia 
vessel.— Greenfiow's  History  of  Oregon,  and  California  (Abridged). 


18  COLONIAL  HISTOBT.  [1607. 

SECTION  II. 
Colonial  History. 

FROM    THE     SETTLEMENT    OF    VIRGINIA,    IN    1607,    TO    THE 
FRENCH   AND    INDIAN   WAR,   IN    1754. 

VIRGINIA, 

'  1.  The  first  settlement  in  Virginia,  as  previously  stated, 
was  made  at  Jamestown,  in  1607,  under  the  direction  of 
the  London  Company.  The  colony  was  governed  under 
a  charter  granted  by  James  I.,  the  supreme  government 
being  vested  in  a  council  resident  in  England,  and  the 
local  government  in  a  colonial  council  of  seven  persons, 
one  of  whom  was  president.* 

2.  At  first  the  colony  did  not  prosper.     The  scarcity  of 
provisions,  the  hostility  of  the  natives,  the  want  of  in 
dustrial   habits  among  the  settlers,  and  sickness,  which 
carried  to  the  grave  fifty  men  in  less  than  four  months, 
proved  nearly  fatal  to  the  enterprise.     Among  those  who 
died  was  Bartholomew  Gosnold.     (See  p.  15,  ^[  25.) 

3.  Wingfield,  the  president  of  the  council,  having  em 
bezzled  the  public  stores  and  become  concerned  in  a  plot 
to  abandon  the  settlement,  was  expelled  from  office.     He 
was  succeeded  by  Ratcliffe ;  but,  in  consequence  of  the 
inefficiency  of  the  latter,  the  management  of  affairs  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Captain  John  Smith,  the  most  enter 
prising  and  sagacious  man  in  the  colony. 

4.  Several  months  later,  upon  the  actual  deposition  of 

1.  Where  was  the  first  settlement  made  in  Virginia?  Who  made  it?  Whe* 
was  Jamestown  settled  ?  How  was  the  colony  governed  ? 

2    Why  did  not  the  colony  prosper  at  first  ?    What  is  said  of  Gosnold  ? 

8.  Who  was  Wingfleld  ?  What  is  said  of  him  ?  Who  was  Ratcliffe  ?  What 
IB  said  of  him  ?  What,  of  Smith  ? 

4.  What  further  is  said  of  Smith  ?  Where  ie  Chesapeake  Bay  ?  (Map,  p.  58.) 
The  James  River  ?  

*  "  The  names  of  the  provincial  council  were  not  communicated  to  the  adven 
turers  when  they  departed  from  England  ;  but  the  commission  which  contained 
them  was  inclosed  in  a  sealed  box,  which  was  directed  to  be  opened  within 
twenty-four  hours  after  their  arrival  on  the  coast  of  Virginia,  when  the  coun 
cilors  were  to  be  installed  in  their  office  and  to  elect  their  own  president."— 
Grahame's  Colonial  History  of  the  United  States. 


1607.]  COLONIAL  HISTOKY.  19 

Ratcliffe,  Smith  was  formally  elected  in  bis  place.  To 
the  efforts  of  the  new  president  the  salvation  of  the  in 
fant  colony  was  owing.  He  explored  Chesapeake  Bay, 
as  well  as  the  James  and  other  rivers,  and  often  returned 
with  supplies  of  corn.  (Read  Note  7,  end  of  Section.) 

5.  It  is  related  that  Smith,  while  on  one  of  his  expedi 
tions,  was  surprised  by  a  large  body  of  Indians,  and,  after 
a  desperate    struggle,  wras   captured,    and  conducted   to 
Powhatan  (pow-hat-tan'} ,  the  principal  chief.     The  war 
riors  met  in  council,  so  goes  the  story,  and  determined 
that  Smith  should  be  put  to  death. 

6.  Accordingly  he  was  bound,  and  his  head  placed  upon 
a  stone;  but,  just  as  the  savages  were  raising  their  clubs 
to  dash  out  his  brains,  Po-ca-hon'-tas,  a  daughter  of  Pow 
hatan,  rushed  forward,  clasped  the  captive's  head  in  her 
arms,  and  begged  that  his  life  might  be-  saved.     It  is  fur 
ther  related  that  the  conduct  of  Pocahontas  touched  her 
father's  heart,  and  the   sentence  was   revoked.     Recent 
investigations,  however,  render  it  nearly  certain  that  no 
such  event  ever  took  place.* 

7.  The  London  Company,  not  having  realized  their  ex 
pectations  of  profit  from  the  Jamestown  colony,  sought 
and  obtained  a  second  charter,  in   1609,  and  conferred 
upon  Lord  Delaware,  a  nobleman  distinguished  for  his 
virtues,  the  appointment  of  governor  for  life.     Three  com 
missioners,  Newport,  Gates,  and  Somers  (sum'-erz),  who 
had  been  appointed  to  administer  the  affairs  of  the  colony* 
till  the  arrival  of  Delaware,  were  sent  to  America  with 
nine  vessels,  and  more  than  five  hundred  emigrants. 

.5.  Who  was  Powhatan  ?  The  capture  of  Smith  ?  What  further  is  stated  ? 
6.  The  sentence.  Of  the  part  taken  by  Pocahontas.  The  result.  The  whole 
story.  7.  When  did  the  London  Company  get  a  second  charter?  Why  did 
they  ask  for  it?  Who  was  Lord  Delaware?  What  appointment  was  given 
him  ?  What  is  stated  of  three  commissioners  ? 


*  "The  story  was  published, for  the  first  time,  in  1622,  by  Smith,  In  his  pamphlet  entitled 
'  New  England's  Trialt.1  This  was  five  years  after  the  death  of  Pocahontas •,  no  allusion,  in 
letter,  or  book,  or  printed  statement  of  any  kind,  having  previously  been  made  in  relation  to 
the  story."  Palfrey  says  :  "  Smith,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  had  fallen  into  the  hand* 
of  hack-writers,  who  adapted  his  story  for  popular  effect." 


20  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  11610. 

8.  While  on  the  passage  a  severe  storm  dispersed  the 
fleet.     One  of  the  vessels  (that  bearing  the  commission 
ers)  was  wrecked  on  the  Ber-mu'-da  Islands,  and  another 
foundered  ;  the  others  reached  the  James  River  in  safety. 
Considering  that  no  person  had  yet  arrived  to  supersede 
him,  Smith  maintained   his   position   as  president,  until, 
having  been  severely  injured  by  an  explosion  of  gunpow 
der,  he  returned  to  England  for  surgical  aid.  (P.23,  °|[  21.)* 

9.  No  sooner  had  Smith  fairly  departed  than  the  col 
onists  gave   themselves  up  to   idleness  and  vice.      The 
Indians  became  hostile,  the  horrors  of  famine  ensued,  and 
in  less  than  six  months  not  more  than   sixty  of  the  five 
hundred  persons  whom  he  had  left  were  alive.     This  pe 
riod,  extending  over  the-first  half  of  1610,  was  long  re 
membered  as  the  "  starving  time." 

10.  In  consequence  of  their   destitution  and  gloomy 
prospects,  the  colonists  determined  to  seek  safety  among 
the  English  fishermen  at  Newfoundland.     In  four  vessels 
they  embarked  ;  but,  just  as  they  were  drawing  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  Lord  Delaware   appeared  with  emi 
grants  and  supplies,  and  persuaded  them  to  return.    The 
new  administration  was  a  wise  one,  and  under  it  the  col 
ony  prospered.      In  consequence,  however,  of  ill  health, 
Delaware  was  soon  compelled  to  return  to  England.     He 
was  succeeded  in  office  by  Sir  Thomas  Gates. 

11.  New   settlements   were  made  in  the  vicinity  of 
Jamestown ;   and,  notwithstanding  the  laws  were  harsh 
and    strict,  the   colony  continued   to    prosper.     With   a 
view  to  greater  privileges,  the  London  Company  obtained 

8.  What  misfortune  befell  them  ?   Where  are  the  Bermudas  ?  (p.  8.)   Why  did 
Smith  go  to  England  ?     (The  three  commissioners  afterward  reached  Virginia.) 

9.  How  did  the  colonists  behave  after  Smith  left  them  ?     What  were  the  con 
sequences  ?    What  further  is  stated  ? 

1O  What  did  the  colonists  determine  upon  ?  Why  did  they  so  determine  ? 
Did  they  carry  out  their  plan  ?  Why  not  ?  What  is  said  of  Lord  Delaware's  ad 
ministration  ?  Why  did  he  return  to  England  ?  Who  succeeded  him  in  office  ? 

11.  When  did  the  London  Company  receive  their  third  charter  ?  What  re 
markable  feature  did  the  new  charter  contain  ? 

*  See  Appendix,  page  73,  topic  149. 


1612.]  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  21 

their  third  charter,  in  1C  12.  A  remarkable  feature  of  the 
new  charter  allowed  the  company  to  hold  meetings  for 
the  transaction  of  business,  thus  giving  to  that  body  a 
democratic  form  of  government. 

j  12.  Next  year  occurred  the  marriage  of  Pocahontas  to 
a  young  Englishman,  named  John  Rolfe  (rolf}.  This 
event  proved  of  great  public  importance,  as  it  had  the 
effect  of  establishing  a  confirmed  peace  with  Powhatan. 
Three  years  after  her  marriage,  Pocahontas  accompanied 
her  husband  to  England,  where  she  was  an  object  of  in 
terest  to  all  classes  of  citizens,  and  was  presented  at 
Court.  While  preparing  to  return  to  her  native  land,  she 
suddenly  died,  leaving  a  son,  from  whom  are  descended 
some  well-known  families  in  Virginia.  (Note  8,  end  of  Sec. ) 

13.  The  commencement  of  negro  slavery  in  the  English 
colonies  dates  from  its  introduction  into  Virginia,  in  1619, 
when  a  Dutch  trading-vessel  entered   the  James  River 
with  negroes,  twenty  of  whom  were  landed  and  sold  into 
perpetual    slavery.*    During    the     nex'l    year,    about    a 
hundred  women  of  good  reputation  arrived  from  England, 
and  were  married  to  the  planters,  each  man  giving  for 
his  wife  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of  tobacco,  the 
price  of  her  passage  to  America.     The  culture  of  cotton 
was  beguVi  the  next  year. 

14.  Aft^r  the  marriage  of  Pocahontas,  until  the  death 
of  her   fatiher,    peaceful   relations    existed   between   the 
settlers  and  the  Indians;  but,  in   1622,  Powhatan's  suc 
cessor  commenced  a  bloody  war,  in  one  day  massacring 
about  three  hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children. 
The  colonists  retaliated,  slaughtering  great  numbers  of 
the  enemy.     In  an  attack  made  upon  the  settlements,  in 


12.  What  event  occurred  in  1613?    Of  what  advantage  did  it  prove  to  the 
colonists  ?     What  further  can  you  state  of  Pocahontas  ? 

13.  When  did  negro  slavery  commence  in  this  country?    State  the  circuni? 
stances.    What    event    took    place    in    1620  ?    In  1621  ? 

14.  What  occurred  in  1622  ?    Give  an  account  of  what  followed. 

*  Sec  Aoacudix,  page  63,  topic  17. 


22  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  [1644. 

1644,  about  three  hundred  persons  were  killed.     Hostili 
ties  continued  until  1646,  when  a  treaty  was  made. 

15.  The  affairs  of  the  colony  caused  frequent  meetings 
of  the  London  Company,  which  were  largely  attended. 
The  freedom  of  speech  manifested  on  such  occasions  dis 
pleased  the  king,  James  I.,  and,  under  the  pretext  that 
the  disasters  to  the  colony  were  the  result  of  bad  govern 
ment,  he  dissolved  the  company.     Thus  Virginia  became, 
in  1624,  a  royal  proA'ince. 

16.  The  "  Navigation  Act,"  passed  by  Parliament   in 
1651,  secured  to  English  shipping  the  monopoly  of  the 
carrying  trade  with  England.     Though  not  at  first   en 
forced  against  Virginia,  yet  after  its  re-enactment,  in  1660, 
with  new  provisions,  it  was  vigorously  executed,  notwith 
standing  the  remonstrances  of  the  people.  (See  note,  p.  65.) 

17.  The  colonists,  in  consequence,  became  dissatisfied ; 
and  when,  in  1673,  Charles  IT.  ceded  to  Lord  Culpepper 
and  the  Earl  of  Arlington  "  all  the  dominion  of  land  and 
water  called  Virginia,"  for  the  term  of  thirty-one  years, 
their  dissatisfaction  was  greatly  increased. 

18.  Besides,  they  were  restricted  in  the  elective  fran 
chise,  were  required  to  conform  to  the  doctrines  and  rituals 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and 'the  taxes  levied  were  un 
equal   and  oppressive.      A  spirit  of  rebellion,  in  conse 
quence,  broke  out  among  the    "  common   people,"  who 
wanted   but   an   excuse   for  appearing    in    arms;    and  it 
was  soon  found  in  an  invasion  made  by  the  Susquehanna 
Indians.    (Read  Note  6,  end  of  Section.) 

19.  The  measures  for  defence  adopted  by  Berkeley,  the 
governor,  being  inefficient,  the  people  demanded  permis- 

15.  When  did  Virginia  become  a  royal  province?    How  was  the  change 
brought  about  ? 

16.  When  was  the  "Navigation  Act1'  passed?    What  feature  of  it  is  men 
tioned  ?    What  is  said  of  the  enforcement  of  the  act  ? 

1 7.  What  made  the  colonists  dissatisfied  ?    What  increased  their  dissatis 
faction  ? 

18.  What  restriction  is  mentioned  ?  What  requirement  ?  What  oppression ? 
What  was  the  consequence  ? 


A 676.]  COLONIAL  HISTOKY.  23 

sion  to  arm  and  protect  themselves.  This  being  refused, 
a  struggle  for  popular  liberty  broke  out  in  1676,  known 
as  BACON'S  REBELLION.  Five  hundred  men  under  arms, 
with  Nathaniel  Bacon  as  leader,  marched  against  the 
Indians,  whom  they  defeated.  The  colonists  recovered 
for  a  time  the  rights  which  they  formerly  enjoyed;  bib 
Bacon  dying,  Berkeley  caused  twenty-two  of  the  insur 
gents  to  be  hung ;  and  tines,  imprisonments,  and  confisca 
tions  disgraced  the  rest  of  his  administration.  ( Ap.,  p.  63.)* 
20.  Upon  his  recall  by  the  king,  in  1677,  Virginia  be 
came  a  proprietary  government,  with  Culpepper  as  gov 
ernor.  Culpepper  ruled  till  1684,  when,  because  of  his 
mismanagement,  the  king  revoked  the  grant  made  in 
1673,  and  deprived  him  of  his  office.  Virginia  then  be 
came  a  royal  province  again,  and  so  remained  till  the 
Revolution.  (See  Appendix,  p.  75,  topic  176.) 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM   ITS    SETTLEMENT,    IN    1620,    TO   THE    UNION    OF   NEW 
ENGLYND    COLONIES,    IN    1643. 

21.  Captain  Smith,  who  had  performed  so  creditable  a 
part  in  the  settlement  of  Virginia,  set  sail  from  London  in 
1614,  for  the  purpose  of  trade  and  discovery  in  America. 
He  examined  the  shores  from  the  Penobscot  River  to 
Cape  Cod,  and  prepared  a  map  of  the  country,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  New  England.  ( App. ,  p.  76,  top.  1 95.) 

19.  Who  was  Berkeley?    What  demand  did  the  people  make?    Why  did 
they  make  it  ?    How  did  Berkeley  treat  their  demand  ?    The  consequence  ?    Who 
was  Bacon  ?    What  further  can  you  say  of  him  ?     Of  Berkeley  ? 

20.  When  was  Berkeley  recalled  ?    What,  then,  did  Virginia  become  ?    What 
further  history  of  Virginia  can  you  give  ? 

21.  What  explorations  did  Captain  Smith  make  in  1614?    Where  had  Smith 
previously  made  explorations  ?    How  did  New  England  get  its  name  ? 

*  "I  find  no  vestiges  of  the  ancient  town  (Jamestown)  except  the  ruins  of  a 
church-steeple  and  a  disordered  group  of  old  tombstones.  The  ruin  of  the 
steeple  is  about  thirty  feet  high,  aud  mantled  to  its  very  summit  with  ivy."— 
Wirfs  Life  of  Patrick  Henry. 


COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


22.  The  original  Plymouth  Company  having  been  su 
perseded  by  another,  called  the  Council  of  Plymouth,  the 
king,  James  I.,  granted  to  the  latter,  in  1620,  all  the  ter 
ritory  between  the  fortieth  and  forty-eighth  parallels  of 
north  latitude,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

23.  It  was  not,  however,  under  the  direction  of  this 
company,  nor  with  the  aid  of  the  king,  that  the  first  per- 


manent  settlement  was  made  in  New  England,  but  by  a 
small  band  of  Pilgrims,  dissenters  from  the  Church  of 
England,  who  had  fled  from  their  own  country  to  find  an 

~"MAP  QUESTIONS.— Where  is  Cape  Cod  ?  Cape  Cod  Bay  ?  Plymouth  ?  Saltern  ? 
Boston?  Little  Harbor?  Portsmouth?  Dover?  Merrimac  K.  ?  Punobscot 
K.  ?  (p.  til.)  22.  What  company  took  the  place  of  the  Plymouth  Company? 
What  <rraut  was  made  to  the  new  company?  23.  Who  were  the  Punuuig? 
Who  were  the  Pilgrims  ?  Why  did  the  Pilgrims  leave  England  1 


1620.]  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  25 

asylum  from  religious  persecution.     They  were  known  in 
England  as  Puritans.      (See  Note,  p.  24.) 

24.  They  at  first  went  to  Amsterdam,  in  Holland,whence 
they  removed  to  Leyden  (Rden).     At  Leyden  they  lived 
eleven  years  in  great  harmony,  under  the  pastoral  care  of 
John  Robinson  ;  but,  from  various  causes,  they  became  dis 
satisfied  with  their  residence,  and  desired  to  plant  a  colony 
in  America,  where  they  might  enjoy  their  civil  and  reli 
gious  rights  without  molestation. 

25.  As  many  as  could  be  accommodated,  embarked  on 
board  a  vessel  called  the  Speedwell.     The  ship  sailed  to 
Southampton,  England,  where  she  was  joined  by  another 
ship  called  the  Mayflower,  with  other  Pilgrims  from  Lon 
don.     The  two  vessels  set  sail,  but  had  not  gone  far  before 
the  Speedwell  was  found  to  need  repairs,  and  they  entered 
the  port  of  Dartmouth(a?ar£'-  wwM),  England.  A  second  time 
they  started,  but  again  put  back  —  this  time  to  Plymouth, 
where  the  Speedwell  was  abandoned  as  unseaworthy. 

26.  The  Mayflower  finally  sailed  alone,  with  about  one 
hundred  passengers*,  the  most  distinguished  of  whom  were 
John  Carver,  William  Brewster,  Miles  Standish,  William 
Bradford,  and  Edward  W  inslow.  After  a  boisterous  passage, 
they  reached  Cape  Cod  Bay  ;  and  there,  in  the  cabin  of  the 
Mayflower,  they  signed  a  compact  for  their  government, 
and  unanimously  elected  Carver  governor  for  one  year. 

27.  Several  days  were  spent  in  searching  for  a  favonv 
ble  locality.     At  length,  on  the  21st  of  December,  1620, 


land),  who  was  borr.  on  board,  hut  after  the  vessel  arrival.     Accord 
list,  the  Mayflower  arrived  in  (Jape  Coil  H:ubor  \riih  102  t):isst'iit;ers. 


24.  To  what  place  did  they  first  go  ?  Where  next  did  they  go  ?  How  long 
did  they  live  in  L'-yden?  Why  did  they  leave  ?  Wh:it  did  they  desire  ?  25. 
In  what  vessel  did  the  Pilgrims  sail  from  Leyden  ?  What  took  plare  at  South 
ampton  ?  At  Dartmouth  ?  At  Plymouth  ?  26.  What  finally  took  place  ?  Name 
five  of  the.  Mayflower's  passengers.  What  bay  did  they  reach  ?  Where  is  that 
bay  ?  (P.  24.)  Compact  ?  Where  were  the  Pilgrims  then  ?  The  first  governor  1 


26  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [16O8. 

they  landed  at  a  place  which  they  called  Plymouth,  in 
memory  of  the  hospitalities  which  had  been  bestowed 
upon  them  at  the  last  English  port  from  which  they  had 
Bailed.  The  winter  was  severe,  and  in  less  than  five 
months  nearly  half  of  that  Pilgrim  band  died  from  the 
effects  of  exposure  and  privations,  Carver  and  his  wife  be 
ing  among  the  number.  Bradford  was  thereupon  elected 
governor,  and  he  continued,  during  thirty  years,  to  be  a 
prominent  man  in  the  colony.  (See  Topic  195,  Ap.,  p.  76.) 

28.  In  1621,  a  treaty  of  friendship  was  made  with  Massa- 
soit  (mas-sa-soit1),  chief  of  the  Wampanoags  (wom-pa-no'~ 
ags),  that  was  sacredly  observed  for  more  than  thirty  years. 
Canonicus  (ka-nori-i-Jcus),  chief  of  the  Narragansetts,  kept 
the  colonists  in  fear  for  awhile,  but  the  decisive  course  of 
Bradford  eventually  compelled  him  to  sue  for  peace. 

29.  Meanwhile  other  influences  were  at  work  to  extend 
the  range  of  settlements.     A  company  of  persons  inter 
ested  in  the  fisheries  of  New  England,  having  purchased 
a  tract  of  land,  sent  a  hundred  persons,  under  the  charge 
of  En'-di-cott.     These  settled  at  Salem,  in  1628,  thus  lay 
ing  the  foundation  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.    The 
proprietors  soon  after  obtained  a  charter  from  Charles  I. 

30.  Accessions  were  rapidly  made  to  the  new  colony, 
and  settlements  at  Charlestown   and  other  places  were 
begun.     An  important  change,  by  which  the  government 
of  the  colony  was  transferred  to  New  England,  induced 
n?en  of  fortune    and   education    to   join   the   enterprise, 
^.bout  three  hundred  families,  mostly  Puritans,  under  the 
oare  of  John  Winthrop,  arrived  in  1630,  and  settled  at 
and  near  Boston.  Winthrop  had  been  appointed  governor. 


27.  When  did  the  Pilgrims  land  ?    Is  the  anniversary  of  that  day  celebrated? 
Ann.  Owin<j  to  a  mistake  in  converting  the  date  from  old  to  new  style,  the  22d 
is  celebrated  instead  of  the  21st.     Where  did  the  Pilgrims  land  ?    Why  did  they 
call  the  place  Plymouth  ?     What  is  naid  of  their  sufferings?     Of  Bradford? 

28.  Who  was  Maseasoit  ?  What  treaty  was  made?  What  is  said  of  Canonicus  ? 

29.  On  what  enterprise  was  Endicott  sent  ?     With  what  success  ? 

30.  Where  is  Charlestown  ?    (Map,  p.   0.)    What  change  in  government  took 
place  ?    What  was  the  effect  ?    What  took  place  in  1630  ? 

»  See  Note,  page  30.    Also,  topic  227,  App.  p.  83. 


1629.] 


COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


27 


31.  An  act  of  the  "General  Court"  at  Boston,  in  1636, 
by  which  about  two  thousand  dollars  were  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  public  school  or  college,  led 
to  the  establishment  of  what  is  now  the  oldest  literary 
institution  in  America.  Two  years  after,  the  Rev.  John 
Harvard  bequeathed  upwards  of  three  thousand  dollars 
to  it,  which,  in  honor  of  the  benefactor,  was  named  Har 
vard  College.  Its  location  is  at  Cambridge.  (Topic  219, 
Ap.,p.  79.) 


PORTSMOUTH   AND   VICINITY. 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

32.  The  Council  of  Plymouth, 
it  will  be  remembered,  obtained, 
in  1620,  a  grant  of  land  including 
the  whole  of  what  is  now  known 
as  New  England."  Two  years 
after,  all  that  portion  of  the  ter 
ritory  lying  between  the  Merri- 
mac  and  the  Kennebec  was  ceded 
by  the  Council  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  (gor'-jez)  and  John  Ma 
son.  In  1623,  the  proprietors  sent  emigrants  to  America, 
who  settled  at  Little  Harbor,  near  Portsmouth ;  and  at 
Dover. 

33.  After  these  settlements  were  made,  the  Rev.  John 
Wheelwright  purchased  of  the  Indians  the  territory  be 
tween  the  Merrimac  and  the  Pis-cat'-a-qua,  being  a  part 
of  the  same  that  had  been  ceded  to  Gorges  and  Mason.* 

31.  Where  it*  Cambridge?    (Map,  p.  70.)     What  celebrated  institution   of 
learning  is*  there  ?    Give  the  history  of  its  establishment . 

32.  When  did  the  Council   of  Plymouth  obtain  their  grant?     What  took 
plac«  two  years  after?     When  was  New  Hampshire  settled  ?    Where? 

33.  By  whom  was  New  Hampshire  so  called  ?     How  did  Mason  come  by  the 
territory?  Upon  what  did  Wheelwright  base  his  claim  ?  Where  is  the  Kenuebec 
Iliver?    (Map,  p.  til.) 

*  A  recent  writer  has  cast  some  doubt  upon  the  validity  of  the  purchase  made  by  Wheel 
wright.  pronouncing  his  deed  from  the  Indians  "  a  forgery." 


28  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  [1636. 


In  the  same  year  (1629)  Mason  obtained  a  grant,  in  his 
own  name,  of  the  country  which  Wheelwright  had  pur 
chased,  and  to  this  he  gave  the  name  of  New  Hampshire. 
34.  After  the  death  of  Mason,  a  vexatious  controversy 
took  place  in  consequence  of  the  land  claims  which  his 
heirs  made.  It  was  not  terminated  until  the  parties  to 
whom  the  claims  were  finally  conveyed  (in  1746)  relin 
quished  the  occupied  portions  of  the  province.  New  Hamp 
shire  was  several  times  connected  with  Massachusetts,  but 
in  1741  a  final  separation  occurred.  (See  pp.  33,  34.) 


CONNECTICUT. 

35.  In  1630,  the  Council  of  Plymouth  ceded  the  "soil 
of  Connecticut"  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick  ;  and  this  grant, 
the  following  year,  was  transferred  to  Lord  Say-and-Seal, 
Lord  Brooke,  .and  others.     As  the  Dutch,  at  the  time,  laid 
claim  to  the  territory  thus  ceded,  they  built  a  fort  on  the 
Connecticut,  where  Hartford  now  stands,  to  prevent  the 
English  from  making  any  settlements  in  that  section. 

36.  The  structure  was  hardly  completed  when  Captain 
Holmes  (homz)  and  a  company  from  Plymouth,  sailed  up 
the  river.     Though  menaced  by  the  Dutch,  the  English 
passed  the  fort  unhurt,  and  commenced  the  settlement  of 
Connecticut,  by  erecting  in  that  year,  1633,  a  trading- 
house  at  Windsor  (win'-zer}.     Important  additions  were 
made  to  this,  called  the  Connecticut  Colony,  by  two  large 
emigrations  from  Massachusetts — the  second  conducted 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  in  1636.  

34.  Whit  controversy  took  place?  How  ended?  Subsequent  hislory  of  tue 
New  Hampshire  colony?  35.  Wnat  grant  w  IB  made  in  103o?  In  1GJ1  ?  Where 
did  the  Dutch  build  a  fort?  Why  did  they  build  it  there?  3 G  When  was 
Connecticut  settled?  At  what  place  ?  By  whom  ?  What  threat  cud  the  Butch 
make?  What  additions  were  made  to  the  Connecticut  colony  ? 

*  John  T.  Mason,  great-grandson  of  J-ilin  Mason,  "  the  only  heir  of  the  original  pat 
entee,  agreed  (ju  173^)  to  release  his  interest  to  the  Assembly  of  New  Hampshire,"  but  in 
consequence  of  delay  on  the  part  of  the  Assembly  to  ratify  the  agreement,  "he  conveyed 
(Jan.  3J,  1746),  by  deed  of  sale,  for  the  sum  of  £1,51)0,  his  whole  interest  to  twelve  persons. 
*  *  These  transactions  raised  a  great  ferment  among  the  people.  Angry  and  menacing 
words  were  plentifully  thrown  out  against  the  purchasers;  but  they  had  prudently  taken 
c:ire  to  file  in  flhe  Recorder's  office  a  dewd  of  quit-claim  to  all  the  towns  which  had  been 
settled  and  granted  within  the  limits  of  their  ;,w<^  M-se." — Belknap^  Hitstory  of  A'ew  Hawp- 
•Mr*. 


1635.] 


COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


29 


Scale 


LON&  ISLAND  SOUND 


37.  Toward  the  close  of  1635,  John  Wintbrop,  son  of 
the  Massachusetts  governor,  acting  under  a  commission 
from  the  proprietors  of  Connecticut,  built  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Connecticut.     A  colony  was  also  established 
there,  which,  in  honor  of  Lord  Say-and-Seal,  and  Lord 
Brooke,  was  called  Saybrook. 

38.  About  this  time  difficulties  with  the  Indians  com 
menced.     The  Pequods  (pe'-Jcicodz),  a  warlike  tribe  inhab 
iting  the  southeast  part  of  Connecticut,  having  committed 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— Where  is  Windsor  ?  Saybrook?  Hartford?  Wethersfield? 
New  Ha  veil  ?  Providence  ?  (p.  24.)  What  city  is  on  the  island  of  Rhode  Island  t 
Ans.  Newport?  In  what  direction  is  Newport  from  Providence  ?  What  State 
is  on  the  south  of  New  Hampshire  ?  (p.  24.)  What  two  on  the  south  of  Mas 
sachusetts  ?  Describe  the  Connecticut  River. 

37.  When  was  the  Saybrook  colony  established  ?    Why  so  called  ?     Origin  ? 

38.  Who  were  the  Pequods  ?    What  united  action  was  takan  by  the  settlers  ? 
Why  was  the  action  taken  ?    Give  the  result. 

IfooJter'a  Emigration. — "  There  were  of  the  company  about  one  hundred  souls.  They 
drove  before  them  numerous  herds  of  cattle;  and  thus  they  traversed  on  foot  the  pathless 
forests,  advancing  hardly  ten  miles  a  day  through  the  tangled  woods,  across  the  swamps 
and  numerous  streams,  and  over  the  highlands  that  separated  the  several  intervening  val 
leys;  subsisting,  as  they  slowly  wandered  along,  on  the  milk  of  the  kine,  which  browsed  on 
the  fresh  leaves  and  early  shoots;  having  no  guide  through  the  nearly  untrodden  wilderness, 
but  the  compass,  and  no  pillow  for  their  nightly  rest  but  neaps  of  stones."—  Bancroft. 
KOTJS.— For  an  account  of  the  founding  of  Yale  College,  see  topic  219,  Appendix,  p  79. 


30  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [163T. 

many  a«ts  of  hostility,  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Wethers- 
field,  in  1637,  united  in  declaring  war  against  them. 
Captain  Mason,  with  a  force  of  colonists  and  friendly 
Indians,  proceeded  against  the  Pequods,  burned  their  fort 
and  wigwams,  killed  more  than  six  hundred  of  their  num 
ber,  and  completely  broke  them  up  as  a  tribe.* 

39.  A  third  colony  was  established  in  Connecticut,  in 
1638,   called   the    New  Haven  Colony.      The   land  was 
bought  of  the  Indians ;  and,  under  the  guidance  of  The- 
ophilus  Eaton  and  the  Rev.  John  Davenport,  a  colony, 
remarkable  for  the  religious  spirit  that  marked  its  laws, 
was  planted  and  flourished.     (Appendix,  p.  65,  topic  41.) 

40.  In    1639,   the   people   of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and 
Wethersfield,  finding  their  settlements  beyond  the  limits 
of  Massachusetts,  met  at  Hartford,  and  united  in  forming 
a  government  for  themselves.     The  colony  of  Saybrook 
maintained  its  separate  existence  until  1644.     By  its  an 
nexation  in  that  year  to  the  Connecticut  Colony,  only 
two  colonies  remained,  which  were  united,  in  1665,  under 
a  liberal  royal  charter  granted  by  King  Charles  II.,  of 
England.     (Read  topics  214,  215,  Appendix,  p.  78.) 

41.  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  v/ho  had  been  made  royal  gov 
ernor  of  New  England,  in  1687  appeared  before  the  Con 
necticut  Assembly,  in  session  at  Hartford,  and  demanded 
the  surrender  of  the  charter.     A  discussion  at  once  arose, 
which  was  protracted  till  evening,  when  the  charter  was 
brought  in  and  laid  upon  the  table ;  but  just  as  Andros 
was  stepping  forward  to  take  it,  the  lights  were  suddenly 
extinguished.      When   the   candles  were   relighted,  the 
document  could  not  be  found.     It  had  been  carried  away 
and  hid  in  the  hollow  of  a  tree.  (Appendix,  p.  62,  topic  6.) 

39.  When  was  New  Haven  commenced?    Its  origin  ?    What  further  ? 

40.  What  union  took  place  in  1639?    In  1644  ?    In  1665  ? 

41.  What  appointment  did  Andros  receive  ?    What  demand  ?    How  met  ? 

*  "The  few  that  survived,  about  two  hundred,  surrendering  in  despair,  were  enslaved  by 
the  English,  or  incorporated  among  the  Mohegans  and  the  Narragansetts.  There  remained 
not  a  sannup,  nor  squaw,  not  a  warrior  nor  child,  of  the  Pequod  name.  A  nation  had 
disappeared  from  the  family  of  man."—  Bancroft's  U.  S.  (Read  Note  1,  end  of  Section.) 


1636.1  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  31 


KHODE    ISLAND. 

42.  Rhode  Island  was  settled  by  Roger  Williams,  who 
had  been  banished  from  Massachusetts  because  of  his  de- 
fnunciation  of  the  religious  intolerance  practised  there,  as 
well  as  for  certain  opinions  touching  civil  matters.     The 
settlement  was  made  in  1636  at  Providence,  on  lands  pur 
chased  of  the  Indians,  and  so  called  by  Williams  to  com 
memorate  "  God's  merciful  providence  to  him  in  his  dis 
tress."     The  great  freedom  in  religious  matters,  and  the 
democratic  government  of  the  colony,  caused  immigrants 
to  flock  thither  in  large  numbers. 

43.  In  1638,  William  Coddington,  who  had  been  sub 
jected  to  religious    persecution   in   Boston,  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Williams,  purchased  from  the  Indians  the 
island  of  Rhode  Island,  and  settled  there.     Rather  than 
admit  a  claim  of  jurisdiction  set  up  by  Plymouth,  Wil 
liams  went  to  England,  and  obtained  a  charter  whereby 
the  settlements  of  Rhode  Island  were  united,  in  1644, 
under  one  government. 

44.  After  Charles  II.  ascended  the  throne  of  England, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1663,  obtained  a  new  charter.     When 
Andros  assumed  the  government  of  New  England,  the 
management  of  affairs  under  the  charter  was,  for  the 
time,  necessarily  suspended;    but  directly  after  he  was 
seized  and  sent  to  England,  as  elsewhere  stated,  the  char 
ter  became  the  fundamental  law  of  the  colony,  and  was 
the  only  constitution  of  the  State  till  1843.*  (P.  141,  f  25.) 

42.  Why  was  Roger  Williams  banished  from  Massachusetts  ?    Where  did  he 
make  a  settlement  ?     Whew  .     why  did  he  call  the  place  Providence  ? 

43.  Coddington?    Why  did  Williams  go  to  England  ?    How  did  he  succeed? 

44.  When  did  Rhode  Is.  get  anew  charter?    Who  granted  it  ?    Its  history  ? 

NOTE.— "It  was  in  January,  1636,  the  sternest  month  of  a  New  England  winter,  when 
Roger  Williams  left  his  wife  and  babes  in  Salem  (Mass.),  in  order  to  escape  the  warrant 
that  would  have  conducted  him  to  the  ship  then  waiting  to  bear  him  to  England.  He  went 
forth  an  exiled  man,  to  trust  his  life  and  fortune  to  the  rough  chances  of  the  wilderness  th«t 
then  skirted  the  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  Bay.  Seldom  has  an  exile  for 
opinion's  sake  been  driven  from  a  Christian  community  to  encounter  more  severe  necessi 
ties,  or  endure  more  crushing  privations.  "—Spar/csV  American  Biography. 

NOTE  —For  an  account  of  the  capture  and  destruction  of  the  schooner  Gaspee,  see  topic 
•218,  Appendix,  p.  79. 

*  See  Note  13,  end  of  Section. 


82  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [1643. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

FKOM    THE    UNION    OF   NEW    ENGLAND    COLONIES,    IN    1643, 

TO  "THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAK." 

',• 

45.  The  four  colonies,  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Con- 

necticut,  and  New  Haven,  formed  a  union  in  1643,  for 
mutual  protection  against  the  encroachments  of  the  Dutch 
and  French,  and  for  better  security  against  the  hostility 
of  the  Indians.  This  union  lasted  nearly  fifty  years. 
Rhode  Island  was  refused  admittance  into  it,  because  she 
would  not  consent  to  be  incorporated  with  Plymouth,  and 
lose  her  separate  existence.* 

46.  In  1656  a  serious  trouble  commenced,  growing  out 
of  the  arrival  in  that  year  of  a  number  of  Quakers  from 
England.     They  had  been  represented  as  a  people  of  pe 
culiar  opinions  and  conduct,  and  consequently  they  were 
persecuted.     Many  were  banished,  four  were  executed,  and 
others  were  whipped  or  cast  into  prison.    The  great  sever 
ity  of  the  measures  at  last  produced  a  reaction  in  public 
feeling ;  and,  after  five  years  of  trouble,  the  Quakers  were 
allowed  to  come  and  enjoy  their  opinions  in  peace. \ 

47.  KING  PHILIP'S  WAR. — During  the  life  of  Massasoit, 
the  treaty  of  friendship  between  him  and  the  people  of 
Plymouth  was  faithfally  kept;  but,  after  his  death,  Philip, 
commonly  known  as  King  Philip,  his  son  and  successor, 
made  war  upon  the  colonists.     It  became  evident  to  the 
Indians  that  the  spreading  settlements  were  fast  breaking 

45.  What  union  in  1643  ?    How  long  did  it.  last  ?    Rhode  Island  ? 

46.  What  trouble  commenced  in  1656  ?    Give  an  account  of  it  ?    The  end  ? 

47.  Philip  ?    Evident  ?    What  did  they  pee  ?    What  other  cause  of  war  ? 

*  "  The  confederation  was  no  less  than  an  act  of  absolute  sovereignty  on  the  part  of  the  con 
tracting  states.  The  first  two  articles  bound  together  the  four  colonies  and  their  dependen 
cies  under  the  name  of  '  TJie  United  Colonies  of  New  England,  In  a  *  firm  and  perpetual 
league  of  friendship  and  amity  for  offence  and  defence,  mutual  advice  and  succor,  upon  :tll 
just  occasions,  both  for  preserving  and  propagating  the  truth  and  liberties  of  the  Gospel, 
and  for  their  own  mutual  safety  and  welfare.'  *  *  *  Of  this  confederation  which  '  offers 
the  first  example  of  coalition  in  colonial  story,  and  showed  to  party  leaders  in  after  times, 
the  advantage  of  concert,'  it  was  not  without  apparent  reason  that  an  unfriendly  historian 
(Chalmers)  remarked,  that  'its  principles  were  altogether  those  of  independency,  and  that  it 
cannot  easily  be  supported  by  any  other.'  " — Palfrey'1  s  Hist,  of  New  England. 

t  Read  Note  9,  end  of  Section. 


1675.]  COLOFIM,  HISTORY.  33 


up  their  hunting-grounds ;  and  they  saw,  too,  in  the  grow 
ing  power  of  the  whites,  their  own  inevitable  extinction. 
Besides,  they  were  burning  to  avenge  personal  wrongs. 

48.  Nothing  short  of  a  union  of  the  New  England  tribes 
for  the  extermination   of  the   colonists,  it  was  thought, 
could  arrest  the  tide  against  them ;  and  Philip,  so  it  was 
alleged,  was  the  leading  spirit  in  plotting  the  combina 
tion.     It  is  related  that  a  converted  Indian,  who  had  been 
sent  as  a  missionary  among  his  people,  was  the  principal 
informer  against  Philip.     This  man  was  found  murdered. 
The  execution  by  the  whites  of  three  Indians,  convicted 
of  the  murder,  may  be  considered  as  the  immediate  cause 
of  the  war. 

49.  The  first  attack  was  made  by  Philip,  in  1675,  upon 
the  people  of  Swan'-zey,  as  they  were  returning,  one  Sun 
day,  from  church.     Although  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been 
made  with  the   Narragansetts,  they  joined   in   the  war 
against  the  English.     A  strong  force  was  sent  against  the 
Indians ;  and,  in  an  immense  swamp  in  the  southern  part 
of  Rhode  Island,  they  were  defeated  with  great  loss.     Yet 
they  continued  their  depredations  till  the  death  of  Philip, 
which  occurred  in  1676,  he  being  shot  by  one  of  his  own 
tribe.     (Read  Note  10,  end  of  Section.) 

50.  A  controversy  which  had  been  going  on  for  a  num 
ber  of  years,  between  the  heirs  of  Gorges  and  Mason  and 
the  Massachusetts  colony,  concerning  the  ownership  of 
Maine,  was,  in  1677,  decided  in  favor  of  the  heirs,  and 
Massachusetts  then  purchased  their  interest.     Three  years 
after,  a  separation  of  New  Hampshire  from  Massachusetts 

48.  How,  oiily,  could  the  Indians  look  for  success?    What  charge  was  made 
against  Philip  ?    What  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  war  ? 

49.  Where  is  Swauzey?  (Map,  p.  24.)    What  took  place  there  ?    How  did 
the  Narragansetts  act  ?    What  defeats  did  the  Indians  meet  ?     Give  the  closing 
history  of  the  war. 

50.  What  controversy  was  settled  in  1677  ?    How  was  it  settled  ?     How  did 
Massachusetts  {jet  to  own  Maine  ?    Which  was  the  first  royal  province  in  New 
England  ?     When  was  that  brought  about  ? 

NOTE.— For  an  account  of  the  early  efforts  to  provide  a  currency  for  the  people  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  read  Note  2,  The  Pine-Tree  Shilling,  at  the  end  of  the  Section. 

?* 


34  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  [168O. 

having  been  declared,  the  former  became  a  royal  prov 
ince — the  first  in  New  England. 

51.  The  opposition  which  Massachusetts  had  shown  to 
the  "  Navigation  Act,"  and  other  obnoxious  laws  of  Par 
liament,  displeased  the  king,  Charles  II.,  and  he  declared 
her  charter  void.*  His  death  occurring  not  long  after,  his 
successor,  James  II.,  pursued  the  same  arbitrary  policy, 
and,  in  1686,  deprived  Massachusetts  of  her  charter-gov 
ernment.     In  the  same  year  Andros  was  appointed  royal 
governor  of  New  England.     (See  p.  22,  ^f  16,) 

52.  These  proceedings  on  the  part  of  King  James  ren 
dered  him  so  unpopular,  that,  when  the  news  of  the  Eng 
lish  Revolution  and  of  his  dethronement  reached  Boston, 
in  1689,  it  caused  great  rejoicing.     Andros  and  his  offi 
cers,  whose  tyranny  had  made  them  odious  to  the  people, 
were  seized  and  sent  to  England,  when  the  New  England 
colonies  established  their  former  modes  of  government. 

53.  KIXG  WILLIAM'S  WAR, — James  fled  to  France,  arid 
William,  Prince  of  Orange,  and  Mary,  his  wife,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  James,  were  called  to  the  English  throne  as 
king  and  queen  of  that  country.     The  cause  of  the  fugi 
tive  king  was  espoused  by  the  French  monarch ;  and  this, 
principally,   led  to  a  contest  between   the  two  powers, 
known  as  King  William's  War,  in  which  the  respective 
colonists  became  involved. 

54.  An  expedition,  fitted  out  by  Massachusetts,  com 
manded  by  Sir  William  Phipps,  captured   Port  Royal, 
'now  Annapolis,  and  secured  a  large  amount  of  booty.     A 
second  expedition,  also  commanded  by  Phipps,  for  the 
conquest  of  Canada,  proved  a  failure.     These  were  the 

51.  Why  did  Charles  II.  declare  the  Massachusetts  charter  void?    What 
afterward  took  place  ?    When  was  Andros  appointed  governor  ? 

52.  What  news  reached  Boston  in  KiS!)?    What  effect  did  it  have  there? 
Why  did  it  have  that  effect  ?    What  treatment  was  reserved  for  Andros  ? 

53.  What  was  the  cause  of  King  William's  War? 

54.  Give  an  account  of  Phipps'a  first  expedition.    Where  is  Annapolis  T 
(Map,  p.  61.)    Of  his  second  expedition.    Ho\y  long  did  the  war  last  ?    What 
was  the  result  as  regards  the  ownership  of  territory  ? 

*  See  note, p.  65. 


1692.]  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  35 


most  important  events  of  the  contest  in  America.  The 
war  lasted  from  1689  to  the  peace  of  Ryswick  (riz'-wick), 
in  1697,  a  period  of  about  eight  years.  The  claims  to  ter 
ritory  in  America  remained  as  before  the  war. 

55.  SALEM  WITCHCRAFT. — During  the  war,  King  Wil 
liam,  refusing  to   restore  to   Massachusetts   the    charter 
which  James  II.  had  taken   away,  granted  a  new  one, 
which  united  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Maine,  and  Nova 
Scotia  in  a   royal  government.     Upon  Phipps  was  con 
ferred  the  office  of  governor  (16kl)c 

56.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  new  governor  was  the 
formation,  in  1692,  of  a  court  to  try  certain  persons  who, 
because  of  their  real  or  supposed  strange  conduct,  were 
accused  of  practising  witchcraft.     Most  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Salem  and  vicinity,  where  the  accused  parties  lived, 
believed  the  accusations  to  be  true;  and,  before  the  delu 
sion  was  dispelled,  twenty  persons  were  put  to   death, 
more  than  fifty  were   tortured   or   frightened   into  con 
fessing  themselves  guilty,  and  many  suffered  imprison 
ment.     (Read  Note  4,  end  of  Section.) 

57.  QUEEN  ANNE'S  WAR. — Upon  the  death  of  James 
II.,  which  occurred  in  France,  the  French  monarch  ac 
knowledged  his  son  king  of  England.      This  tended  to 
produce  a  spirit  of  resentment  in   England,  where  the 
crown  had  previously  been  settled  upon  Anne  (an),  the 
second    daughter   of  James.      While   the   English   were 
making  preparations  for  war,  King  William  died,  and 
Anne  became  Queen  of  England. 

58.  The    interference  of  France   in  the   succession  to 
the  English  crown,  in  connection  with  other  causes,  led 


55.  What  appointment  was  conferred  upon  Phipps  ? 

56.  What  act  of  Phipps  is  mentioned?     What  belief  prevailed  at  Salem? 
Where  is  Salem  ?  (See  Map.  p.  34.)    Give  an  account  of  the  "  Salem  Witchcraft." 

57.  Where  was  James  II.  when  he  died  ?    What  action  did  the  French  king 
take  ?    What  effect  did  his  action  have  ?    What  followed  ? 

58.  What  was  the  principal  cause  of  Queen  Anne's  War?    By  wtat  name  is 
the  war  known  in  Europe  ?    Where  is  Nova  Scotia  ?    (Map,  p.  61.) 


36  COLONIAL   HISTORY.  UTO2. 

to  a  war  between  England  on  the  one  side,  and  France 
and  Spain  on  the  other,  which  is  known  in  America  as 
Queen  Anne's  War ;  but  in  Europe,  is  called  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession.  Hostilities  were  commenced 
fen  1702. 

59.  The  capture  of  Port  Royal,  in  1710,  by  a  force  from 
Massachusetts,  after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  three  years 
before,  was  the   most   important   event    of  the  war   in 
America.     The  name  of  the  place  was  changed  to  An 
napolis,  in  honor  of  the  English  queen,  and  Acadia  was 
annexed  to  the  British  realm.      The  contest  continued 
about  eleven  years,  being  terminated  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht  (ii-trekt),  in  1713. 

60.  KING  GEORGE'S  WAR. — A  peace  of  nearly  thirty 
years  followed,  which  was  broken,  during  the  reign  of 
George  II.,  by  King   George's   War.     This  contest  had 
its  origin  in  European  disputes,  relating,  principally,  to 
the  kingdom  of  Austria,  and  was  therefore  known  in  Eu 
rope  as  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 

61.  War  having  been  declared  between  England  and 
France  in  1744,  the  colonists  soon  became  involved.     The 
most  important  event   of  the  struggle  in  America  was 
the  taking  of  Louisburg  (loo'-is-burg),  a  fortress  erected 
by  the  French,  and  which,  from  its  strength,  was  called 
the  Gibraltar  of  America. 

62.  The  capture  of  this  place  was  effected  in  1745,  by 
a  force,  mostly  of  New  England  troops,  under  William 
Pepperill,  aided  by  an  English  fleet  commanded  by  Coin- 


59.  When  did  the  French  finally  lose  Port  Royal  ?  What  change  of  name 
was  made  ?  What  change  in  ownership  of  territory  took  place  ?  How  long 
did  the  war  last? 

GO.  How  did  King  George's  War  originate  ?  What  other  name  did  the  war 
have  ?  Why  was  it  so  called  ? 

61.  When  was  war  ck-clared?    What  is  stated  of  Louisburg?    Where  is 
Louisburg?     (See  Map.  p.  (il.) 

62.  When  did   the  English  capture  it?    Give  an  account   of  the  capture. 
When  did  the  war  end?    How  did  it  result  as  regards  ownership  of  territory  1 
Who,  then,  owned  Louisburg  ? 


1745.]  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  37 

rnodore  Warren.  The  contest  was  terminated  by  the 
treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (aJces  lali  sha-pel'),  in  1748,  by 
which  all  acquisitions  of  territory,  made  during  the  war, 
were  mutually  restored.  (See  p.  54,  T  1.) 


NEW   YOKK. 

63.  Henry  Hudson,  an  English  navigator,  while  sailing 
in  the  service  of  "  The  Dutch  East  India  Company,"  in 
1609,  discovered  the  river  which  now  bears  his   name. 
His  object  was  to  find  a  northwest  passage  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean ;  in  pursuance  of  which  he  sailed  up  the  river  to 
the  head  of  ship  navigation,  and,  in  a  small  boat,  continued 
his  exploration  some  miles  further.*  (Ap.,  p.  68,  top.  ^2.) 

64.  The   Dutch,    claiming   that   Hudson's    discoveries 
gave  them  a  title  to  the  country,  in  1614  built  a  fort  on 
Man-hat '-tan  Island.     Their  claim  to  territory  included 
the  whole  region  from  Cape  Cod  to  the  southern  shore 
of  Delaware  Bay.     This  became  known  as  New  Neth'-cr- 
lands,  though  the  name  was  more  generally  applied  to 
only  that  part  actually  in  possession  of  the  Dutch. 

65.  The  colonization  of  the  country  did  not  commence 
until  1623.     In  that  year,  under  the   auspices  of  a  new 
organization,  known  as  "  The  Dutch  West  India  Com 
pany,"  two   settlements  were  made — one  on  Manhattan 
Island,  called  New  Amsterdam,  and  the  other  at  Albany, 
called  Fort  Orange.     The  company,  to   encourage  emi 

63.  Who  was  Henry  Hudson  ?    What  river  did  he  discover?    What  was  ha 
trving  to  do  when  he  discovered  the  river?     How  much  of  the  river  did  he  ex 
plore.  ?    Who  lirst  discovered  the  Hudson  river  ?    Ans.  Verrazzani,  in  1524 

64.  What  claim  to  territory  did  the  Dutch  make?    What  was  their  title  lo 
'the  claim?     What  name  did  they  uivo  to  the  territory  claimed  hy  them  ?     What 

States  are  now  included  in  the  territory  so  claimed?  [See  Progressive  Map.  No. 
8.]  Where  did  the  Dutch  build  a  Ion  in  1614?  By  what  name  i&  Manhattan 
Island  now  generally  known?  Ans.  New  York  Island. 

65.  When  did  the  Dutch  hegin  to  colonize  New  Netherlands?    Where  were 
*  On  his  return  to  Holland,  Hudson  stopped  at  Dartmouth,  Borland.—"  When  at  length 

the  East  India  directors  heard  of  Hudson's  arrival  at  Dartmouth,  they  instructed  him  to  Re 
turn  with  his  vessel  to  Holland  as  soon  as  possible.  As  he  was  about  complying  with  their 
orders  early  n  the  following  year  (1610),  he  was  arbitrarily  forbidden  to  leave  his  couutrv' 
by  the  English  authorities,  who  were  jealous  of  the  advantages  which  the  Dutch  ruid 
pained  by  reason  of  Hudson's  discoveries  while  in  their  service  ;  and  the  Half  Moon  (Hud- 
oon's  vessel)  was  detained  for  several  months  quietly  at  anchor  in  Dartmouth  harbor."-^ 
Brodhead's  Hist  of  t lie  Mate  oj  New  York. 


38 


COLONIAL   HISTORY. 


[1623, 


TOE  STATS  OT 

NEW     YORK 


gration,  offered  a  large  tract  of  land  and  certain  privi- 
leges  to  every  individual  who  would  form  a  settlement 
of  fifty  persons.  (Read  Note  11,  end  of  Section.) 

66.  The  first  Dutch  governor  was  Peter  Min'-u-its  ;  the 
second,  Wout'-er  Van  Twil'-ler ;  the  third,  Sir  William 
Kieft  (keeft)  ;  and  the  fourth  and  last,  Peter  Stuyvesant 
(sti'-ve-sant)*  Kieft,  who  was  haughty  and  unscrupulous, 
involved  the  colony  in  a  strife  with  the  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware,  and  the  English  on  the  Connecticut.  He  also, 

settlements  made  that  year?  What  was  Albany  then  called  ?  What  offers  were 
made  to  induce  persons  to  fettle  in  New  Netherlands  ?  66.  Wiio  was  the  first 
Dutch  governor  of  Nevy  Netherlands  ?  The  second  *  The  third  ?  The  fourth! 
What  can  you  say  of  Kieft' 8  character?  Of  his  acts  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— What  country  is  on  the  north  of  New  Ycrk  State  ?  What 
States  on  the  east?  What,  on  the  South  ?  Describe  the  Hudson  River.  What 
is  New  Amsterdam  now  called?  Ans.  New  York.  How  is  New  York  city 
situated  ?  Albany  ?  

*  "  A  better  day  dawned  on  New  Netherlands,  when  the  brave  and  honest  Stuyyesnnt,  a 
soldier  of  experience,  and  a  scholar  of  some  learning,  was  promoted  for  his  services,  mid 
entered  on  the  government  of  the  province.  Sad  experience  dictated  a  milder  system  towards 
the  natives;  and  it  was  resolved  to  govern  them  with  lenity."— Bancroft's  History  of  the 
United  States. 


1664.]  COLONIAL  HISTOKY.  39 

by  his  inhuman  conduct,  brought  on  a  disastrous  war  with 
the  Indians.     (Read  Note  12,  end  of  Section.) 

67.  The  rule  of  Stuyvesant  was  vigorous,  though  often 
arbitrary.     He  conciliated  the  Indians,  agreed  to  a  west 
ern  boundary  for  Connecticut,  and  gained  by  conquest 
the  Swedish  territory  in  Delaware.     But  a  new  danger 
appeared.     In  16G4,  Charles  II.,  of  England,  disregard 
ing  the  claims  of  the  Dutch,  granted  to  his  brother,  the 
Duke  of  York,  the  whole  region  from  the   Connecticut 
River  to  Delaware  Bay  ;  and  a  fleet,  under  Colonel  Nicolls, 
was  sent  to  take  possession  of  the  country.   (P.  45,  T  87.) 

68.  When  the  fleet  appeared  before  New  Amsterdam, 
the  people,  hoping  to  enjoy  more  freedom  under  English 
rule,  determined  at  once  to  surrender ;   but  Stuyvesant 
held  out  until  the  town  was  actually  in  possession  of  the 
English.     Nicolls  was  the  first  English  governor.     The 
province,  as  well  as  New  Amsterdam,  was  called  New 
York ;  and  Fort  Orange  received  the  name  of  Albany. 
In  1673,  during  a  war  between  England  and  Holland,  the 
Dutch  regained  their  former  possessions ;  but  after  a  pe 
riod  of  fifteen  months,  returned  them   to  the  English. 
Andros  was  then  appointed  governor*.  (Ap.,  p.  62,  top.  6.) 

69.  In  1741  several  incendiary  fires  occurred  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  a  house  was  robbed  by  slaves.     Wit 
nesses  testified  that  the  negroes  had  conspired  to  burn  the 
city,  murder  the  inhabitants,  and  set  up  a  government  of 
their  own.     An  intense  excitement  followed ;  and  before 
it  was  allayed  more  than  thirty  persons,  condemned  as 
having  been  engaged  in  the  alleged  plot,  were  executed, 
and  others  were  transported.     A  plot  of  some  kind  there 

67.  What  is  said  of  Stuyvesant's  rule  ?    What  did  he  accomplish  ?    What 
grant  was  made  in  10(54  ?    Did  King  Charles  do  right  ?     Upon  what  did  he  base 
his  claim  to  the  territory?  Ans.  The  discoveries  and  explorations  of  the  Cabots. 

68.  Give  an  account  of  the  surrender  of  New  Netherlands.    Who  was  the 
first  English  governor  ?    What  changes  in  names  were  made  ?  What  is  the  sub. 
sequent  history  of  New  Netherlands  as  a  Dutch  province? 

69.  What  occurred  in  1741  ?    State  what  followed. 

*  Read  topics  228  and  2:29.    App.  pp.  82,  S3. 


40  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [1622. 

may  have  been,  though  it  is  certain  the  accounts  of  it 
were  greatly  exaggerated,  and  many  innocent  persons 
suffered.  (See  Appendix,  p.  63,  topic  17.) 

NEW    JEKSEY. 

70.  The  Dutch,  who  included  New  Jersey  in  the  prov* 
ince  of  New  Netherlands,  established  a  trading-post   at 
Bergen  as  early  as  1622,  and  built  a  fort  on  the  Dela 
ware  ;  but  the  settlement  of  Elizabethtown,  now  Eliza 
beth,  in  1664,  by  emigrants  from  Long  Island,  is  consid 
ered  as  the  beginning  of  colonization  in  New  Jersey. 

71.  In  1664,  before  the  settlement  of  Elizabethtown,  the 
Duke  of  York,  to  whom  Charles  II.  had  granted  New 
Netherlands,  sold  New  Jersey  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir 
George  Carteret.     The  liberal  offers  at  first  made  to  emi 
grants  induced  many  to  settle.     After  the  Dutch,  as  else 
where  related,  had,  for  the  second  time,  relinquished  New 
Netherlands,  the  whole  territory  was  again  granted  to  the 
Duke  of  York. 

72.  The  duke,  in  total  disregard  of  the  rights  of  Berke 
ley  and  Carteret,  appointed  Andros  governor  over  the 
entire  reunited  province,  but  afterward  agreed  to  restore 
New  Jersey  to  the  rightful  proprietors.     Notwithstand 
ing  this  promise,  he  repeatedly  interfered  with  the  rights 
of  Berkeley  and  Carteret. 

73.  Berkeley  sold   his  interest   in  New  Jersey  to  an 
English  Quaker;   and,  in   1682,  the  whole  territory  be 
came,  by  purchase,  the  property  of  William  Penn  and 
other   Quakers.*     In   1702,  the  proprietors    surrendered 

70.  What  trading  settlement  did  the  Dutch  make  ?  Where  is  Bergen  ?  (Map, 
p.  43.)    Where,  in  New  Jersey,  did  they  build  a  fort?    When   was   Elizabeth 
settled  ?    What  is  considered  as  regards  that  settlement  ?     Where  is  Elizabeth? 
(Map.  p.  43.)    Where  is  Long  Island  ?     (Map.  p.  2ft.) 

71 .  To  whom  did  Charles  II.  give  New  Jersey  ?    To  whom  did  the  Duke  sell 
it?     When  did  the  duke  get  a  second  grant  of  it  ? 

72.  Of  what  wrong  was  the  duke  guilty  ?    And  afterward  of  what  wrong  ? 

*  In  167R,  New  Jersey  was  divided  into.East  and  W^st  Jersey,  the  former 
falling  to  Carteret  ;  hence  the  term,  "  the  Jersey  3." 


1624.]  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  41 


their  powers  of  government  to  the  Crown,  when  New  Jer 
sey  became  a  royal  province,  united  to  New  York.  In 
1738,  the  connection  was  severed,  and  from  that  time  New 
Jersey  had  a  government  of  its  own.  (Top.  219,  Ap.,  p.  79.) 

MARYLAND. 

74.  By  the  second  charter  granted  to  the  London  Com 
pany,  the  limits  of  Virginia  embraced  all  the  territory 
which  afterward  formed  the  States  of  Maryland,  Virginia, 
and  North  Carolina ;  but,  by  the  dissolution  of  the  com 
pany  in  1624,  the  whole  region  became  the  property  of 
the  Crown.      In   1631,  William    Clay'-borne    obtained   a 
license  from  Charles  I.  to  traffic  with  the  Indians;  and, 
under  this  authority,  a  trading-post  was  established  on  an 
island  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  another  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Susquehanna. 

75.  Influenced  by  a  desire  to  provide  an  asylum  for 
Catholics,  then  persecuted  in  England,  Sir  George  Cal- 
vert,  a  Roman  Catholic  nobleman,  whose  title  was  Lord 
Baltimore,  applied  for  a  charter  to  establish  a  colony  in 
America.     The  king,  Charles  I. ,  readily  agreed  to  make 
the  grant,  but  before   the   document  received  the  royal 
seal,  Calvert  died.     It  was  then  issued  to  Ce'-cil  Calvert, 
son  of  Sir  George,  who,  by  the   death  of  his  father,  in 
herited  the  title  of  Lord  Baltimore.* 


73.  To  whom  did  Berkeley  sell  hi?  interest  in  New  Jersey?    How  was  New 
Jersey  afterward  divided  ">     Am.  Into  East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey.  Carteret 
owning  the  former.     Give  the  subsequent  colonial'history  of  New  Jersey. 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (p.  53.)  What  States  are  on  the  South  of  New  York  ?  On 
the  south  of  Pennsylvania?  What  river  separates  Maryland  from  Virginia? 
What  lanre  hay  divides  Maryland  ?  What  large  river  flows  into  it  from  the 
north?  Where  was  St.  Mary's  situated? 

74.  What  license  ?    Where  did  Clayborne  establish  trading-posts  ? 

75.  Who  was  George  Calvert.  ?    What  great  desire  did  he  have  ?    For  what 
did  lie  apply?    With  what  success*  ?    To  whom  was  the  grant  then  made  ? 

*  "  It  was  intended,  it  is  said,  thiit  the  country  granted  by  this  charter  should  have  been 
called  Crescentw ;  but  when  it  was  presented  to  the  king  (ffharles  I.,  of  England)  for  his 
signature,  in  conformity  to  his  majesty's  wishes  the  name  of  the  province  was  chansred  to  that 
of  Maryland,  in  honor  of  his  queen,  Henrietta  Maria,  a  daughter  of  the  great  king  Henry 
IV  .,  of  *  ranee."— J3o«»ia;i'«  Hist,  of  Harylattd. 


42  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [1634. 

76.  This  charter  was  the  most  liberal  one,  in   every 
respect,  that  had  thus  far  been  granted  by  the  English 
Crown.     "  Christianity,  as  professed  by  the  Church    of 
England,  was   protected ;  but  beyond  this,   silence  left 
room  for  equality  in  religious  rights,  not  less  than  in  civil 
freedom."     The  province  was  called  Maryland,  in  honor 
of  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  King  Charles. 

77.  The  first  body  of  emigrants  sent  by  Lord  Baltimore 
consisted  of  about  two  hundred  persons,  mostly  Roman 
Catholics.     They  arrived  in  1G34,  and  at  once  commenced 
a  settlement,  which   they   anticipated  would   become  a 
great  city,  calling  it  St.  Mary's.     Leonard  Calvert,  brother 
of  the  proprietor,  was  the  first  governor.  (Note  14,  end  of  See.) 

78.  Clayborne,  who  had  refused  to  submit  to  the  au 
thority  of  the  governor,  in  1645  incited  a  rebellion,  which 
compelled  Calvert  to  seek  safety  for  a  time  in  Virginia. 
After   the    governor   resumed    his    office,   the    Assembly 
enacted  a  law  known  as  the  "  Toleration  Act,"  which 
secured  the  free  exercise  of  religious  opinions  to  all  per 
sons  professing  belief  in  Jesus  Christ.    Thus  did  the  right 
not  denied  by  the  charter  receive  the  sanction  of  law. 

79.  During  the  supremacy  of  Cromwell   in  England, 
Parliament    appointed   commissioners  to   administer  the 
government  of  the   colony.     The  Protestants  gaining   a 
majority  in  the  Assembly,  the  Catholics  were  deprived  of 
their  rights  as  citizens,  and  an  act  was  passed  declaring 
them  not  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  laws.     A  civil 
war  between  the  Catholics  and  the  Protestants  followed. 
After  Cromwell's   death,  the  rights  of  Lord  Baltimore 
were  restored  to  nim. 

80.  Upon  the  death  of  Cecil  Calvert,  his  son  Charles 

76.  What  was  the  character  of  the  charter?    What  name  was  given  to  the 
province  ?    Why  was  it  so  named  ? 

77    Did  Lord  Baltimore  go  to  America  ?     Whom  did  he  send  ?     \V  hen  and 

^^S^^r^^-Bebellion."    Of  the  "Toleration  Act." 
79.  Give  an  account  of  the  civil  war.    Of  after  events. 


1715.] 


COLONIAL  HISTORY. 


43 


became  the  proprietor  of  the  province,  of  which  he  retained 
possession  until  deprived  of  it  by  King  William,  in  1691. 
In  1715  the  proprietor's  rights  were  restored  to  his  infant 
heir,  the  fourth  Lord  Baltimore,  and  Maryland  remained 
a  proprietary  government  from  that  time  till  the  Revo* 
lution.  (See  Appendix,  p.  71,  topic  111.) 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


TPPEREARTOF 
NEW  JERSEY 
"wrnr  vjcuwnr  or 
PHILADELPHIA 


81.  Actuated  by  a  desire  to  found  a  colony  where  civd 
and  religious  liberty  might  be  enjoyed,  and  where  tne 

8O.  Of  what  injustice  was  King  William  guilty  ?    What,  of  Maryland  ? 
WAV   QUESTIONS.— What  river  separates  New  Jersey  from  Pennsylvania? 
How  is  Philadelphia  situated  ?    Trenton  ?    Tinicnm  Island  ? 

NOTE.—"  There  was  a  large  sum  of  money  due  from  the  (English)  govern, 
ment  to  the  Admiral  (Wm.  Penn's  father)  at  the  time  of  hi?  death.  ^  *  In 

consequence  of  his  death,  Wm.  Penn,  in  the  summer  of  1680,  petitioned  King 
Charles  the  Second,  that  letters  patent  might  be  granted  him  for  a  tract  oi  land 
in  America,  lying  north  of  Maryland  ;  on  the  east,  bounded  by  Delaware  River: 
OB  the  west  limited  by  Maryland;  and  northward  to  extend  as  far  as  piantable." 
—Pr&ud's  Hist,  qf  Pennsylvania. 


44  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [1682, 

people  might  dwell  together  in  peace,  William  Penn  ob 
tained  from  Charles  II.  a  tract  of  land  west  of  the  Dela 
ware.  The  domain  thus  granted  was  called  Pennsylvania. 
From  the  Duke  of  York,  Penn  also  obtained  a  grant  of 
Delaware,  then  called  "  The  Territories,"  or  "  The  Three 
Lower  Counties  on  the  Delaware." 

82.  Though  small  settlements  of  Swedes  had  been  pre 
viously  made  within  the  limits  of  both  Pennsylvania  and 
Delaware,  the  permanent  settlement  of  Pennsylvania  dates 
from  the  founding  of  Philadelphia  in  1G82.  by  Penn.     Af^ 
tcr  several  conferences  with  the  Indians,  he  met  them 
beneath  a  wide-spreading  elm,  at  a  place  now  called  Ken 
sington,  a  portion  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  made  his 
famous  "  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship"  with  the  "  red 
men."     This   treaty   was    '*  never   sworn   to   and    never 
broken."  *     (Read,  also,  Note  3,  end  of  Section.) 

83.  To  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware,  Penn  gave  assur 
ance  that  they  should  not  be  molested  in  their  religion  or 
laws.     The  wisdom  of  his  course  toward  the  Swedes  and 
Indians,  as  well  as  of  his  government  in  general,  was  soon 
apparent ;  for  the  colony  had  a  more  rapid  and  peaceful 
growth  than  any  other  in  America. 

84.  Upon  the  death  of  Penn,  which  occurred  in  Eng 
land  in  1718,  he  left  his  American  possessions  to  his  sons. 
They  administered  the  government,  most  of  the  time  by 
deputies,  until  the  Revolution,  when  their  claims  were 
purchased  by  the  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

81.  What  desire  had  Penn?    What  did  he  obtain  ?  From  the  Duke  of  York?" 

82.  When  was  Philadelphia  founded?    Bv  whom  had  Pennsylvania  been 
previously  settled?    By  whom  Delaware ?    What  bargain  did  Penn  make  witty 
the  Indians  ?    Where  did  Penn  make  Ms  famous  treaty  ?    What  is  said  of  it  ? 

83.  What  assurance  ?    Growth  of  the  colony  ?    To  what  attributed  ? 

84.  Where  and  when  did  Penn  die  ?     Further  history  of  Pennsylvania. 

*  "  The  groat  elm-tree,  under  which  this  treaty  was  made,  becnme  celebrated  on  that 
account,  and  when  the  British  were  quartered  ne.ir  it  during  the  war  of  American  Inde 
pendence,  thoir  general  so  respected  it,  that,  wheu  his  soldiers  were  cutting  down  every 
tree  for  firewood,  he  placed  a  sentinel  under  H  that  not  a  branch  of  it  migut  be  touched.  A 
few  years  ago  it  was  blown  down,  when  it  was  split  into  wood,  and  many  cups,  bowls,  and 
other  articles  were  made  of  it,  to  be  kept  as  memorials."  "  The  tree  (In  1782)  was  one  hun 
dred  and  fifty  years  eld.  Under  its  spreading  branches  friendly  nations  hud  been  wont  to 
meet  to  arrange  difference*  and  smoke  the  calumet  of  peace  long  before  tUd  nalo  faces  had 
lauded  on  tUesa  shores."— Z>ico/i'«  Life  of  Ftnn~ 


JG38.]  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  45 


DELAWAKE. 

85.  The  settlement  of  Delaware  may  be  said  to  have 
had  its  origin  m  the  desire  of  Gus-ta'-vus  Adolphus,  the 
renowned  king  of  Sweden,  to  found  a  free  colony  in  the 
New  World  for  all  persecuted  Christians.      His  death 
occurring  before  the  project  was  undertaken,  a  delay  of 
several  years  followed  ;  but  finally  a  charter  was  granted 
by  the  government  of  that  country  to  the  Swedish  West 
India  Company. 

86.  In  1638  a  body  of  emigrants,  sent  out  by  the  com 
pany  under  the  care  of  Minuits,  a  former  governor  of 
New  Netherlands,  arrived  at  Cape  Hen-lo'-pen.     Having 
purchased  of  the  Indians  all  the  lands  from  the  cape  to 
the  falls  in  the  Delaware  at  Trenton,  they  commenced  a 
settlement  on  Chris-ti-an'-a  Creek,  near  the  present  site 
of  Wilmington.      To   the   country  thus   purchased  was 
given  the  name  of  New  Sweden. 

87.  Other  settlements  were  formed,  but  the    one    on 
Tin'-i-cum  Island,  a  few  miles  below  Philadelphia,  was 
made  the  capital.     The  Dutch,  regarding  these   settle 
ments  as  intrusions  upon  their  territory  of  New  Nether 
lands,  Governor  Stuyvesant  proceeded  against  the  Swedes, 
in  1655,  and  subjected  them  to  the  authority  of  Holland, 
which  government  retained  possession  of  the*country  till 
1664.      (See  page  39,  ^  67.) 

85.  What  was  the  origin  of  the  settlement  of  Delaware  ?  What  further  can 
you  state  of  the  project  ? 

86  What  territory  was  called  New  Sweden?  By  whom  was  it  so  called? 
Where  did  the  Swedes  first  settle  ?  Where  is  Wilmington  ?  (Map,  p.  53.)  What 
two  capes  are  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay  ? 

87.  What  is  stated  of  Tinicum  and  other  settlements  ?  Give  an  account  of 
the  subjugation  of  New  Sweden. 

NOTE  -"  In  the  year  1623,  a  number  of  emigrants  from  Holland,  under  the  guidance  of 
Cornelius  May,  arrived  in  the  Delaware  (hence,  Cape  May),  *  **  landed  his  forces,  and 
built  Ft  Nassau  So  far  as  our  information  extends,  May  was  the  first  European  who  stilled 
n  the  Delaware  and  the  first  adventurer  who  made  a  settlement  on  its  shores.  *  *  »  In 
ten  years  after,  De  Vries  found  the  establishment  in  the  poseession  of  the  Indians."— 
Ferries  Hint,  of  the  Orif/iual  Settlements  on.  the  Delaware. 

Ft,  Nassau  was  on  Big  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  about  five  miles  louth  of  Camdan, 


COLONIAL  HISTOEY. 


[1682 


88.  During  the  period  from  1664  to  1682,  Delaware, 
being  claimed  by  the  Duke  of  York,  formed  a  part  of  the 
province  of  New  York.  By  the  grant  to  Penn,  in  1682, 
it  was  united  to  Pennsylvania ;  and,  although  the  settlers 
in  "  The  Territories"  became  dissatisfied  with  Penn's  gov 
ernment,  and  were  granted  an  Assembly  of  their  own, 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  continued  under  one  governor 
until  the  Revolution.  (See  Appendix,  p.  66,  topic  48.) 


NOETH  AND  SOUTH  CAEOLINA 


"V      T 


88.  What  is  said  in  connection  with  the  claim  of  the  Duke  of  York  ?  What 
farther  account  can  you  erive  of  Delaware  ?  (See  p.  39.) 

MAP  QUESTIONS. — What  State  is  on  the  south  of  Virginia  ?  On  the  south  o£ 
North  Carolina?  On  the  west  of  South  Carolina?  What  body  of  water  on  tho 
east  of  the  two  Carolinas  ?  Describe  the  Chowan  River.  Where  is  Edenton! 
Wilmington  i  Charleston  ?  The  Savannah  River  ? 


165O.]  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  47 

89.  The  earliest  attempts  to  settle  North  Carolina,  as 
before  described,  were  made  by  parties  sent  by  Raleigh 
in  1585  and  1587.     More  than  sixty  years  later,  probably 
in  1650,  emigrants  from  Virginia  made  a  settlement  upou 
the  Cho-wan'  River,  near  the  present  village  of  E'-den-ton. 

90.  In   1663  a  vast   territory,   south   of  Virginia,  was 
granted  by  Charles  II.   to  Lord   Clar'-en-don  and  seven 
other  noblemen  of  England  ;   and,  in  the  same  year,  a 
government  was  instituted   over  the  settlement  on  the 
Chowan,    which    was    called    "  The    Albemarle    County 
Colony."     Two  years  later  a  second  colony  was  planted 
in  North  Carolina.     A  company  from  Barbadoes  (bar-ba1- 
doz)  selected  a  place  near  Wilmington,  and  there  estab 
lished  "  The  Clarendon  County  Colony." 

91.  It  having  been  discovered  that  the  settlement  on 
the   Chowan  was  outside   of  the    limits   of  the   domain 
granted  to  Clarendon  and  associates,  a  new  grant  was 
made  to  the  same  parties,  by  which  the  boundaries  were 
extended  so  as  to  embrace  the  country  from  Virginia  to 
about  the  middle  of  Florida.     (Topic  230.     App.  p.  83.) 

92.  In  1670,  a  colony,  known  as  "  The  Carteret  County 
Colony,"  was  planted  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Ashley 
River.     This,  in  consequence  of  not  being  well  located 
for  commercial  facilities,  was  removed,  ten  years  after,  to 
the  junction  of  the  Cooper  and  Ashley  rivers,  and  thus 
the  foundation  of  Charleston  was  laid.     In  1729,  Carolina 
was  sold  to  the  king  of  England,  and  separated  into  North 
and  South  Carolina.     From  that  time  till  the  Revolution 
they  were  royal  provinces.     (App.  p.  72,  topics  125, 126.) 

89.  Which  were  the  earliest  attempts  made  to  settle  North  Carolina  ?    What 
settlement  was  made  in  1650  ? 

90.  Give  the  early  history  of  "  The  Albemarle  County  Colony!"    Of  "  The 
Clarendon  County  Colony."     What  grant  was  made  in  1663? 

91.  What  discovery  was  made  ?    What  then  was  done? 

92.  When  was  "  Old  Charleston"  settled  ?  Why  was  a  removal  made  ?  When 
was  Charleston  settled  ?    How  is  Charleston  situated  ?    (Map,  p.  73.)    Describe 
the  Cooper  River.    The  Ashley  River.    What  occurred  in  1729  ? 


48  COLONIAL  HISTORY.  [1732. 


GEOKGIA. 

93.  Though  Spain  claimed  the  territory  of  Georgia  as  a 
part  of  Florida,  the  English  king,  George  II.,  disregarded 
the  claim;  and,  in  1732,  granted  to  a  corporation,  consist 
ing  of  James  Oglethorpe   (o' -gl-thorp)  and  twenty  other 
trustees,  for  twenty-one   years,  all  the  country  between 
the    Savannah    and    the   Altamaha    (al-ta-ma-haw'}.      In 
honor  of  the  king  it  was  called  Georgia.     The  object  of 
the  trustees  was  to  provide  an  asylum  for  their  destitute 
countrymen,  the  grant  being  "  in  trust  for  the  poor." 

94.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1733,  at  Savannah. 
The  colony  made  rapid  increase  in  numbers ;  but,  owing 
to  the  poverty  and  idle  habits  of  the  settlers,  as  also  to 
the  impolitic  regulations  of  the  trustees,  the  bright  antici 
pations  of  plenty  and  comfort  which  had  been  entertained 
were  not,  for  a  time,  realized.  (Eead  Note  15,  end  of  Sec.) 

95.  In  consequence  of  the  claim  to  territory  set  up  by 
Spain,  hostilities  took  place  between  the  English  settlers 
and  their  Spanish   neighbors.      Owing,  however,  to  the 
bravery  and  skill  of  Oglethorpe,  the  result  was  to  the  ad 
vantage  of  the  English.     The  trustees  governed  till  1752, 
when,  wearied  with  their  troublesome  charge,  they  sur 
rendered  their  charter  to  the  Crown,  and  Georgia  became 
a  royal  province.     (See  Appendix,  p.  67,  topic  61.) 

93.  What  grant  was  made  in  1732?    What  distinguished  person  was  born  in 
that  year?    Ans.  George  Washington.    Describe  the  Altamaha  River.    (Map  p. 
174.)  The  Savannah.    Why  was  Georgia  so  called  ?    Object  of  Oglethorpe  ? 

94.  When  was  Georgia  settled  y    Where  ?    Progress  of  the  colony? 

95.  What  hostilities  occurred  ?    How  did  they  end  ?  How  long  did  the  trus 
tees  govern  ?    What  then  did  they  do  ?    What  followed  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (Map,  p.  46.)  How  is  Edenton  situated  ?  Charleston  ? 
Savannah?  Wilmington?  Name  eight  rivers  of  North  Carolina.  What  river 
is  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia? 

NOTE.— "John  Wesley,  the  celebrated  founder  of  the  sect  of  Methodists,"  joined  the 
colony  in  1736,  but  "  resided  in  America  less  than  two  years."  "George  Whitefield,  the 
celebrated  preacher  and  founder  of  the  Galvanistic  Methodists,"  also  joined  the  colony,  and, 
says  Bancroft,  tv  founded  and  sustained  an  orphan  home  at  Savannah,  by  contributions 
which  his  eloquence  extorted.  He  became  more  nearly  identified  with  America  (than  Wes 
ley),  visited  all  the  provinces  from  Florida  to  the  northern  frontier,  and  made  his  grave  in 
New  England."  "  His  eloquence  was  wonderful,  his  voice  powerful,  rich,  and  sweet,  and 
Dr.  Franklin  estimated  that  30,(M)0  persons  might  hear  him  distinctly  when  preaching  in  the 
open  air."— .Crate's  Am.  Biography. 


COLONIAL  HISTORY.  49 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1607.  Virginia  was  settled  at  Jamestown. 

1009.  The  Hudson  River  was  discovered  by  Henry  Hudson. 

1610.  The  "  Starving  Time"  prevailed  in  Virginia. 

1613.  The  marriage  of  Pocahontas  occurred. 

1614.  Smith  explored  the  coast  of  New  England. 
New  York  was  settled  by  the  Dutch. 

1619.  Negro  slavery  was  introduced  into  Virginia.* 

1620.  The  Council  of  Plymouth  received  a  grant. 
Massachusetts  was  settled  by  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 

1621.  A  treaty  was  made  with  Massasoit. 

1622.  The  first  Indian  massacre  in  Virginia  occurred. 

1623.  New  Hampshire  was  settled  at  Little  Harbor  and  Dover. 
The  Dutch  began  to  colonize  New  York. 

1628.  A  settlement  was  made  at  Salem  by  Endicott 
1630.  A  settlement  was  made  at  Boston  by  Winthrop. 

1633.  Connecticut  was  settled  at  Windsor  by  Holmes. 

1634.  Maryland  was  settled  at  St.  Mary's. 

1635.  The  Say  brook  Colony,  Connecticut,  was  established. 

1636.  Rhode  Island  was  settled  at  Providence  by  Williams. 

1637.  The  Pequod  War,  in  Connecticut,  occurred,  f 

1638.  Delaware  was  settled  near  Christiana  Creek  by  the  Swedes. 
The  New  Haven  Colony  was  established. 

1639.  Settlements  on  the  Connecticut  united  as  the  Conn.  Colony. 

1643.  A  union  of  New  England  colonies  was  formed. 

1644.  The  Connecticut  and  Saybrook  colonies  were  united. 
The  Second  Indian  Massacre  in  Virginia  occurred. 

The  two  settlements  of  Rhode  Island  united,  forming  R.  I. 

1645.  Clayborne's  Rebellion  in  Maryland  occurred. 

1650.  North  Carolina  was  settled  on  the  Chowan  River. 

1651.  The  Navigation  Act  was  passed  by  Parliament. 

1655.  A  civil  war  in  Maryland  occurred. 

New  Sweden  was  conquered  by  Stuyvesant. 

1656.  The  Quakers,  in  Massachusetts,  were  persecuted. 
1663.  Carolina  was  granted  to  Clarendon  and  others. 

The  Albemarle  County  Colony  was  established. 
1661  New  Netherlands  was  taken  by  the  English  and  named  N.  T. 

*  Many  authors  give  1620  as  the  date  of  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  Vir 
ginia,  but  this,  it  has  been  shown,  is  incorrect. 

tThe  name  of  the  Connecticut  tribe  of  Indians  is  now  generally  written  Pequots  by  the 
officials  of  that  State. 


50  COLONIAL    HISTORY. 

1664.  New  Jersey  was  settled  at  Elizabethtown  (now  Elizabeth). 

1665.  The  Clarendon  County  Colony  was  established. 

The  Connecticut  and  New  Haven  colonies  were  united. 
,3370.  South  Carolina  was  settled  on  the  Ashley  River, 
'1373.  Virginia  was  ceded  to  Culpepper  and  Arlington. 

1375.  King  Philip's  war  began  by  an  attack  at  Swanzey. 

1376.  Bacon's  Rebellion  broke  out  in  Virginia. 

JK80.  The  settlement  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  begun. 

New  Hampshire  became  a  separate  royal  province  (first  time). 
1682.  Pennsylvania  was  settled  at  Philadelphia  by  William  Penn. 

The  Duke  of  York  granted  Delaware  to  William  Penn. 

1686.  Andros  was  appointed  royal  governor  of  New  England. 

1687.  The  Connecticut  Charter  was  hid  in  the  "  Charter  Oak." 

1689.  Andros  was  seized  and  sent  to  England. 
King  William's  War  began. 

1690.  Port  Royal  was  captured  by  the  English  under  Phipps. 
1692.  The  Salem  Witchcraft  delusion  prevailed. 

.  1697.  The  treaty  of  Ryswick  ended  King  William's  War. 

1702.  Queen  Anne's  War  began. 

1710.  Port  Royal  was  captured  (a  second  time)  by  the  English. 

1713.  The  treaty  of  Utrecht  ended  Queen  Anne's  War. 

1729.  Carolina  was  separated  into  North  and  South  Carolina. 
V1732.  Washington  was  born  in  Virginia,  February  22d. 

1733.  Georgia  was  settled  at  Savannah. 

1741.  New  Hampshire  became  a  separate  royal  province  (last  time). 

1744.  King  George's  War  began. 

1745.  Louisburg  was  taken  by  the  English. 

1748.  The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  ended  King  George's  War. 
1752.  Georgia  became  a  royal  province. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS 

PAGE 

1.  Give  the  history  of  Virginia  under  the  first  charter 18,  19 

2.  Give  the  history  under  the  second  charter 19,  20 

8.  State  what  you  can  of  Pocahontas 19,  21 

4.  Give  the  history  of  Virginia  under  the  third  charter 21,  22 

6.  Give  an  account  of  Bacon's  Rebellion 22,  23 

6.  State  all  you  can  in  relation  to  Captain  John  Smith 18-23 

7.  All,  in  relation  to  the  Council  of  Plymouth 24,  27,  28,  29 

8.  In  relation  to  the  pilgrims  before  they  came  to  America 24,  25 

9.  Give  an  account  of  their  movements  from  Holland  to  America 25 

10.  When  and  where  did  they  make  their  settlement  ? 25,  26 

NOTE.— By  the  old  style  of  reckoning,  the  date  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plym- 
outh  is  December  11.  When  the  practice  of  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  th«  landing 
began  (in  1769),  eleven  days,  instead  of  ten.  were  erroneously  udd^d  to  the  recorded  date  to 
make  it  con  Conn  to  the  Gregorian  (from  Pope  Gregory)  style,  which  had  been  adopted  in 
England  seventeen  years  before.  But  as,  in  1620,  the  derangement  of  the  calendar 
amounted  to  only  ten' days,  the  anniversary  should  te  celebrated  en  the  21st  of  December. 
Instead  of  the  22d,  as  it  is. 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS.  51 


11.  Give  their  early  history  at  Plymouth 26 

12.  What  can  you  state  of  the  treaty  made  with  Massasoit  ? 26, 32 

13.  Give  the  early  history  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony 26 

14.  Give  the  history  of  the  founding  of  Harvard  College 27 

15.  Whence  did  Massachusetts  derive  its  name  ?    Ans.  From  the  name  of 

a  tribe  of  Indians. 

16.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  New  Hampshire 27 

17.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  New  Hampshire 28,  33,  34 

IS.  How  did  New  Hampshire  get  its  name  ?    Ans.  It  was  so  called  by  John 

Mason,  who  lived  in  Hampshire  county,England. 

19.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  settlement  of  Connecticut 28 

20.  Give  the  history  of  the  Saybrook  Colony 29,  30 

21.  Give  an  account  of  the  Pequod  War 29,  30 

22.  Give  the  history  of  the  New  Haven  Colony  

23.  State  how  Andros  was  foiled  in  his  attempt  to  get  the  Conn.  Charter. .        30 

24.  Whence  did  Connecticut  get  its  name?    Ans.  From  the  name  of  its 

principal  river,  which  the  Indians  called  the  Connecticut.  The  word 
signifies  the  long  river. 

25.  Give  an  account  of  Williams's  settlement  of  Rhode  Island 31 

26.  Give  an  account  of  Coddington's  settlement  of  Rhode  Island 31 

27.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  Rhode  Island 31 

28.  How  did  Rhode  Island  get  its  name?    Ans.  It  (the  island)  was  "  so 

called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  island  of  Rhodes/'  Another 
authority  says:  that  in  consequence  of  the  reddish  appearance  of 
the  island,  it  "  was  soon  known  by  the  Dutch  as  Roode,  or  Red 
Island.  From  this  is  derived  the  name  of  the  island  and  state.1' 

29.  Give  an  account  of  the  Union  of  New  England  colonies 32 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  persecution  of  the  Quakers  32 

31.  Give  an  account  of  King  Philip's  War 32,  33 

32.  Give  an  account  of  King  William's  War 34,  35 

33.  Give  an  account  of  Queen  Anne's  War 35,  36 

34.  Give  an  account  of  King  George's  War 36,  37 

35.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  New  York 37,  88 

36.  What  can  you  state  of  Kieft  and  his  administration 38,  39 

37.  What  can  you  state  of  Stuyvesant  and  his  administration 39,  45 

38.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  New  York 39,  40 

39.  Why  was  New  York  so  called  ?    Ans.  In  compliment  to  the  Duke  of 

York,  to  whom  it  had  been  granted. 

40.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  New  Jersey *0 

41.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  New  Jersey 40,  41 

42.  Why  was  New  Jersey  so  called  ?    Ans.  In  honor  of  Sir  George  Carteret, 

who  had  been  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey. 

43.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Maryland 41,  42 

44.  Give  the  history  of  Clayborne's  Rebellion 41,  42 

45.  What  is  paid  of  the  charter  granted  to  Maryland  ? 42 

46.  What  is  said  of  the  Maryland  Toleration  Act  ? 42 

47.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  civil  war  in  Maryland  ? 42 

48.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  Maryland 42,  43 

49.  Why  was  Maryland  so  called  ? 42 

56.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  settling  of  Pennsylvania 43,  44 


52  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

51.  What  induced  William  Penn  to  form  a  colony  ? 43,  44 

52.  What  two  tracts  of  land  did  Penn  get  ? 44 

53.  Give  the  history  of  their  conversion  to  him 44 

54.  What  were  the  important  events  of  1682  ? 44,  50 

55.  State  what  you  can  of  Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians . . . .        44 

56.  Of  his  treatment  of  the  Swedes,  and  of  his  government 44 

57.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  Pennsylvania 44 

58.  How  did  Pennsylvania  get  its  name  ?    Am.  The  word  sylva  means  a 

wood  or  forest.    William  Penn,  thinking  that  sylvania  would  be  an 
appropriate  name  for  a  land  covered  with  forest,  suggested  it  for  hia 
territory.    The  prefix  Penn  was  put  to  the  word,  in  honor,  as  the 
king  said,  of 'Penn' s  father. 
69.  When  and  by  whom  was  Delaware  settled  ? 45 

60.  What  had  Adolphus  done  in  relation  to  the  settlement  ? 45 

61.  Name  two  important  events  of  1638 49 

62.  What  was  accomplished  in  New  Sweden  that  year  ? 45 

63.  Give  an  account  of  Stuyvesanf's  expedition  against  the  Swedes 45 

64.  Give  the  subsequent  colonial  history  of  Delaware 46 

65.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1607  to  1621 49 

66.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1622  to  1637 49 

67.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1638  to  1651 49 

68.  Give  an  account  of  the  attempts  to  settle  Koanoke  Island 14, 15,  16 

69.  Give  the  history  of  the  Albermarle  County  Colony 47 

70.  Give  the  history  of  the  Clarendon  County  Colony 47 

71.  Give  the  history  of  the  Carteret  County  Colony 47 

72.  State  how  North  and  South  Carolina  derived  their  names 13,  47 

73.  Give  the  closing  colonial  history  of  the  two  Carolinas 47 

74.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1655  to  1670 49,  50 

75.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1673  to  1689 50 

76.  Why  was  Georgia  so  called  ? 48 

77.  Give  the  history  of  the  settlement  of  Georgia 48 

78.  Give  an  account  of  the  subsequent  colonial  progress  of  Georgia 48 

79.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1682  to  1702 50 

80.  Name,  in  order,  ten  important  events  from  1710  to  1752 50 

81.  How  many  colonies  have  you  learned  the  history  of? 18-48 

82.  Give  their  names  in  the  order  of  their  settlement 49,  50 

83.  Give  their  names  in  their  geographical  order,  beginning  with  New 

Hampshire  (Progressive  Map,  No.  2). 

84.  Which  of  them  were  settled  by  the  English  ? 18-48 

85.  Which  were  settled  by  other  nations  than  the  English  ? 18-48 

86.  Which  offered  asylums  for  persecuted  Christians  ? 18-48 

87.  Which  were  settled  because  of  religious  persecutions  ? 18-48 

88.  Give  the  date  and  place  of  settlement  of  each.    (Table,  end  of  history.) 

89.  Give  the  name  of  the  most  prominent  man  in  the  settlement  of  each..  18-48 

90.  State  what  Indian  troubles  occurred  in  each 18-39 

91.  Name  the  colonies  of  which  Andros  was  governor 18-46 

92.  Name  nine  events  belonging  to  the  history  of  Virginia 49,  50 

93.  Name  ten  belonging  to  the  history  of  Massachusetts 49,  50 

94.  Name  five  events  belonging  to  the  history  of  New  Hampshire 49,  50 

95.  Name  four  events  belonging  to  the  history  of  New  York 49 


NOTES.  52a 

1.  The  Last  Fisht  of  the  Pequods  (p.  29,  If  38).— "The  Pequod 
fort  was  a  nearly  circular  area  of  an  acre  or  two,  enclosed  by  trunks  of  treea, 
twelve  feet  high  or  thereabouts,  set  firmly  in  the  ground  so  closely  as  to  exclude 

entrance Within,  arranged  along  two  lanes,  were  some  seventy  wigwam* 

covered  with  matting  and  thatch Two  hours  before  dawn,  under  a  bright 

moonlight,  the  little  band  was  set  in  motion  toward  the  fort,  two  miles  distant. 
Mason  had  come  within  a  few  feet  of  the  sally-port  which  he  was  seeking,  when  a 
dog  barked,  and  the  cry,  Owanux !  Owanux  I  Englishmen  1  Englishmen !  which 
immediately  followed,  showed  that  the  alarm  was  given.  With  sixteen  men,  he 
instantly  pushed  into  the  enclosure.  Underbill  did  the  same  on  the  other  side. 
The  terrified  sleepers  rushed  out  of  their  wigwams,  but  soon  sought  refuge  in 
them  again  from  the  English  broadswords  and  fire-arms.  Snatching  a  live  brand 
from  a  wigwam,  Mason  threw  it  on  a  matted  roof.  Underbill  set  fire  in  his  quarter 
with  a  train  of  powder,  and  the  straw  village  was  soon  in  flames.  All  was  over 
in  an  hour.  The  muskets  of  the  English  brought  down  those  who  escaped  the 
conflagration,  and  most  of  the  stragglers  who  avoided  this  fate,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  native  allies,  who  had  kept  cautiously  aloof  from  the  conflict,  but 
had  no  mercy  on  the  fugitives.  "—Palfrey's  History  of  New  England. 

2.  The  Piiie-Tree  Shilling.— Captain  John  Hull  was  the  mint-master 
of  Massachusetts,  and  coined  all  the  money  that  was  made  there.  This  was  a 
new  line  of  business ;  for,  in  the  earlier  days  of  the  colony,  the  current  coinage 
consisted  of  gold  and  silver  money  of  England,  Portugal,  and  Spain.  These 
coins  being  scarce,  the  people  were  often  forced  to  barter  their  commodities 
instead  of  selling  them.  For  instance,  if  a  man  wanted  to  buy  a  coat,  he  perhaps 
exchanged  a  bear-skin  for  it.  If  he  wished  for  a  barrel  of  molasses,  he  might 
purchase  it  with  a  pile  of  pine  boards.  Musket  bullets  were  used  instead  of  far 
things.  The  Indians  had  a  sort  of  money,  called  wampum,  which  was  made  of 
clam  shells;  and  this  strange  sort  of  specie  was  likewise  taken  in  payment  of 
debts  by  the  English  settlers.  Bank  bills  had  never  been  heard  of.  There  was 
not  money  enough  of  any  kind,  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  to  p-<*y  the  salaries 
of  the  ministers;  so  that  they  sometimes  had  to  take  quintals  of  fish,  bushels  of 
corn,  or  cords  of  wood,  instead  of  silver  or  gold.  As  the  people  grew  more 
numerous,  and  their  trade  one  with  another  increased,  the  want  of  current 
money  was  still  more  sensibly  felt.  To  supply  the  demand,  the  general  court 
passed  a  law  for  establishing  a  coinage  of  shillings,  sixpences,  and  threepences. 
Captain  John  Hull  was  appointed  to  manufacture  this  money,  and  was  to  have 
about  one  shilling  out  of  every  twenty  to  pay  him  for  the  trouble  of  making 
them.  Hereupon  all  the  old  silver  in  the  colony  was  handed  over  to  Captain 
John  Hull.  The  battered  silver  cans  and  tankards,  I  suppose,  and  silver  buckle*, 
and  broken  spoons,  and  silver  buttons  of  worn-out  coats,  and  silver  hilts  of 
8  words  that  had  figured  at  court  -all  such  curious  old  articles  were  dovibtless 
thrown  into  the  melting-pot  together.  But  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  silver 
consisted  of  bullion  from  the  mines  of  South  America,  which  the  English  bucca 
neers—who  were  little  better  than  pirates— had  taken  from  the  Spaniards,  and 
brought  to  Massachusetts.  All  this  old  and  new  silver  being  melted  down  and 
coined,  the  result  was  an  immense  amount  of  splendid  shillings,  sixpences,  and 
threepences.  Eacli  had  the  date,  1652,  on  the  one  side,  and  the  figure  of  a  pins 
tree  on  the  other.  Hence  they  were  called  pine-tree  shillings.  In  the  course  of 
time  their  place  was  supplied  by  bills  of  paper  on  parchment,  which  were  nomi 
nally  valued  at  threepence  and  upw  vd.  The  value  of  these  bills  kept  sinking, 
beeaxise  the  real  hard  money  could  not  be  obtained  for  them.  They  were  a  great 
deal  worse  than  the  old  Indian  currency  of  clam  shells." — Hawthorne. 


52b  HOTES. 


3.  Feim'*  Treaty  with  the  Indians  (p.  44,  H  82).—"  This  conference 
has  become  one  of  the  most  striking  scenes  in  history.     Artists  have  painted, 
poets  have  snug,  and  philosophers  have  praised  it.    In  the  center  stood  William 
Peuu,  in  costume  undistinguished  from  the  surrounding  group,  save  by  his 
silken  sash.  .  .  When  the  Indians  approached  in  their  old  forest  costume,  their 
bright  feathers  sparkling  in  the  sun,  .and  their  bodies  painted  in  the  most  gor 
geous  manner,   the  proprietor  received  them  with  the  easy  dignity  of  one 
accustomed  to  mix  with  European  courts.    The  venerable  Indian  kicg  then 
seated  himself  on  the  ground,  with  the  older  sachems  on  his  right  and  left;  the 
middle-aged  warriors  ranged  themselves  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  or  half-moon, 
round  them;  and  the  younger  men  formed  a  third  and  outer  semicircle.     Penn 
then  arose  and  addressed  them  in  their  own  language,  and,  unfolding  the  writing 
of  the  treaty  of  friendship,  laid  the  scroll  on  the  ground.    The  sachems  received 
his  proposal  of  peace  and  friendship  with  decent  gravity,  and  accepted  it  for 
themselves  and  their  children.    No  oaths,  no  seals,  no  official  mummeries  were 
used:  the  treaty  was  ratified  with  a  yea,  yea. "— Dixon's  Life  of  William Penn. 

4.  Salem  Witchcraft   (p.  35).— "A  frenzy  which  led  to  tho  death  of 
many  innocent  persons,  had  originated  in  the  wicked  arts  of  a  few  children. 
They  belonged  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Parris,  minister  of  Salem.     These  children  com 
plained  of  being  pinched  and  pricked  with  pins,  and  otherwise  tormented  by  the 
shapes  of  men  and  women,  who  were  supposed  to  have  power  to  haunt  them 
invisibly,  both  in  darkness  and  daylight.     Often  in  the  midst  of  their  family  and 
friends  the  children  would  pretend  to  be  seized  with  strange  convulsions,  and 
would  cry  out  that  the  witches  were  afflicting  them.    These  stories  spread  abroad, 
and  caused  great  tumult  and  alarm.    Nobody  could  be  certain  that  his  nearest 
neighbor  or  most  intimate  friend  was  not  guilty  of  this  imaginary  crime.     The 
number  of  those  who  pretended  to  be  afflicted  by  witchcraft  grew  daily  more 
numerous;  and  they  bore  testimony  against  many  of  the  best  and  worthiest 
people.    A  minister,  named  George  Burroughs,  was  among  the  accused.    In  the 
months  of  August  and  September,  1692,  he  and  nineteen  other  innocent  men  and 
women  were  put  to  death.     The  place  of  execution  was  a  high  hill,  on  the  out 
skirts  of  Salem;  so  that  many  of  the  sufferers,  as  they  stood  beneath  the  gallows, 
could  discern  their  own  habitations  in  the  town ;  but  the  martyrdom  of  these 
guiltless  persons  seemed  only  to  increase  the  madness."— Hawthorne. 

5.  The   Gentry   of  Virginia.— "The  whole  usages  of  Virginia  were 
fondly  modeled  after  the  English  customs.    It  was  a  loyal  colony.    The  Vir 
ginians  boasted  that  King  Charles  II.  had  been  king  in  Virginia  before  he  had 
been  king  in  England.     English  king  and  English  church  were  alike  faithfully 
honored  there.     The  resident  gentry  were  allied  to  good  English  families.    They 
held  their  heads  above  the  Dutch  traders  of  New  York,  and  the  money-getting 
Roundheads  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  England.    Never  were  people  less  repub 
lican  than  those  of  the  great  province  which  was  soon  to  be  foremost  in  the 
memorable  revolt  against  the  British  crown.    The  gentry  of  Virginia  dwelt  on 
their  great  lands  after  a  fashion  almost  patriarchal.     Fcr  its  rough  cultivation, 
each  estate  had  a  multitude  of  hands,  who  were  subject  to  the  command  of  tha 
master.    The  land  yielded  their  food,  live  stock,  and  game.     The  great  rivera 
swarmed  with  fish  for  the  taking.     Their  ships  took  the  tobacco  off  their  private 
wharves  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  or  the  James  River,  and  carried  it  to  Lon 
don  or  Bristol,  bringing  back  English  goods  and  articles  of  home  manufacture  in 
return  for  the  only  produce  which  the  Virginia  gentry  chose  to  cultivate.    Their 
hospitality  was  boundless.    No  stranger  was  ever  sent  away  from  their  gates. 
The  gentry  received  one  another,  and  traveled  to  each  other's  houses,  in  a  st»t« 
almost  feudal."—  Thackeray's  Virainians. 


NOTES.  52C 

6.  Virginia  in  1674  (p.  22,  1 18).— "The  generation  now  in  existence 
were  chiefly  the  fruit  of  the  soil  ;  they  were  children  of  the  woods,  nurtured 
in  the  freedom  of  the  wilderness,  and  dwelling  in  lonely  cottages,  scattered 
along  the  streams.    No  newspapers  entered  their  houses:  no  printing-press 
furnished  them  a  book.    They  hud  no  recreations  but  such  as  nature  provides 
in  her  wilds  ;  no  education  but  such  as  parents  in  the  desert  could  give  their 
offspring.    The  paths  were  bridleways  rather  than  roads  ;  and  the  highway  sur 
veyors  aimed  at  nothing  more  than  to  keep  them  clear  of  logs  and  fallen  trees. 
I  doubt  if  there  existed  what  we  should  call  a  bridge  in  the  whole  Dominion, 
though  it  was  intended  to  build  some.    Visits  were  made  in  boats,  or  ou  horse 
back  through  the  forests  ;  and  the  Virginian,  traveling  with  his  pouch  of 
tobacco  for  currency,  swam  the  rivers,  where  there  was  neither  ferry  nor  ford. 
Almost  every  planter  was  his  own  mechanic.    The  houses,  for  the  most  part 
of  but  one  story,  and  made  of  wood,  often  of  logs,  tho  windows  closed  by  con 
venient  shutters  for  want  of  glass,  were  sprinkled  at  great  distances  on  both 
sides  of  the  Chesapeake,  from  the  Potomac  to  the  line  of  Carolina.    There  was 
hardly  sucli  a  sight  as  a  cluster  of  three  dwellings.    Jamestown  was  but  a 
place  of  a  statehouse,  one  church,  and  eighteen  houses,  occupied  by  about  a 
dozen  families.    Till  very  recently  the  legislature  had  assembled  in  the  hall  of 
an  alehouse.    Virginia  had  neither  towns  nor  lawyers.    A  few  of  the  wealthiest 
planters  lived  in  braver  state  at  their  large  plantations,  and,  surrounded  by 
indentured  servants  and  slaves,  produced  a  new  form  of  society,  that  has  some 
times  been  likened  to  the  manners  of  the  patriarchs,  and  sometimes  to  the 
baronial  pride  of  feudalism."— Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States. 

7.  The  Gold  Delusion  in  Virginia  (p.  19).—"  An  unlucky  incident 
turned  the  attention  of  the  colonists  from  that  species  of  industry  which  alone 
could  render  their  situation  comfortable.    In  a  small  stream  of  water   that 
issued  from  a  bank  of  sand  near  Jamestown,  a  sediment  of  some  shining 
mineral  substance,  which  had  some  resemblance  to  gold,  was  discovered.    At 
a  time  when  the  precious  metals  were  conceived  to  be  the  peculiar  and  only 
valuable  productions  of  the  New  World,  when  every  mountain  was  supposed  to 
contain  a  treasure,  and  every  rivulet  was  searched  for  its  golden  sands,  this 
appearance  was  fondly  considered  as  an  infallible  indication  of  a  mine.    Every 
hand  was  eager  to  dig,  and   large  quantities    of    the  glittering  dust  were 
amassed.    From  some  assay  of  its  nature,  made  by  an  artist  as  unskillful  as  his 
companions  were  credulous,  it  was  pronounced  to  be  extremely  rich.    *  There 
was  now,'  says  Smith,  '  no  talk,  no  hope,  no  work,  but  dig  gold,  wash  gold, 
refine  gold.'    With  this  imaginary  wealth  the  first  vessel  returning  to  England 
was  loaded,  while  the  culture  of  the  land  and  every  useful  occupation  were 
totally  neglected."— Robertson's  History  of  America. 

8.  Pocahontas  in  England  (p.  21, 1 12).—"  From  Plymouth  the  young 
couple  proceeded  to  London,  and  here  the  Indian  princess,  Lady  Rebecca,  as 
she  was  officially  styled,  received  all  the  attention  due  to  her  rank.    We  are 
told  that  she  had  previously  already  accustomed  herself  to  civility,  and  now 
carried  herself  as  the  daughter  of  a  king;  so  there  was  no  difficulty  in  the  way 
when  she   appeared   at    Court    under   the    patronage   of   Lady  de  la  Ware 
(Delaware),  and  was  form-illy  presented.     Her  debut,  was  a  perfect  success.  All 
doors  were  thrown  open  to  her,  and  rank  and  fashion  vied  with  each  other  in 
doing  honor  to  the  strange  being  thus  suddenly  transplanted  from  savage  life 
in  distant  forests  to  the  strict  etiquette  and  artificial  manners  of  an  English 
Court.    We  read  glowing  accounts  of  her  being  attended  by  divers  persons  of 
lashion.    Nor  does  she  seem  to  have  disliked  the  gay  and  brilliant  life  of 


52d  NOTES. 


London,  for  she  appeared  at  the  '  maskes '  and  other  entertainments,  and  evefl 
at  a  great  festival  given  with  much  state  and  pomp  in  her  honor  by  the  Bishop 
of  London.1" — De  Vere's  Romance  of  American  History. 

9.  Early  Customs  ia  New  England  Churches  (p.  32,  «f  46).— 
Public  worship  took  place  in  what  was  called  the  meeting-house,  where 
assemblies  for  transacting  the  town's  business  and  for  other  purposes  were 
also  held.  In  most  of  the  congregations,  bells  being  obtained  but  slowly,  tlie 
assembly  was  summoned  by  beat  of  drum.  At  the  religious  services,  families 
were  divided,  men  and  women  sitting  apart  on  their  respective  sides  of  the 
house.  The  children  sat  by  themselves,  and  a  man  was  appointed  to  keep  them 
in  order  and  to  keep  the  older  folks  awake.  He  carried  a  staff  of  office  with 
n  knob  at  one  end  and  a  feather  brush  at  the  other.  With  the  knob,  he  knocked 
the  heads  of  the  men  who  slept,  and  with  the  feathers  he  tickled  the  faces  of 
the  women.  The  men,  or  such  portion  of  them  as  was  from  time  to  time 
thought  sufficient,  were  required  to  come  to  their  worship  completely  armed. 
But  few  of  the  meeting-houses  were  warmed  even  in  the  coldest  weather;  for 
the  strict  professors  thought  it  wrong  to  have  a  fire  in  the  house  of  God.  So 
they  sat  and  suffered  until  it  became  the  practice  to  use  hot  bricks  and  stones 
for  the  hands  and  feet.  The  next  thing  were  the  foot-stoves,  which  were  filled 
with  wood  coals.  Books  were  scarce  and  expensive,  and  when  the  hymn  was 
not  familiar,  the  minister  read  off  two  lines,  which  were  sung  by  the  congrega 
tion  ;  then  other  two  lines  were  read  and  sung,  and  so  on  through  the  hymn. 
The  services  consisted  of  extemporaneous  prayer,  of  singing  without  instru 
mental  accompaniment,  and  of  a  sermon  of  whicli  the  approved  length  was  an 
hour,  measured  by  an  hour-glass  which  stood  upon  the  pulpit. — Palfrey's  His 
tory  of  New  England,  and  Elliott's  New  England  History  (abridged). 

1 0.  Indian  Warfare  (p.  33, 1 49).—"  The  war,  on  the  part  of  the  Indians, 
was  one  of  ambushes  and  surprises.  They  never  once  met  the  English  in  open 
field  ;  but  always,  even  if  eightfold  in  numbers,  fled  timorously  before  infantry. 
But  they  wtre  secret  as  beasts  of  prey,  skillful  marksmen,  and  ia  part  provided 
with  fire-arms;  fleet  of  foot,  conversant  with  all  the  paths  of  the  forest,  patient 
of  fatigue,  and  mad  with  a  passion  for  rapine,  vengeance,  and  destruction ; 
retreating  into  swamp?  for  their  fastnesses,  or  hiding  in  the  greenwood  thickets, 
where  the  leaves  muffled  the  eyes  of  the  pursuer.  By  the  rapidity  of  their  d«s 
scent  they  seemed  omnipresent  among  the  scattered  villages,  which  they  ravaged 
like  a  passing  storm;  and,  for  a  full  year  (1675),  they  kept  all  New  England  in  a 
state  of  terror  and  excitement.  The  exploring  party  was  waylaid  and  cut  off,  and 
the  mangled  carcasses  and  disjointed  limbs  of  the  dead  were  hung  upon  the  trees 
to  terrify  pursuers.  The  laborer  in  the  field,  the  reapers  as  they  went  forth  to 
the  harvest,  men  as  they  went  to  mill,  the  shepherd's  boy  among  the  sheep,  were 
shot  down  by  skulking  foes,  whose  approach  was  invisible.  Who  can  tell  the 
heavy  hours  of  woman?  The  mother,  if  left  alone  in  the  house,  feared  the 
tomahawk  for  herself  and  children.  On  the  sudden  attack,  the  husband  would 
fly  wi'h  one  child,  the  wife  with  another,  and,  perhaps,  one  only  escape.  The 
village  cavalcade,  making  its  way  to  meeting  on  Sunday,  in  files,  on  horseback 
—the  farmer  holding  the  bridle  in  one  hand  and  a  child  in  the  other,  his  wife 
seated  on  a  pillion  behind  him,  it  may  be  with  a  child  in  her  lap,  as  was  the 
fashion  in  those  days — could  not  proceed  safely,  but,  at  the  moment  when  least 
expected,  bullets  would  whiz  amongst  them,  discharged  with  fatal  aim  from  an 
ambuscade  by  the  wayside.  The  forest  that  protected  the  ambush  of  the 
•  Indians  secured  their  retreat.  They  hung  upon  the  skirt"  of  the  English  villages 
*  like  the  lightning  on  the  edge  of  the  clouds.'  "—Bancroft's  History  of  the  United 

Stales. 


NOTES.  52e 


11.  Supplies  sent  to  New  Netherlands  (p.  38, 165).— "Hulft,  on« 
of  the  directors  in  Holland,  undertook  to  convey  to  the  colony,  at  his  own  risk, 
such  necessary  articles  as  might  be  provided.    Two  ships  were  accordingly  fittecj 
out  in  the  spring  (of  1(J25),  and  loaded  with  one  hundred  and  three  head  of 
cattle — horses,  bulls,  cows,  swine,  and  sheep.    Each  beast  had  its  own  separate, 
stall,  arranged  upon  a  flooring  of  sand  three  feet  deep,  which  was  laid  upon  a 
deck  specially  constructed  in  the  vessel.    Under  this  deck,  each  ship  carried 
three  hundred  tuns  of  fresh  water,  for  the  use  of  the  cattle.    Hay  and  straw 
were  provided  in  abundance  for  the  voyage ;   and  all  kinds  of  seed,  and  plows 
and  other  farming  implements,  were  sent  on  board,  for  the  use  of  the  colony. 
Hal  ft  also  added  a  third  ship  to  the  expedition.    Along  with  these  three  vessels 
went  a  fast-sailing  yacht,  or  'fluyt,1  fitted  out  by  the  directors  of  the  company, 
on  their  own  account.    These  vessels  carried  out  six  entire  families,  besides 
several  free  emigrants;  so  that  forty  new  settlers  were  thus  added  to  the  popula 
tion  of  New  Netherlands.    The  voyage  was  entirely  successful;  only  two  of  the 
beasts  died  at  sea." — Brod/iead's  History  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

12.  The  Indian  Confederacy  in  New  York  (pp.  39,  87).— "Fore 
most  in  war,  foremost  in  eloquence,  foremost  in  their  savage  arts  of  policy,  stood 
the  fierce  people  called  by  the  French   the  Iroquois  (e'-ro-quah).    They  occu 
pied  Central  New  York,  but  extended  their  conquests  and  their  depredations 
irom  Quebec  to  the  Carolinas,  and  from  the  Western  prairies  to  the  forests  of 
Maine.  They  consisted  of  five  tribes  or  nations— the  Mohawks,  the  Oneidas,  the 
Onondagas,  the  Cayugas,  and  the  Senecas  (to  whom  a  sixth,  the  Tuscaroras,  was 
afterwards  added,  in  1715).  *  *  *  Both  reason  and  tradition  point  to  the  conclu 
sion  that  the  Iroquois   formed,  originally,  one  undivided  people.   Sundered, 
like  countless  other  tribes,  by  dissensions,  caprice,  or  the  necessities  of  the  hunt- 
er-lil'e,  they  separated  into  five  distinct  nations.  *  *  *  At  length,  says  tradition, 
a  celestial  being,  incarnate  on  earth,  counseled  them  to  compose  their  strife  and 
unite  in  a  league  of  defense  and  aggression.   Another  personage — wholly  mortal, 
yet  wonderfully  endowed— a  renowned  warrior  and  a  mighty  magician,  stands, 
with  his  hair  of  writhing  snakes,  grotesquely  conspicuous  through  the  dim  light 
of  tradition,  at,  this  birth  of  Iroquois  nationality.  This  was  At-o-tar' -ho,  a  chief 
of  the  Onondagas;  and  from  this  honored  source  has  sprung  a  long  line  of 
chieftains,  heirs  not  to  the  blood  alone,  but  to  the  name  of  their  great  prede-  ' 
cesf-or.    A  few  years  since,  there  lived  in  Onondasra  Hollow  (State  of  New 
York)  a  handsome  Indian   boy,  on  whom  the  dwindled  remnant  of  the  nation 
looked  with  pride,  as  their  destined  Atotarho.    With  earthly  and  celestial  aid, 
the  league  was  consummated,  and,  through  all  the  land,  the  forests  trembled 
at  the  name  of  the  Iroqnais."— Parkman's  Jesuits  in  Norfh  America. 

13.  TheOreat  Charter  of  Rhode  IslandSaved    (p.  31, 144).— 
"Stopping  at  Newport  with  his  troops,  Andros  proposed  to  take  possession  of 
the  charter  of  Rhode  Island  (1687).    But  in  this  attempt  he  was  foiled  by  the 
foresight  of  the  cautious  Clarke  (Governor  of  the  colony),  who.  on  hearing  of  his 
arrival,  sent  the  precious  parchment  to  his  brother,  with  orders  to  have  it  con 
cealed   in  some  place  unknown  to  himself,  but  within  the  knowledge  of  the 
secretary.    He  then  waited  upon  Sir  Edmund  (Andros)  and  invited  him  to  his 
home.     A  great  search  was  made  for  the  coveted  document,  but  it   could 
nowhere  be  found  while  Andros  remained  in  Newport.    After  he  left  it  was 
returned  to  Governor  Clarke,  who  kept  it  until  the  fall  of  Andros  permitted  a 
resumption  of  the  government  under  it.    *    *    *     [n  his  letter  to  the  Board  of 
Trade,  Andros  makes  no  allusion  to  the  successful  ruse  of  the  Governor  ol 
Rhode  Island.—  Arnold's  History  of  Rhode  Island. 


52f  NOTES. 


1 4 .  The  First  Settlement  in  Maryland  (p.  42,  <f  77).—"  The  nati  v« 
inhabitants  having  suffered  from  the  superior  power  of  the  Susquehannas,  who 
occupied  the  district  between  the  bays,  had  already  (1634)  resolved  to  move  into 
places  of  more  security,  in  the  interior ;  and  many  of  them  had  begun  to  migrate 
before  the  English  arrived.    To  Calvert,  the  spot  seemed  convenient  for  a  plan 
tation.    It  was  easy,  by  presents  of  cloth  and  axes,  of  hoes  and  knives,  to  gain 
the  good-will  of  the  natives,  and  to  purchase  their  rights  to  the  soil,  which 
they  were  preparing  to  abandon.     They  readily  gave  consent  that  the  English 
should  occupy  one-half  of  theu  town,  and,  afier  the  harvest,  should  become  the 
exclusive  tenants  of  the  whole.     Mutual  promises  of  friendship  and  peace  were 
made,  so  that  the  Catholics  took  quiet  possession  of  the  little  place ;   and 
religious  liberty  obtained  a  home,  its  only  home  in  the  wide  world,  at  the  humble 
village  which  bore  the  name  of  St.  Mary's." — Bancrofts  History  United  States. 

15.  Ogletliorpe  and  tlie  Indian  Boy  (p.  48).— "In  1743,  General 
Oglcthorpe  took  with  him  to  England  an  Indian  boy,  the  son  of  one  of  the 
greatest  chiefs  in  Georgia.    Oglethorpe  was  animated  by  an  earnest  desire  to 
make  the  boy,  at  any  expense  and  by  every  effort  on  his  part,  a  fit  instrument 
to  carry  the  advantages  of  civilization,  and  the  blessings  of  Christianity,  to  his 
unfortunate  brethren.    The  youth  received  a  liberal  education— the  best  that 
England  could  afford  in  those  days— and  became  a  polished  man,  moving  freely 
in  the  best  society.    He  then  went  back  to  his  tribe,  the  Creeks ;  and  great 
were  the  expectations  of  his  noble  old  friend,  and  high  the  hopes  of  all  who 
wished  well  to  the  Indians,  when  he  parted  with  them,  at  Savannah.     (A.  fine 
portrait  of  Oglethorpe,  with  his  young  Indian  friend  standing  in  an  affectionate 
attitude  by  his  side,  commemorated  the  event,  and  was  kept  in  the  Garden  City 
of  the  South — as  Savannah  was  often  called — till  the  British  captured  the  town, 
in  1778,  and  destroyed  the  picture.)    But  the  result  was  a  sad  disappointment. 
In  a  short  time,  the  accomplished  courtier  became  a  wily  Indian  once  more:  he 
laid  aside  his  European  costume,  and,  with  it,  the  habits  he  had  acquired  in 
England ;  and,  before  a  short  year  had  passed,  he  had  become  an  Indian  war 
rior  once  more,  in  the  full  and  most  painful  sense  of  the  word."— De  Vere's 
Romance  of  American  History. 

16.  Deatli  of  La  Salle  (p.  6,  1"  8  ;  also  topic  99,  Ap.  p.  70).— "Leaving 
twenty  men  at  Fort  St.  Louis  (Texas),  La  Salle,  with  sixteen  men,  departed  for 
Canada  (1687).     *    *    In  the  little  company  of  wanderers,  there  were  two  men, 
Duhaut   (du-o'\  and  L'Archeveque  (lar-tfie-vake),  who  had  embarked  their  capi 
tal   in  the  enterprise.     Of  these.  Duhaut  had  long  shown  a  spirit  of  mutiny. 
*    *    Inviting  Mo-ran'-get  (La  Salle's  nephew)  to  take  charge  of  the  fruits  of  a 
buffalo  hunt,  they  quarreled  with  him  and  murdered  him.    Wondering  at  the 
delay  of  his  nephew's  return,  La  Salle  went  to   seek  him.    At  the  brink  of  the 
river  (Trinity)  he  observed  eagles  hovering  as  if  over  carrion ;  and  he  fired  an 
alarm  gun.    Warned  by  the  pound,  Duhaut,  and  L'Archeveque  crossed  ihe  river : 
the  former  skulked  in  the  prairie  grass:  of  the  latter,  La  Salle  asked,  kWThere 
is  my  nephew  ?  '    At  the  moment  of  the  answer,  Duhaut  fired,  and,  without 
uttering  a  word,  La  Salle  fell  dead.    'You  are  down  now,  grand  bashaw !  you 
are  down  now  ! '  shouted  one  of  the  conspirators,  as  they  despoiled  his  re 
mains,  which  were  left  on  the  prairie,  naked  and  without  burial,  to  be  de 
voured  by  wild  beasts.     Such  was  the  end  of  this  daring  adventurer.    For  force 
of  will  and  vast  conceptions  ;  for  various  knowledge,  and  quirk  adaptation  of 
his  genius  to  untried  circumstances  ;  for  a  sublime  magnanimity,  that  resigned 
itself  to  the  will  of  Heaven,  and  yet  triumphed  over  affliction  by  energy  of  pur 
pose  and  unfaltering  hope,  he  had  no  superior  among  his  countrymen.1'— San- 
croft's  History  of  the  United  States. 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


63 


SHOWINGTHE  LOCATION 

or  srrym  OF  THE 
MOST  IMPORTANT  EVENTS 

OT  THE 

FRENCH  &  INDIAN  WAR 


54  '    THE  FEENCH  AND   INDIAN  WAR.  [1748. 

SECTION    III. 
The  French  and  Indian  Weir. 

1.  Although  the  boundaries  between  the  British  and 
French  possessions  in  America  had  been,  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  a  subject  of  dispute,  the  treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  made  in  1748,  left  them  still  undefined. 

2.  The  English,  basing  their  title  upon  the  discoveries 
made  by  the  Cabots,  laid  claim  to  all  the  territory  from 
Newfoundland  to  Florida,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific.     The  French  claimed  all  the  interior  portion 
adjacent  to  the  rivers  St.  Lawrence  and  Mississippi  and 
their  tributaries,  upon  the  ground  that  they  had  explored 
and  occupied  it ;  and,  the  better  to  secure  this  claim,  they 
erected  forts  at  various  places  through  the  region. 

8.  In  consequence  of  these  conflicting  claims,  a  war 
broke  out  between  England  and  her  colonies,  with  a  few 
Indians,  on  the  one  side,  and  France  and  her  colonies, 
largely  aided  by  the  Indians,  on  the  other,  which  is  known 
as  "  The  French  and  Indian  \Yar."  It  was  a  contest  for 
territory  and  dominion  in  America.* 

4.  EVENTS  OF  1753. — At  the  time  of  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war,  there  was  in  existence  an  organization,  known 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (Map.  p.  53.)  What  river  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario* 
What,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie  ?  What  are  the  head  branches  of  the  Ohio  ?  De- 
scribe  the  Alleghany.  The  Monongahela.  The  Mohawk.  Where  is  Williams-' 
burs??  Crown  Point?  Albany?  Fort  Edward?  Montreal?  Ticonderoga? 
Lake  George  ?  Lake  Champlain  ?  Kittanning  ?  Where  was  Fort  Venango ! 
Fort  Le  Bceuf  ?  Fort  Duquesne  ?  Fort  Necessity  ?  Fort  Niagara  ?  Fort  Wm. 
Henry  ?  Fort  Frontenac  ? 

1 .  When,  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  ?    What  dispute  still  continued  ? 

2  What  territory  did  the  English  claim?  By  what  right?  Hie  French 
claim  ?  What  was  the  ba*is  ?  Am.  That  which  exploration  and  occupancy  gave. 

3.  To  what  did  the  conflicting  claims  lead  ?     The  object  of  the  contest  i 

*  "  The  settlements  of  the  French,  stretching  from  north  to  south,  necessarily  interfered 
with  those  of  the  English,  extending  from  east  to  west.  Their  plan,  if  executed,  would 
completely  have  environed  the  English.  Canada  and  Louisiana  united  would,  as  lias  been 
antlv  said  have  formed  a  bow,  of  which  the  English  colonies  would  have  constituted  the 
•trine  *'*  *  The  delightful  resrion  between  the  summit  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
the  Mississippi  was  the  object  for  which  these  two  powerful  nations  contended  ;  and  it  now 
became  apparent  that  the  sword  aloue  could  decide  the  contest."— Marshall's  Life  of  Wash 
ington. 

NOTE.— For  an  account  of  the  early  occupation  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  see  topic  209, 
Appeudix,  p.  77. 


1753.3  THE   FRENCH   AND   INDIAN   WAR.  55 

as  the  Ohio  Company,  which  had  obtained  from  the  king 
of  England  a  grant  of  land  on  and  near  the  Ohio  River, 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  fur-trade  with  the  In- 
dians,  and  of  settling  the  country. 

5.  The  French  having  seized  three  British  traders,  and 
also  built  forts  on  the  land  of  the  Ohio  Company,  Gov 
ernor  Din-wid'-die,  of  the  Virginia  colony,  determined  to 
send  a  letter  to  their  commander,  remonstrating  against 
the   aggressive   acts.      This    message   was    intrusted   to 
George  Washington,  a  young  man  not  then  twenty-two 
years  of  age. 

6.  Washington  set  out  on  his  mission  on  the  last  day 
of  Oct.,  1753,  from  Williamsburg,  then  the  capital  of  Vir 
ginia.     He  had  before  him  a  difficult  and  dangerous  jour 
ney  of  four  hundred  miles,  more  than  half  of  which  was 
through  a  wilderness  inhabited  by  hostile  Indians.     Hav 
ing  reached   Fort  Ve-nan'-go,  he  was    conducted   thence 
to  Fort  Le  Boeuf  (buf],  where  he  found  the  French  com 
mander,  St.  Pierre  (pe-ard}. 

7.  EVENTS  OF  1754. — After  an  absence  of  eleven  weeks, 
during  which  he  encountered  severe  hardships  amid  snow, 
icy  floods,  and  hostile  Indians,  Washington  delivered  to 
Dinwiddie  St.  Pierre's  letter  in  reply.     In  it  St.  Pierre 
stated  that  he  was  acting  under  orders  from  Du  Quesne 
(doo-kane'\  governor  of  Canada,  and  that  he  could  not 
leave  the  territory.     This  document  and  the  report  made 
by  Washington  of  warlike  preparation  which  he  had  seen 
during  his  journey,  convinced  the  English  that,  if  they 
would  secure  possession  of  the  region  on  and  near  the 
Ohio,  they  must  act  without  delay.    (Note  1,  end  of  Sec.) 

4.  What  can  you  state  of  the  formation  of  the  Ohio  Company? 

5.  What  message  was  sent  to  the  French?    What  part  was  assigned  to 
Washington  ?     When  and  where  was  Washington  born  ?    Ans.  In  Virginia,  on 
the  22d  of  February.  1732. 

6.  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  journey  to  Le  Bcenf. 

7.  Of  his  journey  back  to  Williamsburg.      What  reply  did  he  bring?    Of 
what  were  the  English  convinced  ?    What  produced  that  conviction  ? 


56  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  [1754. 

8.  At  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
rivers,  the  Ohio  Company  commenced  the  construction 
of  a  fort ;    and  a  body  of  troops,  of  which  Washington 
became  the  commander,  was  sent  to  protect  the  works. 
Before,  however,  he  had  time  to  reach  the  place,  a  party 
of  French  and  Indians  suddenly  appeared  and  took  pos 
session.     The  works  wTere  then  completed,  and  called  Fort 
Duquesne. 

9.  Receiving  intelligence  of  the  disaster,  and  that  a 
strong  force  was  marching  to  intercept  him,  Washington 
fell  back,  and  took  a  position  at  a  place  called  the  Great 
Meadows.     Here  word  came  to  him  that  a  small  detach 
ment  of  the  French  had  advanced  to  within  a  few  miles  of 
his  position,  where  they  were  skulking,   evidently  with 
hostile   intent.     With   the   determination  of  forestalling 
their  design,  he  sallied  forth,  came  upon  them  by  surprise, 
and,  in  the  contest  that  followed,  28th  of  May,  1754,  killed 
or  captured  all  but  one. 

10.  In   little  more  than  a  month  after,  a  force  of  fif 
teen  hundred  French  arid  Indians,  commanded  by  De 
Villiers    (vil-le-are1),  made   an  attack  upon  a  small  fort 
which  Washington   had   constructed    and    named    Fort 
Necessity.*   A  brave  defence  of  ten  hours  was  made,  but, 
on  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  July,  Washington  was  com 
pelled  to  surrender,  though  upon  condition  that  he  and 
the  garrison  should  be  permitted  to  return  to  Virginia. 

/  11.  EVENTS  OF  1755. — Four  expeditions,  on  the  part  of 
the  English,  were  planned  for  1755  ;  namely,  against 
Nova  Scotia,  Crown  Point,  Fort  Niagara,  and  Fort  Du 
quesne.  The  one  against  Nova  Scotia  was  commanded 
by  Col.  Monckton  (monk' -tun}.  Two  forts  there  were 

8.  What  measures  were  then  taken  against  the  French?    What  followed? 
What  name  was  given  to  the  fort  ? 

9.  What  course  did  Washington  then  pursue  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  con 
test  that  took  place.    Where  were  the  Great  Meadows  ?    (Map,  p.  53.) 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Fort  Necessity. 

1 1 .  What  expeditions  were  planned  for  1755  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  first. 


*  "  The  palisaded  fort  was  named  Fort  Necessity,  from  the  pinching  famine  that  had 
greyailed  duriug  its  construction,"— Irviuai 


1755.]  THE   FRENCH  AND   INDIAN   WAR.  5? 

captured  in  June  ;  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country  was 
reduced  to  a  solitude ;  and  the  inhabitants  by  thousands 
were  driven  on  board  the  English  ships,  and  scattered 
among  the  colonists  of  New  England  and  other  places.* 

12.  Gen.  Brad'-dock,  who  had  been  sent  to  America  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  royal  forces,  headed  the  expe 
dition  against  Duquesne.     Disregarding  the  suggestions 
of  Washington,  who  was  acting  as  his  aid-de-camp,  he  fell 
into  an  ambush  of  French  and  Indians,  July  the   9th, 
when  within  a  few  miles  of  the  fort,  and  was  defeated  with 
great  loss,  he  himself  being  mortally  wounded.     This  con 
flict  is  known  as  the  battle  of  the  Mo-non-ga-he'-la.  •)• 

13.  The  expedition  against  Niagara  was  also  a  failure. 
Gov.  Shir'-ley,  who   commanded  it,  advanced  as  far  as 
Oswego ;  but  the  defeat  of  Braddock  paralyzed  his  ef 
forts,  his  Indian  allies  deserted,  and  finally  the  enterprise 
was  abandoned.     Leaving  garrisons  for  two  new  forts 
which  had  been  commenced,  Shirley  returned  to  Albany. 

14.  To  Gen.  Johnson  had  been  confided  the  expedition 
against  Crown  Point.     He  was  preceded  by  Gen.  Ly'-man, 
who,  at  the  "  carrying  place"  between  the  Hudson  and 
Lake   George,  constructed  Fort    Edward.     Johnson  ad 
vanced  as  far  as  the  head  of  the  lake,  and,  while  encamped 
there,  his  Indian  scouts  brought  word  that  two  thousand 
French  and  Indians  were  marching  to  attack  Fort  Ed 
ward.     Dieskau   (de-es-ko'} ,  commanding  this  force,  had 
made  his  way  from  Montreal. 

15.  Losing  no  time,  Johnson  sent  Col.  Williams,  with 
twelve  hundred  men,  two  hundred  of  whom  were  Indians, 
to  intercept  the  enemy.     But  Dieskau  changed  his  plan. 
As  he  approached  the  fort,  Sept.  8th,  his  Indian  allies, 

12.  Of  the  expedition  against  Duc[uesne.    What  battle  was  fought  ? 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  Niagara. 

14.  How  was  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point  undertaken?    Where  did 
Johnson  encamp  ?    What  word  did  he  receive  ? 

1 5.  What  detachment  did  he  send  ?    Dieskau's  plan  ?    What  followed  ? 

*  Longfellow's  poem  of  "  Evangeline  "  is  based  on  an  incident  in  this  act  of  tyranny. 
Read  Note  2,  end  ot  Section. 

t  Read  Note  3,  end  of  Section. 


58  THE  FKENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  U756. 

fearful  of  its  cannon,  refused  to  proceed.  Then,  taking 
another  direction,  to  surprise  the  army  at  the  lake,  he 
drew  the  forces  of  Williams  into  an  ambush,  and  routed 
them  with  fearful  slaughter,  pursuing  the  fugitives  to 
Johnson's  camp. 

16.  From  behind  a  breastwork  of  trees,  Johnson  fired 
topon  his  assailants  ;  but  he  receiving  a  wound  early  in  the 
action,  the  defence  was  continued  by  Lyman,  and  finally 
turned  into  an  attack.     The  French  and  their  allies  were 
defeated ;  and  Dieskau,  incurably  wounded,  was  made  a 
prisoner.     Johnson,  after  erecting  Fort  William  Henry, 
retired  to  Albany.  (See,  for  Dieskau,  App.,  p.  66,  top.  46.)* 

17.  EVENTS    OF    1756. — The   Marquis   de    Mont  calm 
(mont-fatm1),  Dieskau's  successor,  in  August,  1756,  made 
an  attack  upon  Oswego,  and  compelled  the  English,  num 
bering  fourteen  hundred  men,  to    surrender.      A    large 
amount  of  stores  and  money  also  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  victor.     Incited  by  French  emissaries,  the  Indians  of 
the   Ohio   committed   great    desolation ;    but    Col.   Arm 
strong,  after  a  long  and  perilous  march,  reached  Kittan- 
ning  (kit-tan,1 -King),  their   chief  town,  and  destroyed  it 
by  fire. 

18.  EVEXTS    OF    1757.' — In  the  beginning  of  August, 
1757,  Montcalm,  with  nine  thousand  men,  two  thousand 
of  whom  were  Indians,  laid  siege  to  Fort  William  Henry. 
For  six  days  its  commander,  Col.   Monro,  kept  up  a  vig 
orous  defence,  trusting  to  receive  aid  from  Gen.  Webb, 
who,  at   the   time,  was  in  command  of  a  large  force  al 
Fort  Edward,  only  fifteen  miles  oif. 

19.  At  length,   learning  that  no   assistance  would  be 
sent,  and  being  without  ammunition,  he  was  compelled 

1 6.  Account  of  the  battle  at  the  lake.     What  did  Johnson  then  do  ? 

17.  What  did  the  French  accomplish  in  1756?    Wh<;re  is  Oswc-go?    (p.  53.) 
Give  an  account  of  Armstrong's  expedition.     Where  is  Kittannlng?    (p.  53.) 

1 8.  What  was  the  principal  military  operation  of  1757  ?     Give  an  account  of 
It.    Where  was  Fort  Wm.  Henry?     (p.  63.) 

•  "Dieskau  was  found  by  his  pursuers  leaning  against  a  stump  of  a  tree.  As  they  ap- 
pronched,  he  felt  for  his  watch  to  secure  kind  treatment  by  delivering  U  up.  A  soldier, 
thinking  he  was  drawing  forth  a  pistol  to  defend  himself,  shot  him  through  the  hips."— 
Irving. 


1758.]  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  59 

to  surrender,  on  the  9th,  capitulating  that  his  men  should 
have  a  safe  escort  to  Webb's  quarters.  Notwithstanding 
the  stipulation,  the  English  had  hardly  left  the  fort  be 
fore  the  Indian  allies  of  Montcalm,  incited  by  the  hope 
of  plunder,  attacked  them  and  massacred  a  large  number 
The  fort  was  demolished  by  order  of  Montcalm. 

20.  EVENTS  OF  1758. — Upon  the   death  of  Braddock, 
which  occurred  four  days  after  his  defeat  in  1755,  the 
general  command  devolved  upon  Shirley.     Shirley  was 
soon  succeeded  by  Lord  Lou'-don,  and  he,  in  turn,  by  Gen. 
Ab'-er-crom-by.*    With  the  celebrated  William  Pitt,  af 
terward  Lord  Chatham,  at  the  head  of  the  British  gov 
ernment,  preparations  to  carry  on  the  war  were  made  with 
great  vigor.     Three  expeditions  were  planned  for  1758  : 
one,  under  Gen.   Amherst  (cim'-ersf),  against  LouisWvg  ; 
another,  under  Abercromby,   against  Fort  Ticonderoga ; 
and  a  third,  under  Gen.  Forbes,  against  Fort  Duquesne. 

21.  On  the  26th  of  July  Louisburg  surrendered,  after 
a  desperate  resistance  of  more  than  forty  days,  during 
which  two  officers,  Wolfe  and  Montgomery,  greatly  dis 
tinguished    themselves    by   their    bravery.      St.    John's 
Island,  now  Prince    Edward,     as  well   as  the  island  of 
Gape  Breton  (brit'-un),  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British. 

22.  Abercromby,    making  his   way  northward,   sailed 
down  Lake  George,  and,  debarking  near  its  outlet,  com 
menced   a   march    through    the    forests    toward    Ticon 
deroga,   then   commanded   by  Montcalm.     In   a  conflict 
which  took  place,  July  6th,  between  advanced  bodies  oi 
the  contending  parties,  Lord  Howe,  an  officer  greatly  be= 
loved,  was  slain.     Two  days  after,  an  unsuccessful  assault 

19.  Why  was  Monroe  compelled  to  surrender?    What  capitulation  was  en 
tered  into  ?    State  how  it  was  violated  ? 

20.  Who,  up  to  1758,  were  the  successive  English  commanders  ?    What  ex 
peditions  were  planned  for  that  year  ?    Who  was  William  Pitt  * 

21.  Where  is  Louisburg?     (Map,  p.  61.)    Cape  Breton  Island  ?     St.  John's 
Island  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  Louisburg.    What  were  the 
further  results  of  the  victory  ? 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  commanded  by  Abercromby. 

NOTE.— For  Braddock,  see  Appendix,  p.  64,  topic  22. 
*  Abercromby's  name  is  misspelled  by  many  writers. 


60  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  [1758. 

upon  the  fort  was  made  in  full  force,  the  assailants  losing 
nearly  two  thousand  men  in  killed  and  wounded  * 

23.  While  Abercromby,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George, 
was  wasting  away  the  rest  of  the  season,  a  detachment  of 
his  army,  under  Col.  Bradstreet,  achieved  an  important 
success.     Proceeding  by  way  of  the  Mohawk  and  Oswe 
go,  Bradstreet  crossed  Lake  Ontario,  and  captured  Fort 
Fron'-te-nac,  situated  where   Kingston   now   stands.      A 
vast  amount  of  military  stores   and  several  vessels  fell 
into  his  hands. 

24.  In  the  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  Wash 
ington  held  a  prominent  command.      Instead  of  advan 
cing  by  the  old  road  which  Braddock  had  taken  in  1755, 
it  was  decided,  against  the  judgment  of  Washington,  that 
a  new  one  further  east  should  be  opened  for  the  expedi 
tion.     The  progress  of  the  army  was,  consequently,  slow, 
and  a  feeling  of  discouragement  pervaded   the   troops, 
which  was  greatly  increased  by  a  defeat  sustained  by 
Major  Grant,  while  leading  an  advanced  detachment. 

25.  It  was  then  determined  to  abandon  the  expedition, 
but  before  the  order  to  return  was  given,  prisoners  were 
brought  in  who  made  known  the  fact  that  the  garrison 
at  the  fort  was  in  a  weak  condition.     The  march  was 
therefore  resumed,  but  when  Duquesne  was  reached,  it 
was  found  in  flames  and  deserted.      In  honor  of  their 
illustrious  statesman,  the  English  changed  the  name  of 
the  place  to  Fort  Pitt.     (See  topic  135,  App.  p.  72.) 

26.  EVENTS  OF  1759. — The  great  object  of  the  campaign 
of  1759  was  the  reduction  of  Canada.     Gen.  Wolfe  was 
to  lay  siege  to   Quebec;  Amherst,  who   had   succeeded 
Abercromby  as  commander-in-chief,  was  to  reduce  Ticon* 
deroga  and  Crown  Point,  and  then  co-operate  with  Wolfe ; 

23.  Of  the  one  under  Brad?treet.    Where  was  Fort  Frontenac  ?     (p.  53.) 

24.  Oive  an  account  of  the  progress  of  the  expedition  against  Duqueone. 
25    State  what  afterward  occurred.     What  change  in  name  was  made  ? 
26.  What  plan  of  operation  was  adopted  for  1759  ? 

*  Read  Note  4,  end  of  Section. 


1759.] 


THE  FRENCH  AND   INDIAN  WAR. 


61 


and  Gen.  Prideaux  (prid'-o)  was  to  capture  Niagara  and 
Montreal,  and  then  join  Amherst. 

27.  Prideaux  reached  Niagara  in  July,  but,  during  the 
siege  of  the  place,  was  killed.  Johnson,  having  succeeded 
to  the  command,  defeated  a  relief  force  of  French  and 
Indians,  and  compelled  the  besieged  to  surrender.*  In 
stead,  however,  of  proceeding  to  Montreal,  he  made  his 

MAP  QUESTIONS. — Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  St.  Lawrence  flow  ?  The 
St.  John's?  The  Penobscot?  The  Kennebec?  The  Connecticut?  What 
country  is  on  the  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  What  natural  division  of  land  is 
Nova  Scotia?  Describe  it.  Where  is  Louisburg  ?  St.  John's,  or  Princd 
Edward  Island  ?  Cape  Breton  I.  ?  (Quebec  ?  Isle  of  Orleans  ?  Point  Levj  ? 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  Niagara.  Of  Amherst's  ex 
pedition.  Where  are  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  ? 

•Johnson  came  from  Ireland  about  the  year  1734.  "  Settling  in  the  valley  of  the  Mo 
hawk,  he  curried  on  a  prosperous  traffic  with  the  Indians,  uiid  gained  an  extraordinary 
influence  over  the  neighboring  Lroquois.  As  his  resources  increased,  lie  built  two  mansions, 
known  respectively  by  the  names  of  Johnson  Castle  and  Johnson  Hall,  the  latter  of  which, 
a  well-constructed  building  of  wood  and  stone,  i^  still  standing  in  the  village  of  Johnstown. 
Both  were  fortified  against  attack,  and  the  latter  was  surrounded  with  cabins  built  for  the 
reception  of  the  Indians,  who  often  came  in  crowds  to  visit  the  proprietor,  invading  hia 
dwelling  at  all  hours,  loitering  in  the  doorways,  spreading  their  blankets  in  the  passages, 
and  infecting  the  air  with  the  fumes  of  stale  tobacco."  (See  topic  83,  Ap.  p.  69.)  —  Park> 
man's  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 


62  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  [1760. 

way  to  Albany.  Amherst  reached  the  vicinity  of  Ticon- 
deroga,  when  the  French  abandoned  both  it  and  Crown 
Point  without  striking  a  blow.  He  went  into  winter- 
quarters  at  the  latter  place,  and  thus  failed  to  co-operate 
with  Wolfe. 

28.  With  eight  thousand  men  Wolfe  ascended  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  landed  his  army  upon  the  Isle  of  Orleans. 
On  the  31st  of  July  he  made  a  daring  though  unsuccess 
ful  attempt  upon  the  French  intrenchments  before  Quebec. 
Not  discouraged  by  the  disaster,  the  English  eifected  a 
landing  at  night   about  two  miles  above  the  city,  and 
climbing  the  steep  banks  of  the  river,  by  daybreak,  on 
the   following   morning,   September   13th,   stood   on   the 
Plains  of  Abraham  in  battle  array.     (Note  5,  end  of  Sec.) 

29.  Montcalm,  surprised  at  the  advantage  gained  by 
the  English,  left  his  strong  position,  and  at  once  attacked 
them.     A  fierce   and  bloody  battle  followed,  which  re 
sulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  French.     Wolfe  fell  in  the  mo 
ment  of  victory.*  Montcalm,  who  was  mortally  wounded., 
on  being  told  that  he  could  not  live  long,  replied :  "  So 
much  the  better ;  I  shall  not  live  to  see  the  surrender  of 
Quebec."     The  city  capitulated  five  days  after. 

30.  EVENTS  OF   1760,  AND  CLOSE  OF  THE  WAR. — De 
Levi,  Montcalm's  successor,  made  extensive  preparations 
for  the  recovery  of  Quebec.     He  marched  to  Sillery,  three 
miles  above  the  city,  and  there,  on  the  28th  of  April,  1760, 
was  fought  one  of  the  most  desperate  battles  of  the  war. 

28.  Give  an  account  of  Wolfe's  operations.    Where  is  the  Isle  of  Orleans? 
(See  Map,  p.  61.)    Where  are  the  Plains  of  Abraham  ? 

29.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  that  followed.     What  memorable  reply  did 
Montcalm  make  ?    When  did  Quebec  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  English  ? 

30.  Who  was  De  Levi  ?    What  preparation  did  he  make  ?    Give  an  account 
of  the  battle  that  followed.    Where  is  Sillery  ?    What  success  did  Amherst  have  ? 

*  u '  See  how  they  run,'  one  of  the  officers  exclaimed,  as  the  French  fled  in  confusion 
before  the  levelled  bayonets.  'Who  run?'  demanded  Wolfe,  opening  his  eyes  like  a  man 
aroused  from  sleep.  'The  enemy,  sir,' was  the  reply  ;  'they  give  way  everywhere.'  *  *  * 
'  Now,  God  be  praised,  I  die  in  peace,'  he  munuiyed  ;  and  turning  on  his  side,  he  calmly 
breathed  his  last."— Parktnaris  Conspiran/  of  Pontiac. 

"  He  wrote,  from  the  testimony  of  a  brother  aide-de-camp,  who  was  by  his  side,  that  the 
general  (Wolfe)  never  spoke  at  all  after  receiving  his  death-wound  ;  so  that  the  phrase  which 
has  been  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  dying  hero  may  be  considered  as  no  more  authentic  than 
an  oration  of  Livy  or  Thucydides."— Thackeray's  Virginians. 


Scaling  the  Heights  of  Abraham. 


1760.]  THE   FRENCH   AND   INDIAN   WAR  63 

At  length  the  English,  after  losing  a  thousand  men,  fell 
back;  but  the  opportune  arrival  of  a  British  fleet,  some 
days  after,  compelled  the  French  to  retreat.  Amherst  pro 
ceeded  against  and  invested  Montreal.  The  governor,  una. 
ble  to  resist,  signed  a  capitulation,  by  which  not  only  that 
city  but  the  whole  of  Canada  was  surrendered  to  the  Englishc 

31.  The  war  between  France  and  England  continued 
until  1763,  when  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris, 
by  which  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain  all  her  American 
possessions  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  north  of  the  Iber- 
ville  (i'-ber-vil)  River,  in  Louisiana.*  At  the  same  time 
Spain  ceded  Florida  to  Great  Britain. 

32.  PONTIAC'S  WAR. — The  transfer  of  the  posts  between 
the  lakes  and  the  Ohio  to  the  British,  whom  the  Indians 
disliked,  exasperated  the  savages;  and  they,  in  a  short 
time,  gained  possession  of  them  all,  except  Niagara,  Fort 
Pitt,  and  Detroit.     Hundreds  of  families  were  butchered 
or  driven  from  their  homes.      Detroit  was  besieged  six 
months,  but  was  finally  relieved ;  and  at  last  the  Indians 
were  compelled  to  sue  for  peace.     Pon'-ti-ac,  their  princi 
pal  chief,  a  few  years  after,  was  assassinated  by  an  Indian. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1753.  Washington  was  sent  with  a  letter  from  Dinwiddie  .  .Oct  31. 

1754  Washington  defeated  the  French  at  Great  Meadows.  .May  28. 

Washington  capitulated  at  Fort  Necessity July  4. 

1755.  Monckton  expelled  the  French  from  Nova  Scotia. 

Braddock  was  defeated  at  the  Monongahela July  9. 

Dieskau  defeated  the  British  near  Lake  George,  \ 

The  British  defeated  Dieskau  at  Lake  George,     f  ' '  •bePt  y- 

1756.  War  between  England  and  France  was  proclaimed. 

The  French,  under  Montcalm,  captured  Oswego  . .  .Aug.  14. 
Armstrong  defeated  the  Indians,  at  Kittanning Sept.  8. 

1757.  Webb  surrendered  Fort  Win.  Henry  to  Montcalm. .  .Aug.  9. 

1758.  Montcalm  repulsed  Abercromby  at  Ticonderoga July  8. 

The  English,  under  Amherst,  captured  Louisburg. .  .July  26. 

3 1 .  When  was  the  war  closed  ?    Terms  of  the  treaty  ?    Florida  ? 

32.  Next  war  ?    Its  cause  ?    Account  of  it.    Where  is  Detroit  ?    (P.  105.) 


*  The  Iberyille  is  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  fourteen  miles  south  of  Baton  Kouge,  con> 
necting  the  Mississippi  with  Lake  Maureoas. 


64:  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 

1758.  English,  under  Bradstreet,  captured  Ft.  Frontenac.  .Aug.  27. 

Aubiy  defeated  Grant  near  Fort  Duquesne Sept.  21. 

Fort  Duquesne  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English. .  .Nov.  25. 

1759.  The  English,  under  Johnson,  captured  Ft.  Niagara.  .July  25. 
Wolfe  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Montmorenci ....  July  31. 
Wolfe  defeated  Montcalm  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  Sept.  13 
Quebec  was  surrendered  to  the  English Sept.  1& 

1760.  De  Levi  defeated  the  English  at  Sillery,  near  Quebec,  Apr.  28 
Montreal  surrendered  to  the  English,  under  Amherst,  Sept.  & 

1763.  The  Treaty  of  Paris  ended  the  French  and  Indian  War,  Feb.  10. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  What  was  the  principal  cause  of  the  French  and  Indian  War  ? 54 

2.  On  what  mission  was  Washington  sent  in  1753  ? 55 

3.  Give  an  account  of  his  journey  and  success  55 

4.  In  what  direction  was  Fort  Le  Boeuf  from  Williamsburg  ? 53 

5.  Give  the  history  of  the  construction  of  Fort  Duquesne 56 

6.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows 56 

7.  Name  three  principal  events  of  1753  and  1754. . . '. 63 

8.  Name  four  principal  events  of  1755 63 

9.  Name  nine  principal  events  of  the  next  three  years 63,  64 

10.  Name  seven  principal  events  that  next  occurred 64 

11.  State  all  you  can  of  General  Braddock 57 

12.  State  all  you  can  of  Governor  Shirley 57-59 

13  State  all  you  can  of  General  Johnson 57,  58,  61,  62 

14.  State  what  you  can  of  Baron  Dieskau 57,  58 

15.  State  what  you  can  of  Montcalm 58,  59,  62 

16.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  Kittanning 58 

17.  State  what  you  can  of  General  Amherst 59,  60,  62,  63 

18.  Give  an  account  of  Bradstreet1  s  expedition  against  Frontenac 60 

19.  Give  an  account  of  Forbes's  expedition  against  Duquesne 60 

20.  State  what  you  can  of  General  Wolfe 59,  60,  62 

21.  Give  an  account  of  the  military  events  of  1760 62,  63 

22.  Name,  in  order,  sixteen  battles  of  the  war .  63,  64 

23.  Name  seven  in  which  the  English  were  successful 63,  64 

24.  Name  nine  in  which  the  French  were  successful 63,  64 

25.  Name  five  battles  that  were  fought  in  Pennsylvania 63,  64 

26.  Name  six  that  were  fought  in  New  York 63,  64 

27.  Name  four  that  were  fought  in  Canada 63,  64 

28.  Give  an  account  of  Monckton's  expedition 56,  57 

29.  Give  the  history  of  Louisburg  to  the  close  of  1758 36,  59 

30.  Give  the  history  of  Fort  Duquesne  to  the  close  of  1758 56,  55,  57,  59,  60 

31.  When  did  the  French  and  Indian  War  begin  and  end  ? 63,  64 

32.  Give  an  account  of  Pontiac's  War ...  68 


forbore  to  obtrude  the  sound  of  their  rejoicings  upon  the  grief  for  one  who  had  been 
life  lipr  pride  and  solace,  and  repaid  her  love  with  a  tender  and  constant  devotion. 
man's  Conspiracy  of  Ponliac. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY, 

WITH  THE  CONTEMPORANEOUS  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  SOYEREIGN8. 


English.  French. 

Q 


Discoveries  and  Explorations 

1492.  The  West  Indies  were  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1497.  North  America  was  discovered  by  the  Cabots. 

1498.  Coast  of  N.  America  explored  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 
South  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1499.  "  was  visited  by  Amerigo  Vespucci. 
1513.  Florida  was  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon. 

The  Pacific  Ocean  was  discovered  by  Balboa. 
1517.  Yucatan  was  discovered  by  Cordova. 

1520.  The  coast  of  Carolina  was  visited  by  De  Ayllon. 

1521.  Mexico  was  explored  and  conquered  by  Cortez. 
1524.  Coast  of  North  America  explored  by  Verrazzani. 
1528.  Florida  was  explored  by  Narvaez. 

1534.  The  St.  Lawrence  was  discovered  by  Cartier. 
1541.  The  Mississippi  was  discovered  by  De  Soto. 

Colonial  Events. 

1562.  The  Huguenots  attempted  to  colonize  Carolina. 

1564.  The  second  Huguenot  colony  was  begun  in  Florida. 

1565.  Florida,  at  St.  Augustine,  was  settled  by  Spaniards. 
1579.  West  coast  of  North  America  explored  by  Drake. 
1584.  Carolina  coast  explored  by  Raleigh's  expedition. 
1585-7.  Raleigh  made  two  attempts  to  colonize  Carolina. 
1602.  The  Massachusetts  coast  was  explored  by  Gosnold. 

1606.  The  London  and  Plymouth  Co's  received  charters. 

1607.  The  London  Co.  planted  a  colony  at  Jamestown. 
1609.  The  Hudson  River  was  discovered  by  Hudson. 
1614.  The  New  England  coast  was  explored  by  Smith. 

New  York  was  settled  by  the  Dutch. 

1619.  Negro  slavery  was  introduced  into  Virginia. 

1620.  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  was  settled. 

1621.  The  treaty  with  Massasoit  was  made. 

1622.  The  first  Indian  massacre  in  Virginia  occurred. 

1623.  New  Hampshire  was  settled. 

1630.  Boston  settled  by  the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony. 

1633.  Connecticut  was  settled  at  Windsor. 

1634.  Maryland  (at  St.  Mary's)  was  settled. 

1635.  Saybrook  (2d  colony  in  Connecticut)  was  settled. 

1636.  Providence  (1st  colony  in  Rhode  Island)  was  settled. 

1637.  The  Pequods  of  Connecticut  were  destroyed. 

1638   The  second  colony  of  Rhode  Island  was  established. 
The  Swedish  colony  in  Delaware  was  established. 
New  Haven  (3d  colony  in  Connecticut)  was  settled. 

1643.  Four  New  England  colonies  formed  a  Union. 

1644.  The  two  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  were  united. 


-w 


W 


64b 


CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY. 


English.  French. 

,     1650.  North  Carolina  (on  the  Chowan)  was  settled. 
| ^  1651.  Parliament  passed  the  "  Navigation  Act." 
g-s  1655.  New  Sweden  (Delaware)  conquered  by  the  Dutch. 
"  *  1656.  The  "  Persecution  of  Quakers"  in  Massachusetts. 


L663.  The  grant  of  Carolina  to  Clarendon  and  others. 

1664.  New  York  taken  by  the  English  from  the  Dutch. 
New  Jersey  (at  Elizabeth)  was  settled. 

1665.  The  Connecticut  colonies  united  under  one  charter. 
1670.  South  Carolina  (on  the  Ashley)  was  settled. 

1673.  Virginia  was  ceded  to  Culpepper  and  Arlington. 


1675.  King  Philip's  War  in  New  England 

1682.  Pennsylvania  (at  Philadelphia)  was  settled. 

Delaware  granted  by  the  Duke  of  York  to  Penn. 


1689.  King  William's  War  began  in  America. 

1690.  Port  Royal  (Nova  Scotia)  captured  by  the  English. 
1692.      Plymouth  was  united  with  Massachusetts. 

1697.      The  "  Treaty  of  Ryswick"  ended  the  war. 

1702.  Queen  Anne's  War  began  in  America. 

1710.       Port  Royal  captured  (3d  time)  by  the  English. 

1713.       The  "  Treaty  of  Utrecht"  ended  the  war. 

1729.  Carolina  separated  into  North  and  South  Carolina. 

1732.  "Washington  was  born  in  Virginia,  Feb.  22. 

1733.  Georgia  (at  Savannah)  was  settled. 

1744.  King  George's  War  began  in  America. 

1745.  Louisburg  was  taken  (1st  time)  by  the  English. 
1748.       The  "  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle"  ended  the  war. 

1754.  The  French  and  Indian  War. 

Washington  defeated  the  French  at  Gt.  Meadows. 
Washington  capitulated  at  Fort  Necessity. 

1755.  The  French  were  expelled  from  Nova  Scotia. 
Braddock  was  defeated  at  the  Monongahela. 

1756.  Oswego  was  captured  by  the  French. 

1757.  Fort  William  Henry  surrendered  to  the  French. 

1758.  Abercromby  was  defeated  at  Ticonderoga. 
Louisburg  was  taken  (2d  time)  by  the  English. 

Ft.  Frontenac  (Kingston)  was  taken  by  the  English 

1759.  Ft.  Niagara  was  taken  by  the  English. 

The  battle  of  Montmorenci  :  Wolfe  was  defeated. 
Wolfe  defeated  Montcalm  before  Quebec. 
Quebec  was  surrendered  to  the  English. 

1760.  The  English  were  defeated  near  Quebec. 
Montreal  was  surrendered  to  the  English. 

1763.      The  "  Treaty  of  Paris"  ended  the  war. 


SUGGESTIVE   SUMMARY   BY   COLONIES.  64c 


SUGGESTIVE  SUMMARY  BY  COLONIES. 

The  pupils  will  prepare  written  exercises  in  narrative  form, 
taking  each  colony  as  a  topic.  They  should  make  the  statements 
with  fulness,  and  as  near  as  possible  in  their  own  language;  or, 
the  exercise  may  be  prepared  in  the  form  of  an  analysis,  according 
to  the  model  given  before  page  18. 


Virginia. — First  Charter — Jamestown — Sufferings-— 
Wingtield  —  Ratcliffe  —  Smith  —  Pocahontas —  Second 
Charter — Starving  Time — Lord  Delaware — Third  Charter 
— Slavery — Planters'  Wives — Indian  Massacres — Fate  of 
the  third  Charter — Navigation  Act — Grant  to  Ctilpepper 
and  Arlington — Causes  for  dissatisfaction — Subsequent 
history—Bacon's  Rebellion — French  and  Indian  War — 
Government  * — Name.* 

Massachusetts. — Gosnold — Pring — Plymouth  Co.— 
Smith — Council  of  Plymouth — Pilgrims — The  Mayflower 
—Plymouth — Carver — Brewster  and  others — Distress — 
Treaty  with  Massasoit  —  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony — 
Boston — Other  settlements — Harvard  College — Union  of 
Colonies — Quakers— King  Philip's  War — Fate  of  the 
Charter,  and  why — King  William's  War — Witchcraft — 
Union  of  Plymouth  with  Massachusetts — Queen  Anne's 
War— King  George's  War— French  and  Indian  War — 
Government — Name. 

New  Hampshire. — Smith— Council  of  Plymouth — 
Grant  to  Gorges  and  Mason— Settlements— Wheelwright 
— Mason's  subsequent  ownership — Union  with  Massachu 
setts — Land  Controversy — Government — Name. 

Connecticut.— Council  of  Plymouth  —  Subsequent 
Proprietors — Connecticut  Colony  —  Saybrook  Colony— 
Pequod  War— New  Haven  Colony— Union  of  the  Col 
onies— Andros — The  Charter— Government — Name. 

Rhode  Island.— Roger  Williams— Providence  Settle 
ment — Coddington  —  Rhode  Island  Settlement — Union 
of  the  Settlements— Charter — Government— Name. 

*  See  Appendix,  page  9  ;  also  topics  at  the  end  of  the  book. 


64d  SUGGESTIVE  SUMMARY  BY  COLONIES. 


New  York. — Henry  Hudson— Settled — Inducements 
to  settlers — Dutch  Governors — Stuyvesant  in  Delaware 
— The  Grant  to  the  Duke  of  York — The  surrender  to  the 
English — Ciiange  of  Names — Under  English  Rule — Re 
covery  by  the  Dutch — Slaves — French  and  Indian  War 
— Battles  near  Fort  George — Oswego — Ft.  Wrn.  Henry — 
Ticonderoga — Government — Name. 

New  Jersey.— New  Netherlands  —  Dutch  trading 
posts  and  forts — Grant  to  the  Duke  of  York — To  Berk 
eley  and  Carteret — Elizabeth — The  Duke  of  York's 
conduct — The  disposition  of  Berkeley's  interest — The 
subsequent  ownership  of  New  Jersey — The  Union  with 
New  York — Government — Name. 

Maryland.— Part  of  Virginia  —  Clayborne  —  The 
Charter — Settlement — Clayborne's  Rebellion — Toleration 
Act  —  Protestant  Intolerance  —  Subsequent  History  — 
Government — Name. 

Pennsylvania. — Swedish  Settlements — Penn — Phil 
adelphia — Indian  Treaty — Perm's  Government — French 
and  Indian  War — Great  Meadows — Fort  Necessity — Brad- 
dock's  Defeat — Kittan'ning — Fort  Du  Quesne — Govern 
ment — Name.  » 

Delaware. — Gustavus  Adolphus — Purchase  of  land 
— Charter— Name  of  New  Sweden — New  Settlements — 
New  Netherlands — Dutch  Conquest — Part  of  New  York 
— Subsequent  history — Government — Name. 

North  and  South  Carolina. — Exploration  of 
Amidas  and  Barlow — Raleigh's  attempts  at  settlement 
— The  Albemarle  County  Colony — The  First  Grant  to 
Clarendon  &  Co. — The  Clarendon  County  Colony — The 
Second  Grant  to  Clarendon  &  Co. —  The  Carteret 
County  Colony — Charleston — The  Separation  of  the 
Carolinas — Subsequent  history — Government — Name. 

Georgia. — Different  Claims  to  the  Territory — The 
Grant  to  Oglethorpe  and  others — Settlement — Character 
of  Settlers — Regulations  of  the  Trustees — Hostilities  with 
Spanish  Neighbors— Final  action  of  the  Trustees— Gov 
ernment — Name. 


NOTES. 

1.  "Washington's  Perils  returning  from  Venango  (p.  55,  IT 

1\ t<  Washington  had  expected  to  find  the  river-  (the  Alleghany)  frozen  com 
pletely  over;  it  was  so  only  for  about  fifty  yards  from  either  shore,  while  great 
quantities  of  broken  ice  were  driving  down  the  main  channel.  Trusting  that  he 
had  out-travele'd  pursuit,  he  encamped  on  the  border  of  the  river;  still,  it  was  an 
anxious  night,  and  he  was  up  at  daybreak  to  devise  some  means  of  reaching  the 
opposite  bank.  No  other  mode  presented  itself  than  by  a  raft,  and  to  construct 
this  they  (he  and  one  companion  named  Gist)  had  but  one  poor  hatchet.  With 
this  they  set  resolutely  to  work,  and  labored  all  day,  but  the  sun  went  down 
before  their  raft  was  finished.  They  launched  it,  however,  and  getting  on  board, 
endeavored  to  propel  it  across  with  setting  poles.  Before  they  were  half  way 
over,  the  raft  became  jammed  between  cakes  of  ice,  and  they  were  in  imminent 
peril.  Washington  planted  his  pole  on  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  and  leaned 
against  it  with  all  his  might  to  stay  the  raft  until  the  ice  should  pass  by.  The 
rapid  current  forced  the  ice  against  the  pole  with  such  violence  that  he  was 
jerked  into  the  water,  where  it  was  at  least  ten  feet  deep.  He  only  saved  himself 
from  being  swept  away  and  drowned,  by  catching  hold  of  one  of  the  raft  logs.  It 
was  now  impossible,  with  all  their  exertions,  to  get  to  either  shore ;  abandoning 
the  raft,  therefore,  they  got  upon  an  island,  near  which  they  were  drifting. 
Here  they  passed  the  night,  exposed  to  intense  cold,  by  which  the  hands  and  feet 
of  Mr.  Gist  were  frozen.  In  the  morning  they  found  the  drift  ice  wedged  so 
closely  together,  that  they  succeeded  in  getting  from  the  island  to  the  opposite 
Bide  of  the  river;  and  before  night  they  were  in  comfortable  quarters  at  the 
house  of  Frazier,  the  Indian  trader,  at  the  mouth  of  Turtle  Creek,  on  the  Monon- 
gahela." — Irving' s  Life  of  Washington. 

2.  The  Acadians  expelled  from  Nova  Scotia  (p.  56,  «[f  11).— 
"Proclamations,  drawn  up  with  perfidious  skill,  ordered  the  people  to  assemble 
in  the  principal  villages.     Four  hundred  and  eighteen  iinarmed  men,  heads  of 
families,  putting  their  trust  in  British  honor,  met  in  the  church  of  Grand-Pre. 
A  body  of  soldiers,  hitherto  kept  in  the  background,  now  started  from  their 
hiding-place  and  surrounded  the  church.     The  soldiers  then  collected  the  women 
and  children  outside.    More  than  a  thousand  persons  were  thus  made  prisoners 

In  Grand-Pre  alone Before  embarking,  the  prisoners  were  ranged  six 

abreast,  the  young  men  in  front.     The  latter  refused  to  move,  claiming  the  exe 
cution  of  the  promise  made  to  them  that  they  should  accompany  their  relatives; 
but  a  body  of  soldiers  was  called,  who  drove  them  on  with  fixed  bayonets.     The 
road  from  the  chapel  to  the  river  was  a  mile  long.    It  was  lined  on  both  sides 
with  women  and  children,  who,  on  bended  knees,  and  in  tears,  encouraged  their 
husbands,  sons,  fathers;  pouring  upon  them  their  parting  blessings.     The  sad 
procession  passed  on  slowly,  praying  and  singing  hymns.    At  length  the  train 
reached  the  sea-shore,  when  the  males  were  consigned  to  this  vessel  and  that; 
the  women  and  children  were  stowed  away  pell-mell  in  other  vessels.    The 
transports,  freighted  with  victims,  set  sail  for  the  Anglo-American  colonies,  and 
they  discharged  their  living  cargoes,  at  intervals,  along  the  whole  seaboard,  from 
Boston  to  Carolina,  destitute  of  means  of  subsistence  and  without  any  protec 
tion." — Bell's  History  of  Canada. 

3.  Washington  could  not  be  Slain  In  Battle  (p.  57,  T  12).— 
"There  is  a  tradition,  worthy  of  notice,  which  rests  on  the  authority  of  Dr. 
Craik,  the  intimate  friend  of  Washington  from  his  boyhood  to  his  death,  and  who 
was  with  him  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela.     Fifteen  years  after  that  event, 
they  traveled  together  on  an  expedition  to  the  western  country  with  a  party  of 
woodsmen,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  wild  lands.    While  near  the  junction  of 


NOTES. 


the  Great  Kenhawa  and  Ohio  Rivers,  a  company  of  Indians  came  to  them  with  an 
interpreter,  at  the  head  of  whom  was  an  aged  and  venerable  chief.  This  person 
age  made  known  to  them  by  the  interpreter,  that,  hearing  Colonel  Washington 
was  in  that  region,  he  had  come  a  long  way  to  visit  him,  adding,  that,  during  the 
battle  of  the  Mouongahela,  he  had  singled  him  out  as  a  conspicuous  object,  fired 
his  rifle  at  him  many  times,  and  directed  his  young  warriors  to  do  the  same,  but, 
to  his  utter  astonishment,  none  of  their  balls  took  effect.  He  was  then  persuaded 
that  the  youthful  hero  was  under  the  special  guardianship  of  the  Great  Spirit,  and 
ceased  to  fire  at  him  any  longer.  He  was  now  come  to  pay  homage  to  the  man 

who  was  the  particular  favorite  of  Heaven,  and  who  could  never  die  in  battle." 

Sparks's  Life  of  Washington. 

4.  Abercromby  descending;  Lake  George  (p.  59,  If  22).— "Nine 
thousand  provincials,  from  New  England,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  assembled 
on  the  shore  of  Lake  George.    There  were  the  six  hundred  New  England  rangers, 
dressed  like  woodmen;  armed  with  a  firelock  and  a  hatchet;  under  their  arm  a 
powder-horn;  a  leathern  bag  for  bullets  at  their  waist;  and  to  each  officer  a 

pocket  compass  as  a  guide  in  the  forest On  the  5th  of  July  (1758),  the 

armament  of  more  than  fifteen  thousand  men,  the  largest  body  of  European 
origin  that  had  ever  been  assembled  in  America,  struck  their  tents  at  daybreak, 
and  in  nine  hundred  small  boats,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  whale  boats, 
with  artillery  mounted  on  rafts,  embarked  on  Lake  George;  the  fleet,  bright 
with  banners,  and  cheered  by  martial  music,  moved  in  procession  down  the 
beautiful  lake,  beaming  with  hope  and  pride,  though  with  no  witness  but  the 
wilderness.     They  passed  over  the  broad  expanse  of  waters  to  the  first  narrows; 
they  came  where  the  mountains,  then  mantled  with  forests,  step  down  to  the 
water's  edge;  and  in  the  richest  hues  of  the  evening  light,  they  halted  at  Sab 
bath-day  Point.     Long  afterwards,  Stark  remembered,,  that  on  that  night,  Howe, 
reclining  in  his  tent  on  a  bearskin,  and  bent  on  winning  a  hero's  name,  ques 
tioned  him  closely  as  to  the  position  of  Ticonderoga,  and  the  fittest  mode  of 
conducting  the  attack."— Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States. 

5.  Scaling  the  Heights  of  Abraham  (p.  62,  H  28).— "The  ebbing 
tide  sufficed  to  bear  the  boats  along,  and  nothing  broke  the  silence  of  the  night 
but  the  gurgling  of  tha  river,  and  the  low  voice  of  Wolfe  as  he  repeated  to  the 
officers  about  him  the  stanzas  of  Grey's  '  Elegy  in  a  Country  Churchyard,'  which 
had  recently  appeared.    Perhaps,  as  he  uttered  those  strangely  appropriate 
words,— 'The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave,'— the  shadows  of  his  own  ap 
proaching  fate  stole  with  mournful  prophecy  across  his  mind.     'Gentlemen.'  he 
said,  as  he  closed  his  recital,  'I  would  rather  have  written  those  lines  than  take 
Quebec  to-morrow.'  ....  They  reached  the  landing-place  in  safety.     The  Gen 
eral  was  one  of  the  first  on  shore.    He  looked  upward  at  the  rugged  heights  that 
towered  above  him  in  the  gloom.     'You  can  try  it,'  he  coolly  observed  to  an 
officer  near  him,  'but  I  don't  think  you'll  get  up.'    At  the  point  where  the 
Highlanders  landed,  one  of  their  captains,  Donald  Macdonald,  was  climbing  in 
advance  of  his  men,  when  he  was  challenged  by  a  sentinel.    He  replied  in 
French,  by  declaring  that  he  had  been  sent  to  relieve  the  guard.     Before  the 
latter  was  undeceived,  a  crowd  of  Highlanders  were  close  at  hand,  while  the  steps 
below  were  thronged  by  eager  climbers,  dragging  themselves  up  by  trees,  roots, 
and  bushes.     The  guard  turned  out,  and  made  a  brief  but  brave  resistance.     In  a 
moment  they  were  cut  to  pieces,  dispersed,  or  made  prisoners;  while  men  alter 
men  came  swarming  up  the  heights,  and  quickly  formed  upon  the  plain  above. 

The  sun  rose  (Sept.  13),  and  from  the  ramparts  of  Quebec  the  astonished 
people  saw  the  Plains  of  Abraham  glittering  with  arms,  and  the  dark  red  lines  of 
the  English  forming  in  array  of  battle."— Parkman's  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 


1761.]  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  65 


SECTION    IV. 

The  American  Revolution. 

1.  CAUSES  OF  THE  WAR. — The  expenses  which  Great 
Britain   had   incurred  in  the  French   and   Indian  War, 
greatly  increased  her  national  debt.      The  English  min 
istry,  asserting  that  this    had   been  done   in   defending 
their  American  possessions,  proposed  to  lessen  the  bur 
den  by  taxing  the  colonies.     In  connection  with  the  pro 
position  thus  made,  it  was  affirmed  that  the  right  to  tax 
the  colonies  was  inherent  in  Parliament. 

2.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  maintained  that  the  colo 
nies  had  been  founded  at  their  own  expense ;  and  that, 
while  they  had  already  contributed  their  full  proportion 
in  defending  themselves,  the  advantages  resulting  from 
their  preservation  were  shared  by  England  in  common 
with  themselves.     The  colonists  also  maintained  that  they 
could  be  justly  taxed  only  by  a  legislature  in  which  they 
were  represented.     Inasmuch,  then,  as  they  were  not  al 
lowed  to  send  representatives  to  the  British  Parliament, 
that  body  had  no  right  to  tax  them. 

3.  Besides,  the  policy  of  Great  Britain  toward  her  col 
onies  had  been,  for  years,  unjust  and  illiberal,  and  calcu 
lated  to  incite  a  rebellious  spirit.     The  Navigation  Act,* 
previously  described,  and  the  issuing  of  "  Writs  of  As 
sistance,"  in  1761,  were  measures  which  were  loudly  com- 

_!•  How  did  the  French  and  Indian  Wa.  affect  the  debt  of  Great  Britain  f 
\V  hat  assertion  was  made  ?    What  affirmation  ?   What  proposition  was  made  ? 

2.  What  reply  did  the  colonists  make  ?    What  was  the  conclusion  ? 

3.  What  policy  had  been  pursued  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Writs  of  Assistance  ? 

*  "March  (1763)  had  not  ended  wheu  a  bill  was  brought  in  (the  House  of  Commons)  giv 
ing  authority  to  employ  the  ships,  seamen,  and  officers  of  the  navy  as  custom-house  officer 
and  informers.  The  measure  was  Grenville's  own  (Lord  Grenville  was  a  member  of  the 
British  Cabinet,  (Jeorge  III.  being  king),  and  it  was  rapidly  carried  through;  so  that  in  three 
short  weeks  it  became  lawful,  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Cape  Florida,  for  each 
commander  of  an  armed  vessel  to  stop  and  examine,  and,  in  case  of  suspicion,  to  seize  every 
merchant  ship  approaching  the  colonies.  "—Bancrofts  History  of  the  United  States. 


66  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1765. 

plained  of.  These  "  Writs"  were  general  search-warrants 
empowering  custom-house  officers  to  break  open  ships, 
stores,  and  private  dwellings,  in  search  of  merchandise  on 
which  it  was  suspected  no  duty  had  been  paid. 

4.  When,  therefore,  the  news  of  the  Stamp  Act,  passed 
by  Parliament  in  1765,  reached  America,  intense  indigna 
tion  was  produced.     By  the  provisions  of  the  Act,  it  was 
required  that  stamps,  to  be  furnished  by  the  British  gov 
ernment,  were  to  be  put  upon   all  instruments,  such  aa 
deeds,  bonds,  and  notes  ;  as  well  as  upon  newspapers,  al 
manacs,  and  other  printed  matter.     This  was  "  taxation 
by  means  of  a  stamp  duty."    (Read  Note  11,  end  of  Sec.) 

5.  The  first  burst  of  opposition  appeared  in  the  Legisla 
ture  of  Virgina,  where  Patrick  Henry  distinguished  him 
self  by  his  bold  eloquence.     Afterward  a  more  formidable 
opposition  was  shown,  when,  upon  the  recommendation 
of  the  Massachusetts  Assembly,  a  Colonial  Congress,  in 
which  nine  colonies  were  represented,  was  held  in  New 
York.     Of  this   Congress,   Timothy   Ruggles,  of  Massa 
chusetts,  was  elected  president ;   and,  after  mature  delib 
eration,  a  Declaration  of  Rights,  a  Petition  to  the  King, 
and  a  Memorial  to  Parliament,  were  adopted.* 

6.  When  the  day  came  on  which  the  Stamp  Act  was 
to  go  into  effect,  there  were  no  officials  courageous  enough 
to  carry  it  into  execution  ;  and,  besides,  all  the  stamps  had 
been  concealed  or  destroyed.     Business  continued  to  be 
conducted  without   stamps,  and   the   colonial  merchants 
agreed  to  import  no  more  goods   while  the   obnoxious 
measure  remained  a  law.     A  change  in  the  British  minis 
try  occurring,  the  act  was  repealed  in  1766. 

7.  Parliament,  still  claiming  the  right  to  tax  the  colo- 

4.  What  took  place  in  1765  ?     What  effect  did  the  news  have  in  America  ? 
What  provisions  of  the  Stamp  Act  are  named  ? 

5.  What  opposition  did  the  Stamp  Act  meet  with? 

6.  How  were  the  operations  of  the  Stamp  Act  prevented  ?    What  was  the 
consequence  ?  

*  See  Appendix  for  Patrick  Henry,  page  63,  topic  70, 


1767.]  THE   AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  67 

nies,  passed  a  bill,  in  1767,  for  levying  duties  on  glass, 
paper,  painters'  colors,  and  tea.  The  news  of  this  and 
other  obnoxious  measures  of  the  British  government,  pro 
duced  a  revival  of  the  feelings  which  had  been  caused 
by  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act ;  and  non-importation 
associations  were  formed.  (Read  topic  16,  App.,  p.  63.) 

8.  The  opposition  of  the  people  of  Boston  being  par 
ticularly  bold,  two  regiments  were  ordered  by  Gen.  Gage 
from  Halifax  to   overawe  them.      The  presence  of  the 
troops  exasperated  the  people  ;  and  affrays  ensued,  in  one 
of  which,  called  the  "  Boston  Massacre,"  occurring  on  the 
5th  of  March,  1770,  the  soldiers  fired  upon  the  populace, 
killing  three  men  and  wounding  others. 

9.  The    opposition   to   the   revenue  measures  induced 
Parliament  to  revoke  all  the  duties  laid  in  1767,  except 
that  of  three  pence  per  pound  on  tea ;  but  as  the  peo 
ple  were  contending  against  the  principle  of  "  taxation 
without  representation,"  and  not  against  the  amount  of 
taxes  imposed,  the  concession  was  not  satisfactory. 

10.  The  tea  for  New  York  and  Philadelphia  was  sent 
back :  that  for  Charleston  being  stored  in  damp  cellars, 
perished.     At  Boston  a  party  of  men,  since  known  as  the 
"  Boston  Tea  Party,"  disguised  as  Indians,  boarded  the 
ships  on  a  moonlight   night   in   December,  1773,  broke 
open  the  chests  of  tea,  and  emptied  their  contents  into 
the  water.     (Read  topic  218,  Appendix,  p.  79.) 

11.  For  the  purpose  of  punishing  the  Bostonians,  Par 
liament  passed  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  which  prohibited  all 


7.  What  right  did  Parliament  still  claim  ?    By  what  act  was  the  claim  made 
known  ?    What  was  the  effect  ? 

8.  What  military  measure  was  adopted?    What  was  the  effect?    Give  an 
account  of  the  "  Boston  Massacre."    Where  is  Halifax  ?    (Map,  p.  61.) 

9.  What  concession  was  made  by  Parliament  ?    Why  was  not  the  concession 
satisfactory  to  the  colonists  ? 

1 0.  What  was  done  with  the  tea  brought  to  America  ?     Where  is  Phila 
delphia  ?     (Map,  p.  43.)    Where  is  Charleston  ?    (Map.  p.  46.) 

1 1 .  What  retaliatory  measure  did  Parliament  adopt  ?    What  generous  con 
duct  did  the  people  of  Salem  manifest  ?    Where  is  Salem  ?    (Map,  p.  .H) 

NOTE.—"  The  whole  number  of  white  inhabitants  In  all  the  thirteen  colonies 
was,  ia  1774,  about  2,100,000  ;  of  blacks,  about  500,000,"—  Bancroft. 


68  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1774. 

intercourse  with  Boston  by  water,  and  removed  the  cus 
tom-house  to  Salem.  But  the  people  of  Salem  generously 
refused  to  thrive  at  the  expense  of  their  neighbors,  and 
the  wharves  of  that  town  were  offered  for  the  use  of  the 
Boston  merchants,  free  of  charge.*  (Note  4,  end  of  Sec.  * 

12.  A  general  Congress,  known  as  "  The  First  Conti 
nental  Congress,"  with  Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  as 
president,  met  at  Philadelphia,  in  September,  1774.     All 
the   colonies,   except   Georgia,  were  represented.     After 
due  deliberation,   a  Declaration  of  Rights  was    made ; 
the  suspension  of  all  commercial  intercourse  with  Great 
Britain  recommended ;  and  addresses  were  voted  to  the 
king  and  the  people  of  Great  Britain  and  Canada. 

13.  A  conflict  with   Great  Britain  seemed  inevitable. 
The  men  in  Massachusetts  capable  of  bearing  arms  were 
daily  trained  in  military  exercises,  and  pledged  to  take 
the  field  at  a  minute's  notice, — hence  their  name  of  "  Min 
ute  Men."     Military  measures  were  also  adopted  in  other 
colonies,  and  a  general   determination  was  manifest  to 
resist,  even  with  arms,  the  new  oppressions  attempted  to 
be  imposed  by  Great  Britain. 

14.  EVENTS  OF  1775.— On  the  night  of  the    18th  of 
April,  1775,  Gen.  Gage  dispatched  eight  hundred  troops, 
under  Col.  Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn  (pit '-karne) ,  to  de 
stroy  some  military  supplies  which  the  Americans  had 
collected  at  Concord,  a  town  in  Massachusetts,  about  six 
teen  miles  from  Boston. 

15.  The  patriots  of  Boston,  having  had  a  suspicion  of 
3uch  a  movement,  were  on  the  alert.     By  preconcerted 


12.  What  convention  was  held  hy  the  colonists  ?    Give  an  account  of  its  or. 
ganization  and  doings. 

1 3 .  What  seemed  inevitable  ?    What  is  said  of  the  "  Minute  Men  ?"    What  is 
eaid  of  military  preparations? 

MAP  QUESTIONS. — (Map,  p.  24.)  How  is  Boston  situated?  Newburypott? 
Newport  ?  New  Bedford  ?  New  London  ?  In  which  direction  is  Lexington 
from  Boston  ?  Concord  from  Boston  ?  Salem  from  Boston  ? 

14.  What  was  Gage's  first  important  measure  against  the  Americans  ? 

*  The  people  of  Newburyport  made  a  similar  offer. 


1775.]  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  69 

signals,  the  alarm  was  given,  and  when  the  British  reached 
Lexington,  early  on  the  following  morning,  April  19th, 
about  seventy  of  the  militia  were  drawn  up  under  arms. 
The  king's  troops  fired  upon  them,  killing  and  wound 
ing  several.  Then  was  shed  the  first  blood  of  the  Rev 
olution,  j" 

16.  At  Concord  some  of  the  supplies  were  destroyed, 
but  the  militia  beginning  to  assemble,  a  skirmish  took 
place,  in  which  several  were  killed  on  both  sides.     On 
their  way  back  to  Boston,  the  British  were  re-enforced  at 
Lexington,  but   during  their  retreat,  as  far  as   Charles- 
town,  the  Americans  pursued,  keeping  up  a  constant  and 
destructive  fire  upon  them.     The  loss  of  the  British  dur 
ing  the  clay  was  over  two  hundred ;  that  of  the  patriots 
was  about  ninety.     (Read  Note  1,  end  of  Sec.) 

17.  When  the  news  of  the  day's  contest  spread,  the 
militia  from  all  parts  of  New  England  hastened  to  join 
those  of  Massachusetts  in  forming  a  camp  near  Boston, 
where  General  Ward,  of  Massachusetts,  was  exercising 
a   limited   command.       It    being   deemed    important    to 
possess  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  both  places  were 
captured  in  May  by  Ethan  Allen  and  Benedict  Arnold, 
and   a   large   supply  of  military   stores    secured  for  the 
patriots. 

18.  Upon  the  arrival  of  re-enforcements  from  England, 
under  Generals  Howe,   Bur-goyne',  and  Sir  Henry  Clin 
ton,  Gage  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  all  Americans 
in  arms  rebels  and  traitors,  but  offering  pardon  to  those 
who  should  return  to  their  allegiance.     John    Hancock 
and   Samuel   Adams,    whose   offences   were   pronounced 

1 5.  What  action  did  the  patriots  take  ?    Give  an  account  of  what  occurred 
at  Lexington.    Where  is  Lexington  ?     (Map,  p.  24.) 

16.  Give  an  account  of  what  took  place  at  Concord.    Of  the  other  events  of 
the  day.    Where  is  Charlestown  ?    (Map,  p.  70.) 

17.  What  effect  did  the  news  have  ?    What  success  did  Allen  and  Arnold 
have  ?    Where  is  Ticonderoga  ?    (Map,  p.  38.)    Crown  Point  ? 

18.  What  re-enforcements  came  to  Gates  ?   What  proclamation  was  issued  ? 
Who  were  excepted  ?    Why  were  they  excepted  t 


70 


THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 


[1775. 


BOSTON 

AND 


too  great  to  admit  of  pardon,  were  excepted  from  this 
offer/* 

19.  It  becoming 
evident  that  the 
British  meditated 
offensive  operations, 
Col.  Prescott  was 
sent,  on  the  evening 
of  the  IGth  of  June, 
with  a  detachment 
of  one  thousand  men 
to  fortify  Bunker 
Hill ;  but,  on  attain 
ing  the  heights,  he 
concluded  to  fortify 
Breed's  Hill  instead, 
this  being  nearer  to 
Boston.  When  the 
British,  on  the  fol 
lowing  morning,  dis 
covered  the  redoubt  which  the  Americans  had  constructed 
during  the  night,  they  commenced  a  cannonade  upon  it. 

20.  This  failing,  three  thousand  men,  under  Howe,  were 
sent  to  dislodge  the  patriots.     Twice  did  the  British  ap 
proach  within  a  few  rods  of  the  redoubt,  but  they  were 
each  time  repulsed   with  heavy  loss.     Clinton  arriving, 
the  third  charge  was  more  successful ;  and  the  Americans, 
their  ammunition  being  exhausted,  were  forced  to  retreat. 

21.  The  British  lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  more  than 
£  thousand  men  ;  the  Americans,  less  than  half  that  num- 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— How  is  Boston  situated  ?  Tn  what  direction  is  Boston 
from  Bunker  Hill?  From  Breed's  HIL1?  From  Charlestown  ?  From  Cam- 
orids*e?  Where  was  Copp's  Hill  ?  Where  are  Dorchester  Heights  ?  Where  is 
South  Boston?  Ans.  On  and  about  Dorchester  Heights.  Of  what  city  does 
South  Boston  now  form  a  part  ?  Ans.  Boston. 

19.  What  defensive  measures  did  the  patriots  adopt? 

19,  2O.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 


*  See  App.,  p.  62,  topic  2  (AdamsV,  also  App.,  p.  68,  topic  63  (Hancock). 


1773.]  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  71 

ber,  but  among  their  slain  was  the  distinguished  pa 
triot,  Joseph  Warren.*  Though  the  British  had  gained 
the  hill,  the  victory  to  them  was  more  disastrous  and  hu 
miliating  than  an  ordinary  defeat ;  while,  to  the  Ameri 
cans,  the  defeat  had  the  effect  of  a  triumph. 

22.  On  the  very  day  of  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga^ 
May  10th,  the  second  Continental  Congress  convened  at 
Philadelphia.      That   body  decided  to  raise  an  army  of 
twenty  thousand  men  ;  and,  on  the  15th  of  June,  by  a 
unanimous  vote,  elected  George  Washington  commander- 
in-chief  of  "  the  forces  raised  or  to  be  raised  in  defence 
of  American  liberties." 

23.  Lord  Dunmore,  the  governor  of  Virginia,  took  a 
decided  course  against  the  patriots;  but,  owing  to  the 
activity  of  Patrick  Henry  and  others,  he  was  compelled 
to  make  compensation  for  a  quantity  of  powder  which  he 
had  seized.     Some  months  later  a  force  of  tories  and  ne 
groes  which  he  had  collected  attacked  a  body  of  Virgin 
ians  near  Norfolk ;  but  the  assailants 

were  repulsed  with  great  loss.  In 
revenge,  Dunmore,  on  the  first  day 
of  the  new  year,  reduced  Norfolk  to 
ashes,  f  (Eead  Note  11,  end  of  Sec.) 

24.  To  prevent  the  use  of  Canada 
by  the  British  as  a  place  of  rendez 
vous  and  supply,  an  invasion,  by  two 
forces,  was  determined   upon.      Ac 
cordingly,   Gen.    Schuyler    (ski'-ler), 
commanding  one,   was  sent   by  the 


PART  OF  THE  SOREL  K. 


21.  What  losses  did  each  party  sustain?     How  did  the  victory  affect  th« 
British  ?    How  did  the  defeat  affect  the  patriots  ? 

22.  When  and  where  did  Congress,  a  second  time,  meet?    What  measures 
were  adopted  by  Congress  ? 

23.  Give  an  account  of  the  difficulties  in  Virginia,  with  Dunmore      Where 
is  Norfolk  ?     (Map,  p.  126.) 

24.  What  plan  of  action  against  Canada  was  adopted  ?    Describe  the  Ken- 
nebec  Eiver.    (Map,  p.  61.)    How  did  Montgomery  get  the  command?    What 
success  did  Montgomery  have  ? 

*  For  account  of  Warren,  see  App.  p.  74,  topic  165 ;  and  read  also  Note  2,  end  of  Section. 
For  the  burning  of  Charlestown,  rear!  topic  231,  App.  p.  83. 
t  For  Henry,  see  topic  70,  App.  p.  68- 


72  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  11775. 

way  of  Lake  Champlain;  while  the  other,  under  Gen.  Ar 
nold,  took  the  route  by  the  Kennebec  River.  Schuyler 
proceeded  but  a  short  distance  when,  sickness  compelling 
him  to  return,  the  next  in  command,  Gen.  Montgomery, 
gained  possession  of  Fort  Chambly  (sham'-Ue),  St.  John's, 
and  Montreal,  and  then  moved  against  Quebec. 

25.  Arnold,  having  performed  a  tedious  march  through 
the  wilderness,  effected  a  junction  of  his  force  with  that 
of  Montgomery,     and,  with  the  latter  officer  in  the  chief 
command,  Quebec  was  besieged  for  three  weeks.     Finally, 
at  dawn,  on  the  last  day  of  1775,  and  during  a  violent 
snow-storm,  the  American   army,  in  four   columns,   ad 
vanced  to  assail  the  city ;  but  the  attempt  was  unsuc 
cessful.     Montgomery  was  among  the  first  who  fell,  and 
Arnold  was  severely  wounded.* 

26.  Arnold,  though  wounded,  took  command  of  the 
troops  that  had  effected  a  retreat,  and,  in  an  encampment 
a  short  distance  from  Quebec,  passed  a  rigorous  winter. 
In  the  spring,  Gen.  Woos'-ter  arrived  and  took  the  com 
mand  ;  and  he,  in  turn,  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Thomas. 
By  the  middle  of  June,  1776,  the  Americans  had  aban 
doned  one  place  after  another,  and  entirely  evacuated 
Canada. 

27.  EVENTS  OF  1776. — Washington,  who  had  arrived 
at  Cambridge  about  three  weeks  after  his  appointment 
as  commander-in-chief,  and  had  there  taken  command  of 
the  army,  determined  to  drive  the  British  from  Boston  ; 
but  no  plan  of  operations  was  fully  determined  upon  before 
the  early  part  of  March,  1776.  Then,  in  one  night,  intrench- 
ments  were  thrown  up  on  Dor'-ches-ter  Heights,  which 
completely  commanded  the  city  and  harbor  of  Boston. 

25.  What  did  Arnold  accomplish  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  operations  against 
Quebec.    Where  in  Quebec  ?     (Map,  p.  61.) 

26.  What  did  Arnold  do  after  the  battle  ?    How  was  the  design  against  Que 
bec  terminated  ? 

27.  At  what  place  did  Washington  take  command  of  the  army  ?    What  Wfts 
hie  first  aim  ?    What  means  did  he  adopt  ? 

*  For  account  of  Montgomery,  see  App.,  p.  70,  topic  108. 


1176.] 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 


73 


28.  Gen.  Howe,  who  had  succeeded  Gage  in  the  com 
mand,  being  unable  to  dislodge  the  Americans,  informally 
agreed  to  evacuate  the  city  without  setting  fire  to  it,  upon 
condition  that,  while  doing  so,  his  army  should  not  be 
molested  from  the  batteries  on  the  heights.    Accordingly, 
on  the  17th  of  March,  17V6,  the  British  troops,  accompa 
nied  by  several  hundred  families  cf  loyalists,  embarked  on 
board  the  ships  in  the  harbor,  and  sailed  for  Halifax.* 

29.  Surmising  that  an  expedition,  conducted  by  Clin 
ton,  which  had  been  previously  sent  from  Boston,  was  des 
tined  to  attack  New 

York,  Washington 
sent  Gen.  Charles 
Lee  to  protect  that 
city.  It  happened 
that  on  the  very  day 
of  Lee's  arrival 
there,  Clinton  ar 
rived  off  Sandy- 
Hook.  Thus  foiled 
in  his  attempt 
against  New  York, 
Clinton  sailed  to 
the  South,  and  was 
joined  by  Sir  Peter 
Parker  and  Lord 
Corn-wal'-lis,  with 
a  fleet  and  troops 

from  England,  when  the  whole  force  proceeded  against 
Charleston. 


28.  What  agreement  was  made  between  the  two  parties  ?    Give  an  account 
of  what  followed.     Where  is  Halifax  ?    (Map,  p.  61.) 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— How  is  Charleston  situated?  Sullivan's  Island?  What 
fort  is  on  Sullivan's  Island  ?  What  other  forts  defend  Charleston  ?  Where  is 
Sandy  Hook  ?  (Map,  p.  43.) 

29.  What  can  you  state  of  an  expedition  against  New  York  ?    "What  wan 
then  done  by  Clinton  ?    What  was  done  by  Clinton  and  Parker  ? 


Non. — For  account  of  General  Lee,  see  Appendix,  p. 
•  Bead  Ncte  12,  end  of  Section. 


J,  topic  96. 


74  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1110. 

30.  The  people  of  Charleston  had  made  preparations 
against  an  attack,  by  erecting  a  fort  of  palmetto-wood 
on  Sullivan's  Island,  which  commanded  the  channel  lead 
ing  to  the  town.     This  was  garrisoned  by  five  hundred 
men,  under  Col.  Moultrie   (mole'-tre).     On  the   morning 
of  the  28th  of  June,  the  fleet  approached  Sullivan's  Island; 
but,  after  a  conflict  of  nine  hours,  during  which  Clinton  was 
defeated  in  an  attempt  to  reach  the  island,  the  ships,  much 
shattered,  drew  off,  and  afterward  sailed  to  the  North.* 

31.  In  the  mean  time,  Congress,  then  in  session  at  Phil 
adelphia,  was   preparing  to   declare   a  separation  of  the 
political  relations  existing  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
colonies.     A  resolution  to  that  effect,  having  been  offered 

'  O 

by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia,  on  the  7th  of  June, 
was  passed  by  a  large  majority  on  the  2d  of  July.  Two 
days  after,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  in  behalf  of  a 
committee  of  five  members,  presented  a  document  which 
he  had  prepared;  and  then,  July  the  4th,  1776,  this  docu 
ment,  the  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  was  unani 
mously  adopted  by  Congress.  (See  note,  App.,  p.  8.)f 

32.  In  the  beginning  of  July,  Gen.  Howe  arrived  from 
Halifax  and  took  possession  of  Staten  Island,  at  the  en 
trance  of  New  York  Bay.     Here  he  was  joined  by  hid 
brother,  Admiral  Lord  Howe,  by  Clinton,  and  by  a  large 
body  of  hired  troops,  from  Germany.     These  last  were 
called  Hessians,  because  the  most  of  them  had  been  fur 
nished  by  the  landgrave  of  Hesse-Cassel.     While  Howe 
goon  had  an  army  of  thirty-five  thousand  men,  Washing 
ton's  effective  force,  in  New  York  and  vicinity,  did  not 
exceed  seventeen  thousand.     (Topic  232,  App.  p.  83.) 

30.  How  were  the  people  of  Charleston  prepared?    Give  an  account  of  the 
battle  fought  there. 

31.  What  was  Congress  doing  in  the  mean  time  ?    What  is  said  of  a  resolu 
tion  ?    What  afterward  took  place  ? 

32.  Where,  meanwhile,  were  the  British  concentrating  a  large  force  ?  What 
troops  joined  Howe  there  ?    What  is  said  of  the  Hessians  ? 

*  Read  Note  3,  end  of  Section. 

t  For  the  Declaration  itself,  with  the  names  of  the  signers,  see  App.,  p.  8. 


1776.]  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  75 

33.  Howe's  troops  were  landed 
on  the  western  end  of  Long  Isl 
and,  and,  in  three  divisions,  by 
three  different  roads,  advanced 
toward  the  American  camp  at 
Brooklyn,  then  in  command  of 
Gen.  Putnam.*  While  two  of  the 
divisions,  Aug.    27th,  were  en 
gaging  the  Americans,  the  third, 

under  Clinton,  having  taken  a  NEW  YORK  BAY. 

circuitous  route,  fell  upon  their  rear.  Some  of  the  patriots 
cut  their  way  through  the  host  of  foes,  but  nearly  two 
thousand  were  killed,  wounded,  or  taken  prisoners.  The 
British  lost  less  than  four  hundred. 

34.  The   British   encamped   in  front  of  the  American 
lines,  but  made  no  attack  during  two  days,  their  design 
being  to  await  the  arrival  and  co-operation  of  the  fleet. 
Washington,  perceiving  that  his  army  in  Brooklyn  might 
be  surrounded  and  entrapped,  began  a  movement  on  the 
night  of  the  29th  ;  and,  favored  by  a  fog  which  hung  over 
the  city,  succeeded  in  getting  all  his  troops  to  New  York. 

35.  Influenced  by  his  oflicers,  Washington  retreated  to 
the  northern  part  of  New  York  island,  and  then  to  White 
Plains.     Here  a  partial  engagement,  to  the  disadvantage 
of  the  Americans,  took  place  on  the  28th  of  October,  when 
they  withdrew  to   North  Castle.     Instead  of  following, 
the  British  general  turned  his  attention  to  the  forts  on  the 
Hudson.     (Read  Note  5,  end  of  Section.) 

36.  Leaving  one  detachment,  under  Lee,  at  North  Cas- 


33.  What  movement  did  Howe  first  make  from  Staten  I.  ?     Give  an  account 
of  the  battle.    By  what  name  13  it  known  ?     Ans.  The  Battle  of  Long  Island. 

34.  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  masterly  retreat. 

35.  What  course  did  Washington  then  adopt  ?     Give  an  account  of  the  battle 
of  White  Plains.     To  what  objects  did  Howe  next  turn  his  attention  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.  -(Map,  p'.  29.)  Where  is  Brooklyn  ?  North  Castle  ?  Sagg 
Harbor?  Esopus  (now  Kingston)  ?  West  Point?  Tarrytown  ?  Where  was 
Fort  Washington  ?  Fort  Lee  ?  Fort  Clinton  ?  Fort  Montgomery  ? 

*  See  Appendix,  page  72,  topic  136. 


76  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1776. 

tie,  another,  under  Col.  Magaw,  at  Fort  Washington,  and 
a  third,  under  Gen.  Heath,  at  Peekskill,  Washington 
crossed  the  Hudson  and  entered  New  Jersey.  On  the 
16th  of  November,  the  British  attacked  Fort  Washington, 
and,  although  they  were  successful,  the  victory  cost  them 
£  thousand  men. 

37.  To  the  number  of  six  thousand,  with  Lord  Con* 
wallis  in  command,  they  crossed  the  Hudson,  and  took 
possession  of  Fort  Lee,  which  the  Americans  had  aban 
doned  on  their  approach.     Closely  pursued  by  Cornwallis, 
Washington  retreated  through  New  Jersey,  and,  on  the 
8th  of  December,  crossed  the  Delaware  with  his  dimin 
ished  and  disheartened  army.     Congress,  then  in  session 
at  Philadelphia,  soon  after  adjourned  to  Baltimore. 

38.  Lee,  who  had  been  urged  to  hurry  to  the  support 
of  the  main  army,  instead  of  obeying,  at  first  delayed, 
and  then  advanced  leisurely.     Having  incautiously  taken 
quarters  at  a  distance  from  his  detachment,  he  was  sur 
prised  and  taken  prisoner.     Sullivan,  who  had  been  made 
a  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  and  recently  ex 
changed,  then   promptly  conducted  the  detachment  to 
Washington's  camp. 

39.  A  feeling  of  despondency,  occasioned  by  the  many 
disasters,  prevailed  among  the  patriots.      This  was  dis 
pelled  by  a  bold  enterprise  accomplished  by  Washington. 
On  Christmas  night,  he  crossed  the  Delaware,  and  on  the 
following  morning,  Dec.  26th,  attacked  a  body  of  Hessians 
stationed  at  Trenton.     Rahl,  their  commander,  was  mor 
tally  wounded,  about  thirty  were  slain,  and  nearly  a  thou 
sand  taken  prisoners.*  The  Americans  lost  only  four  men. 

36.  Where  did  Washington  leave  detachments?   What  movement  did  he 
then  make  ?    State  what  took  place  at  Fort  Washington. 

37.  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  retreat  and  Cornwallis1!  pursuit. 
38    What  is  stated  of  Lee  ?    What  is  stated  of  Sullivan  ? 

39.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Trenton.  Where  is  Trenton?  (Map, 
p.  77.)  Princeton  ?  Morristown  ? 

»  "Understanding  that  the  brave  but  unfortunate  Rah)  was  in  a  dying  state.  Washington 
paid  him  a  vWt  before  leaving  Trenton,  accompanied  by  General  Greene.  They  found  him 
at  his  quart  t-rs  in  the  house  of  a  Quaker  family.  Their  visit,  and  the  respectful  considera 
tion  and  unaffected  sympathy  munife^ed  by  them,  evidently  soothed  the  feelings  of  the 
uiitortumUe  soldkr."— Irving' s  Life  of  Washington. 


1777.] 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 


77 


40.  Washington  recrossed  the  Delaware  with  his  pris 
oners,  but,  encouraged    by  his   success  and   finding  his 
army  strengthened  by  recent  recruits,  he  again  crossed 
the  river,  and  took  post  at  Trenton,  resolved  to  act  on 
the  offensive.     This  was  a  bold  movement,  for  the  enemy 
were  assembled  in  great  force  at  Princeton,  only  ten  miles 
distant. 

41.  EVENTS   OF    1777.  — 
Though    Washington     had 
been  joined  by  troops   un 
der    Generals    JVfifflin     and 
Cadwallader,      the      whole 
force  with  him,  on  the  1st 
of  Jan.,  1777,  did  not  exceed 
five  thousand  men.    Toward 
the  evening  of  the  2d,  Corn- 
wallis  reached  Trenton,  and 
after  making  several  unsuc 
cessful  attempts  to  cross  the 

stream  which  runs  through  the  town,  concluded  to  defer 
hostilities  till  the  morning,  feeling  sure  of  then  capturing 
Washington  and  his  entire  army. 

42.  The  position  of  the  American  army  was  critical. 
Any  attempt  to  cross  the  Delaware,  then  obstructed  by 
floating  ice,  would  undoubtedly  end  in  disaster  ;  while  to 
remain  and  risk  a  battle  with  a  force  so  much  superior  to 
his  own,  appeared  to  Washington  equally  dangerous.     In 
this  emergency  a  bold  expedient  was  adopted.     Leaving 
his  camp-fires  burning,  he  marched  by  a  circuitous  route 
toward  Frinceton,  intending  to  surprise  the  enemy  at  that 
place.* 

4O.  What  movement  did  Washington  next  make  ? 

41  .  What  force  did  he  have  at  Trenton  ?  State  what  occurred  there  on  the 
evening  of  Jan.  2,  1777. 

42.  Describe  the  situation  in  which  Washington  was  placed.  How  did  he 
extricate  himself  from  the  danger  ? 

_*  "To  deceive  the  British,  men  were  e 
relieve  guards,  and  keep  up  the  camp-fi 
army." 


CENTRAL  PART  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 


mployed  to  dig  trenches,  others  to  po  the  rounds0 
res.    At  daybreak  they  were  to  hasten  to  th« 


78  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  [1777, 

43.  At  sunrise,  January  3d,  the  van  of  his  forces  en« 
countered,  near  Princeton,  a  division  of  the  British  troopn 
already  on  their  march  to  join  Cornwallis.     At  first  the 
American  militia  gave  way ;  but  Washington  coming  up 
with  a  select  corps,  turned  the  tide  of  battle  and  routed 
the  enemy.     The  loss  of  the  British  in  killed,  wounded9 
and  prisoners,  was  about  four  hundred  men ;  that  of  the 
patriots   did    not   exceed   thirty,  but  Gen.    Mercer  was 
among  their  mortally  wounded.* 

44.  Early  in  1776  Congress  sent  Silas  Deane  to  France 
to  solicit  aid.*   Deane  was  afterward  joined  by  Dr.  Frank 
lin  and  Arthur  Lee.     Though  France  hesitated  to  extend 
the  aid  solicited,  the  Marquis   de  Lafayette  (lah-fd-ett'} 
and  other  citizens  of  that  country  acted  generously.     At 
his  own  expense,  Lafayette  fitted  out  a  vessel,  and,  in  the 
spring  of  1777,  arrived  in  America.     He  joined  the  army 
as  a  volunteer  without  pay,  but  was  soon  after  appointed 
a  major-general.     (See  App.,  p.  70,  topic  98.) 

45.  Toward  the  close  of  April,  Gen.  Try'-on,  late  royal 
governor  of  New  York,  proceeded  against  Danbury,  and 
after  destroying  the  stores  there,  burned  the  town.     On 
his  retreat  back  to  his  shipping,  he  was  harassed  by  the 
militia,  commanded  by  Generals  Wooster,  Arnold,  and 
Silliman.     His  loss,  during  the  expedition,  amounted  to 
nearly  three  hundred  men :  that  of  the  patriots  was  not 
so  large,  but  Wooster  was  among  their  slain. 

46.  Two  small  expeditions  on  the  part  of  the  Ameri 
cans  were  successful.     Col.  Meigs,  at  the  head  of  one, 
destroyed  the  British  stores  and  shipping  at    Sag    Har 
bor  ;  and  Col.  Barton,  at  the  head  of  the  other,  captured 

43.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Princeton. 

44.  What  efforts  were  made  to  secure  the  aid  of  France  ?    Success  ? 

45.  Give  an  account  of  Tryon'a  first  expedition.  Where  is  Danbury  ?   (p.  29.) 

46.  How  did  the  Americans  offset  Tryon's  wantonness  ? 

*  "His  career  as  a  general  had  been  brief,  but  long  enough  to  secure  him  a 
lasting  renown.  His  name  remains  one  of  the  consecrated  names  of  the  Revo 
lution."—  Irving's  Washington. 

t  For  Deane,  see  App.,  p.  65,  topic  44.    For  Franklin,  p.  66,  topic  53. 


1777.] 


THE  AMEEICAN  EEYOLUTION. 


Gen.  Prescott,  the  commander  at  Rhode  Island.     Pres- 
cott,  in  1778,  was  exchanged  for  Lee. 

47.  Washington's  army  was  encamped  at  Morristown 
during    the    early   part    of 

1777;  but  in  the  spring  he 
removed  to  Middlebrook. 
Howe  having  failed  to  draw 
Washington  from  this"latter 
place,  and  bring  on  an  en 
gagement,  withdrew  his 
troops  to  Staten  Island,  thus 
leaving  the  Americans  in 
complete  possession  of  New 
Jersey. 

48.  The  British  troops,  to  the  number  of  eighteen  thou 
sand  men,  then  embarked  on  board  the  fleet  of  Lord 
Howe,  and  the  vessels  put  to  sea,  leaving  Clinton  in  com 
mand  of  a  large  force  at  New  York.     The  destination  of 
the  fleet  being  unknown  to  Washington,  he  remained  for 
many  days  in  painful  uncertainty  about  it. 

49.  At  last  the  enemy's  expedition  was  heard  from. 
Their  fleet  had  sailed  up  Chesapeake  Bay,  the  troops  had 
been  landed,  and  a  march  commenced  against  Philadelphia. 
Washington  hastened  to  dispute  the  progress  of  the  Brit 
ish,  and,  with  the  main  part  of  his  army,  took  a  position 
at  Chad's  Ford,  on  Brandy  wine  Creek,  where,  on  the  lltb 
of  September,  a  battle  was  fought. 

50.  The  enemy  advanced  in  two  divisions,  and  while 
one  made  a  direct   attack   upon   the   left  wing   of  the 
Americans,  the  other  crossed  the  stream  above,  and  un« 


MAP  QUESTIONS.—  Where  is  Paoli  ?  Chad's  Ford  ?  Germantown  ?    Fort  Mer 
cer?  FortMifflin?   Red  Bank  ?  Valley  For^e  ?   Reading? 

47.  What  scheme  did  Howe  endeavor  to  carry  out  in  New  Jersey?     What 
movement  did  he  next  make? 

48.  What  further  can  you  state  of  Howe's  movements  ? 

49.  In  what  way  did  Washington  t.ry  to  save  Philadelphia? 
49,  50.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Brandywine. 


80  THE   AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  [1777. 

expectedly  fell  upon  their  right.  The  patriots  defended 
themselves  with  great  valor,  but  were  at  length  forced 
to  give  way.  The  loss  of  the  Americans,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners,  amounted  to  twelve  hundred 
men  ;  that  of  the  British  to  about  five  hundred.  Among 
the  wounded  was  Lafayette.  Pulaski  (pu-las' '-he) ,  a  Po 
lish  nobleman,  was  also  in  the  battle,  doing  brave  ser« 
vice  for  the  cause  of  liberty.  (See  p.  91,  T  880 

51.  Washington  in  vain  endeavored  to  save  Philadel 
phia.     The  two   armies  again  met,  but  a  violent  storm 
prevented  a  battle  ;   and  Gen.  Wayne  (icdne],  who  had 
been  detached  with  fifteen  hundred  men  to  hang  upon 
the  rear  of  Howe's   army,  was   attacked  at  night  near 
Paoli  (pa-o'-le),  and  defeated.     On  the  26th  Howe  entered 
Philadelphia,  but  the  main  body  of  his  army  encamped 
at  Germantown.* 

52.  Seven    or    eight    miles   below    Philadelphia,    the 
Americans  held  two  forts  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Dela 
ware,  and  thus  commanded  the  river.     Learning  that  a 
strong  detachment  of  the  British  had  left  for  their  re 
duction,  Washington  attacked   the   force   remaining    at 
Germantown,   Oct.   4th ;    but  the   patriots,   although    at 
first  successful,  were  finally  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of  a 
thousand  men. 

53.  Both  forts  were  attacked,  Oct.  22d  ; — Mercer,  by  a 
force  of  two  thousand  troops,  tinder  Count  Do'-nop  ;  and 
Mifnin,  by  a  number  of  frigates  and  other  vessels.     But 
the  assailants  were  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.      Donop 
was  mortally  wounded,  about  five  hundred  Hessians  and 
marines  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  two  large  ships  were 
destroyed. 

51.  What  next  occurred  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Paoli.    When 
did  Howe  enter  Philadelphia  ? 

52.  What  induced  Washington  to  go  against  the  enemy  at  Qermantown  ? 
Give  an  account  of  the  battle  that  followed. 

53.  What  took  place  011  the  22d  of  Oct.  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  operations. 

*  Germantown  is  now  a  part  of  Philadelphia. 

NOTE.— The  United  States  flag  was  adopted  in  July  of  this  year.    See  App.t 
p.  76,  topic  194. 


1777.]  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  81 

54.  On  the  10th  of  November  a  second  attempt  to  re 
duce  Fort  Mifflin  was  commenced.     After  a  heroic  de 
fence  of  five  days,  during  which   the  British  kept  up  a 
destructive  fire  from  a  battery  and  also  from  their  ships, 
the  garrison  evacuated   the  fort   and    crossed   to    Red 
Bank.     A  force  appearing  before  Fort  Mercer  soon  after, 
it,  too,  was  abandoned. 

55.  During  the  winter  of  1777-78,  Washington's  troops 
were  quartered  in  huts  at  Valley  Forge.     The  position, 
besides  being  easy  of  defence,  enabled  Washington  to 
watch  Howe's  movements  and  protect  his  own  military 
stores  at  Reading  (recl'-ing).     But  the  patriots  suffered 
greatly  from  insufficient  food,  clothing,  and  shelter  ;  and 
many  of  the  officers  resigned  in  consequence  of  not  re 
ceiving  their  pay.*     (Read,  also,  topic  50,  App.,  p.  06.) 

56.  BURGOYNE'S  INVASION. — During  the  early  part  of 
the  summer  of  1777,  an  army  often  thousand  men,  Brit 
ish  and  German  troops,  Canadians  and  Indians,  was  fitted 
out  in   Canada  for  the  invasion  of  the   United    States. 
The  design  of  General  Burgoyne,  the  commander  of  this 
large  force,  was  to  effect   a  junction  of  his   own   army 
with  another  from  New  York,  and  thus  cut  off  Washing 
ton's  communication  with  the  Eastern  States. 

57.  After  taking  possession  of  Crown  Point,  Burgoyne 
proceeded  to  invest  Fort  Ticonderoga,  then  garrisoned 
by  three  thousand  men  under  General  St.  Clair.       St.  Clair 
had  determined  upon  a  resolute  defence,  but  discovering, 
to  his  dismay,  that  the  enemy  had  erected  batteries  on 
Mount  Defiance,  a  rocky  height  commanding  the  fort,  he 
made  a  hasty  retreat.      (Read  topic  153,  App.,  p.  73.) 

54.  Give  an  account  of  the  next  attempt  against  Fort  Mifflin. 

55.  What  can  you  state  of  Washington's  army  during  the  winter  ? 

56.  What  invading  army  at  the  North  in  177T?    Bnrgoyne's  design? 

57.  First  movements  of  Burgoyne  ?    His  success  at  Ticonderoga  ? 

*  "  That  winter  they  lay  on  the  ground.  So  scarce  were  blankets,  that  many 
were  forced  to  sitnp  all  night  hy  their  fires.  At  one  time  more  lhan  a  thousand 
Boldiers  had  not  a  shoe  to  their  feet.  You  could  trace  their  march  hy  the  blood 
which  their  nuked  feet  left  in  the  ice."—  Theo.  Parker's  Historic  Americans. 


THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 


[1777. 


58.  The  retreating  army  crossed  over  to  Mount  Inde 
pendence,  and  took  a  road  through  the  woods  toward 

Fort  Edward,  the  headquar 
ters  of  Gen.  Schuyler,  whc 
then  commanded  the  Ameri 
can  forces  at  the  North  ;  but> 
at  Hubbardton,  the  rear  divi 
sion  was  overtaken,  on  the 
morning  of  the  7th  of  July, 
and  routed  with  considerable 
loss.  The  ammunition  and 
stores,  which  had  been  sent 
by  water,  were  also  overtaken, 
and  were  destroyed. 

59.  Schuyler,  deeming  his 
force  inadequate  to  make  a 
successful  stand  against  the 
invaders,  gradually  fell  back 
to  the  islands  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mohawk.  Burgoyne 
reached  the  head  of  Lake 
Champlain,  and  thence  his 
march  to  Fort  Edward  was 
slow  and  difficult,  owing  to 
the  impediments  which  Schuy 
ler  had  placed  in  his  way,  by 
destroying  the  bridges  and 
felling  immense  trees  across 
the  roads. 

60.  The  story  of  the  murder  of  Miss  McCrea,  about 
this  time,  excited  wide-spread  abhorrence,  and  had  the 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— Where  is  Crown  Point?  Ticonderoga?  Mt.  Defiance? 
Mt.  Independence ?  Hubbardton?  Ft.  Edward?  Bennington  ?  Stillwater? 
Albany  ?  Saratoga  ?  Into  what  river  does  the  Mohawk  flow  ? 

58.  Give  the  particulars  of  the  disasters  that  followed  St.  Clair's  retreat. 

5t>.  What  retreat  and  advance  next  took  place  ? 

60.  Relate  the  story  in  relation  to  Jane  McCrea. 


1777.]  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  83 

effect  of  greatly  increasing  the  number  of  Schuyler'a 
troops.  The  lady,  it  appeared,  had  been  captured  by 
some  Indians  attached  to  Burgoyne's  army,  during  a  visit 
she  was  making  at  the  house  of  a  friend ;  and  while  they 
were  conducting  her  to  his  camp,  she  met  her  death, 
Accounts  differ  as  to  how  she  was  killed ;  but  the  savages 
brought  her  scalp  into  Burgoyne's  camp,  and  the  opinion 
prevailed  that  they  were  her  murderers.* 

61.  Burgoyne  had  previously  sent  a  detachment  under 
Col.  St.  •  Leger   (lej'-er)    to   capture   Fort   Schuyler.     On 
reaching  the  place  and  finding  it  resolutely  defended,  St. 
Leger  determined  upon  a  siege.     While  this  was  in  pro 
gress,  Gen.  Her'-ki-mer,  in  advancing  to  the  relief  of  the 
garrison,  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  August  6th,  and  was  de 
feated,  he  being  mortally  wounded.     At  last  the  Indian 
allies  of  St.  Leger,  hearing  that  Arnold,  who  had  been 
dispatched  by  Schuyler,  was  approaching  with  a  large 
army,  fled  in  great  haste,  and  the  siege  was  consequently 
abandoned. 

62.  Burgoyne,  having  arrived  at   Fort  Edward,   and 
finding  himself  in  want  of  supplies,  sent  five   hundred 
men,  under  Col.  Baum  (bourn),  to  seize  the  stores  which 
the  Americans  had  collected  at  Benninsrton.     Baum  was 

C3 

met  near  Bennington  by  the  New  Hampshire  militia, 
under  Gen.  Stark,  and  defepted ;  and,  on  the  same  day, 
August  16th,  a  detachment  which  had  been  sent  to  the 
aid  of  Baum,  was  also  defeated.  (Topic  225,  Ap.,  p.  82.) 

63.  The  reverses  experienced  by  the  British  at  Fort 
Schuyler  and  Bennington  embarrassed  the  movements  of 
Burgoyne,  and  weakened  and  dispirited  his  army.     Just 
then,  when  the  Americans  were  in  good  force  to  confront 

61.  Give  the  particulars  of  St.  Legcr's  operations.    Where  was  Fort  Sclmy. 
ler?    (Map,  p.  38.)  By  what  name  is  Herkimer's  battle  known  ?  Ans.  O-ris'-ka-ny. 

62.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Bennington. 

63.  How  did  the  reverses  of  the  British  affect  them  ?    What  change  in  com 
manders  took  place  ? 

*  See  Appendix,  page  75,  topic  19d 


84  THE  AMERICAN   [REVOLUTION.  [1777. 

the  enemy,  General  Gates,  by  act  of  Congress,  was  ap 
pointed  to  succeed  Schuyler. 

64.  Gates  advanced  to  Bem'-is  Heights,  near  Stillwater, 
and  Burgoyne  crossed  the  Hudson.     On  the  19th  of  Sept  - 
was  fought  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater,  sometimes  called 
the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights,  in  which  Arnold  displayed 
great  bravery.     Both  parties  claimed  the  victory;  but, 
though  the  British  remained  on  the  field  of  battle,  their 
progress  toward  Albany  was  effectually  checked. 

65.  The  two  armies  remained  in  sight  of  each  other  for 
more   than   two    weeks.     Burgoyne,  in   the   mean   time, 
strengthened  his  position,  to  await  the  co-operation  of 
Clinton  from  New  York ;  but,  at  last,  despairing  of  aid 
from  that  quarter,  he  determined,  if  possible,  to  cut  his 
way  through  the  American  lines.     This  brought  on,  Oc 
tober  7th,  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater,  often  called  the 
battle  of  Saratoga.    (Read  Note  6,  end  of  Section.) 

66.  After  a  fierce  conflict  of  several  hours,  in  which  the 
loss  of  the  British  was  severe,  they  were  compelled  to 
give  way.     Arnold  again   distinguished  himself,  though 
fighting  without  any  assigned  command,  and  was  severely 
wounded.     Burgoyne  retired  to  Saratoga,  where,  finding 
himself  so  surrounded  by  the  Americans  that  all  chance 
of  retreat  was  cut  off,  and  being  without  provisions,  or> 
the  17th  of  October  he  surrendered  his  whole  army,  num* 
bering  more  than  five  thousand  men,  prisoners  of  war."' 

67.  Clinton,  in  the  mean  time,  had  ascended  the  Hudson 
as  far  as  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  and  captured 
both  forts;  but  instead  of  hastening  to  the  co-operation 
of  Burgoyne,  he  sent  an  expedition  to  devastate  the  coun- 

64.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater. 

65.  What  positions  did  the  two  armies  then  hold?    What  determination 
did  Burgoyne  at  last  form  ? 

65,  66.  Give  an  account  of  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater.  Give  an  account 
of  Eurgoync's  final  movements  and  surrender. 

67.  What  had  Clinton  been  doing  meanwhile?  What  did  the  British  do  ou 
hearing  of  Burgoyne'e  surrender  ? 


*  Eead  Note  7,  end  of  Section. 


1778.J  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  85 

try.  The  British,  on  the  northern  frontiers,  upon  hearing 
of  their  disaster  at  Saratoga,  abandoned  Ticonderoga  and 
other  forts  ;  and  Clinton's  expedition,  after  burning  Kings 
ton,  returned  to  New  York. 

68.  In  November  of  this  year  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERA 
TION  for  the  government  of  the  United  States  were  adopted 
by  Congress.     These,    however,   in    consequence   of  not 
being  ratified  by  all  the  states  till  1781,  did  not  go  into 
effect  before  that  time.      (See  Appendix,  p.  76,  topic  1 92.) 

69.  EVENTS  OF  1778. — The  success  of  the  Americans  at 
Saratoga  decided  the  negotiations  which  had  been  set  on 
foot  in  1776.     France  acknowledged  the  independence  of 
the  United  States,  and  an  alliance  was  concluded  between 
the  two  nations.     The  French  government  at  once  fitted 
out  a  squadron,  of  which    Count   D'Estaing   (des-tang1) 
was  given  the  command,  and,  about  the  middle  of  April, 
the  fleet  sailed  for  America.   (Read  topic  53,  App.,  p.  66.) 

70.  In  England  the   tidings   of  Burgoyne's  surrender 
produced  alarm ;  a  more  conciliatory  spirit  began  to  pre 
vail;  and  two  bills,  in  keeping  with  this  feeling,  were 
passed  by  Parliament.     Commissioners  were  sent  to  Amer 
ica  to  negotiate  a  restoration  of  peace ;  but  Congress  re 
fused  to  treat  with  them  until  Great  Britain  should  with 
draw  her  fleets  and  armies,  or  acknowledge  the  independ 
ence  of  the  United  States. 

71.  In  the  mean  time,  Gen.  Howe  having  resigned  his 
command,  Gen.  Clinton  was  appointed  his  successor ;  and 
the  British  government,  fearing  for  the  safety  of  their 
army  at  Philadelphia,  ordered  Clinton  to  proceed  to  New 
York.     In  July  D'Estaing  arrived  in  Delaware  Bay,  but 

68.  What  is  stated  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  ?  69.  What  effect  did 
Burgoyne's  surrender  have  in  France?  7O.  In  England  ?  How  did  Congress 
receive  the  Commissioners?  "71.  What  clianire  in  commanders?  What,  in 
structions  were  sent  to  Clinton  ?  What  escape  did  the  British  fleet  make  ? 

"Burgoyne's  reverses  at  Saratoga  Caused  much  dissatisfaction  in  England,  and  one  of 
the  poems  of  the  day  ran  thus: 

'BurRoyne,  unconscious  of  impending  fates. 
Could  cut  his  ways  through  woods,  but  not  through  Gates.' 

He  was  dismissed  from  the  British  army  for  refusing  to  return  to  America,  his  visit  to 
England  being  on  his  parole,  but  was  restored  three  years  alter."  —  R  Shelton  Mackenzie. 


86  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  [1778. 

not  in  time  to  capture  the  British  fleet,  as  Lord  Howe 
had  sailed  a  few  days  before. 

72.  On  the  18th  of  June  Clinton  evacuated  Philadel 
phia,  and  commenced  his  march  through  New  Jersey  tc 
/New  York.     The  Americans  gave  pursuit ;  and  at  Mon'"- 
mouth,    on   the    28th,    a   severely   contested   battle  was 
fought.     In  the  early  part  of  the  conflict  Lee's  division 
fell  back,  and  was  in  full   retreat  just   as  Washington 
came  up.     Lee  was  rebuked  by  the  commander-in-chief, 
and  directed  to  assist  in  further  operations  :  he  complied, 
and,  during  the  rest  of  the  battle,  displayed  both  faith 
fulness  and  courage. 

73.  Though,  at  the  close  of  the  day,  the  result  of  the 
engagement  was  indecisive,  the  advantage  was  with  the 
Americans,   and  they  slept  on  their  arms,  intending  to 
renew  the  contest  on  the  following  morning ;  but  Clin 
ton  silently  departed  before  dawn.     The  loss  of  the  Brit 
ish  in  the  battle  and  by  desertions  during  the  march, 
amounted  to  fifteen  hundred    men.     The    patriots    lost 
more  than  two  hundred,  many  of  whom  fell  from  the  ex 
cessive  heat  and  fatigue  of  the  day. 

74.  Lee's  pride  having  been  wounded  by  the  rebuke 
which  he  had  received,  he  addressed  two  disrespectful 
letters  to  Washington.     For  this  disrespect  and  his  con 
duct  on  the  battle-field,  he  was  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  be  suspended  from  command 
for  one  year.     He,  however,  never  rejoined  the  army,  but, 
just  before  the  close  of  the  war,  died  in  Philadelphia. 

75.  A  combined  attack  by  D'Estaing  and  Gen.  Sullivan 
was  planned  for  the  expulsion  of  the  British  from  Rhode 
Island,  where,  under  Gen.  Pig'-ot,  they  had  established  a 

72.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 

73.  Give  the  result  and  consequences  of  the  battle.    Where  is  Monmouth T 
(Map,  p.  43.)    Morristown  ? 

74.  What  offensive  course  did  Lee  take  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  trial  an»J 
consequences. 


1778.]  THE  AMERICAN    EE VOLUTION.  87 

military  depot.  Tempted  by  the  hope  of  a  victory, 
D'Estaing  sailed  from  Newport  to  meet  Lord  Howe,  who 
had  heard  of  Pigot's  danger  and  hastened  to  his  relief; 
but  a  furious  storm  having  disabled  the  two  fleets  just 
as  they  were  about  to  engage,  he  returned  to  Newport, 
and  soon  after  departed  for  Boston,  to  repair  his  ships. 

76.  Sullivan,  finding  himself  thus  deserted,  withdrew 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  island  ;  and,  being  followed 
by  the  enemy,  an  engagement  took  place,  August  29th, 
resulting  in  a  loss  of  over  twro  hundred  on  each  side,  and 
in  the  repulse  of  the  British.     Learning  that  a  fleet  with 
troops  was  coming  to  the  aid  of  Pigot,  Sullivan  gained 
the  mainland  just  in  time  to  avoid  being  intercepted  by 
Clinton. 

77.  An  expedition,  commanded  by  Gen.  Grey,  commit 
ted  great  destruction  at  New  Bedford  and  other  places ; 
but  no  acts  of  the  enemy  during  the  entire  war  were  con 
sidered  more  atrocious  than  those  of  which  they  were 
guilty  at  Wy-o'-ming,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  Cherry  Val 
ley,  in  New  York. 

78.  Early  in  July  a  large  force  of  tories  and  Indians, 
under  Col.  John  Butler,  entered  the  valley  of  Wyoming, 
spread  desolation  in  every  direction,  and  slaughtered  a 
body  of  the  inhabitants  who  had  marched  against  them. 
In  November  a  party  of  the  same  mixed  character  fell 
upon  the  settlement  of  Cherry  Valley,  and  killed  or  car 
ried  into  captivity  many  of  the  settlers. 

79.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  Clinton  sent  an  ex 
pedition  of  two  thousand  men  to  invade  Georgia.     Col. 


75.  What  enterprise  was  planned  for  D'Estaing  and  Sullivan  ?    Give  an  ac 
count  of  D'Estaing's  movements. 

76.  Give  an  account  of  the  land  battle  and  Sullivan's  movements.     By  what 
name  is  that  battle  known  ?     Ans.  Quaker  Hill,  or  Bait's  Hill. 

7  7.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Grey's  expedition  ? 

77.  78.  Give  an  account  of  the  u  Massacre  of  Wyoming."    Also  of  the  at 
tack  upon  Cherry  Valley.    Where  is  Wyoming?    (Map.  p.  38.)    Cherry  Valley  ? 

79.  What  expedition  was  sent  against  Georgia  ?    What  did  the  British  ac 
complish  in  Georgia  ? 


88  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  [17T9. 

Campbell,  its  commander,  proceeded  against  Savannah, 
then  defended  by  a  small  force  under  Gen.  Robert  Howe, 
and,  on  the  29th  of  December,  made  an  attack.  The 
Americans  were  defeated  with  much  loss,  and,  in  conse 
quence,  Savannah  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British,  and 
Was  retained  by  them  till  1783. 

80.  EVENTS  OF  1779. — At  the  beginning  of  1779  only- 
one  post  in  Georgia,  that  of  Suribury,  remained  in  pos 
session  of  the  Americans.     This  was  captured  on  the  9th 
of  January  by  Gen.  Pre-vost',  who  had  arrived  with  troops 
from  Florida.      Assuming   the   command  of  the  British 
forces  in  the  South,  Prevost  ordered  Campbell  to  occupy 
Augusta,  his  object  being  to  encourage  the  tories  in  that 
region  to  join  the  royal  standard. 

81.  The  tories  along  the  western  frontiers  of  the  Ca;  oli- 
nas  were  thus  induced  to  organize  themselves  into  a  body, 
with   Col.  Boyd  in   command.     They  then  marched  to. 
ward  the  Savannah,  committing   great   devastation  and 
cruelties  as  they  proceeded  ;  but,  at  Kettle  Creek,  Feb. 
14th,  they  were  attacked  by  a  force   of  Carolina  militia, 
under  Col.    Pickens,   and    utterly   defeated.      Boyd  was 
among  the  slain. 

82.  Encouraged  by  this   success,  Gen.  Lincoln,  then  in 
command  of  the  American  forces  at  the  South,  sent  Gen. 
Ashe  (ash)  to  aid  in  driving   the  enemy  from  Augusta. 
The  patriots  having    concentrated  a  force  opposite  that 
town,  Campbell  fled.      Ashe  pursued,  but  at  Brier  Creek, 
March  3d,  he  was    surprised   by  Prevost,  and   defeated, 
losing  nearly  his  whole   army  by  death,  captivity,  and 
dispersion. 

83.  Learning   that  a  body  of  British  troops  was  sta< 

80.  What  did  the  British  accomplish  in  Georgia,  in  January,  1799? 

81.  Give  an  account  of  Boyd's  operations  and  defeat. 

82.  Give  an  account  of  Ashe's  operations  and  defeat. 

83.  Of  Lincoln's  operations  and  defeat.    Of  the  disasters  at  the  Nortfc. 
WTiere  is  Stony  Point  ?    (Map,  p.  38.)    Verplanck'e  Point  ? 


1779.] 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 


89 


tioned  at  Stono  Ferry,  ten  miles  from  Charleston,  Lincoln 
determined  to  drive  the  enemy  from  a  position  so  menacing 
to  the  city.  Accordingly  the  attempt  was  made,  June  20th, 
but,  after  a  severe  engagement,  the  Americans  were  re 
pulsed.  Disaster,  too,  attended  the  patriotic  cause  at  the 
North.  Tryon  made  two  more  expeditions  against  Connec 
ticut,  and  Clinton  captured  Stony  Point  and  Verplanck's 
Point. 


84.  Washington,  desiring  to  recapture  Stony  Point, 
planned  an  attack  to  be  conducted  by  Wayne.*  At  mid- 

MAP  QUKSTIONS.— What  State  is  on  the  South  of  Virgiira?  On  the  South  of 
North  Carolina  ?  On  the  south  and  west  of  South  Carolina?  Where  is  Savan 
nah?  Smibury?  Augusta?  Monk's  Corner?  Ninety-six?  Rocky  Mount? 
Hanging  Rock?  King's  Mountain  ?  Cowpens?  Guilford  Court  House?  Wil 
mington?  Camden?  Hobkirk's  Hill  ?  Eutaw  Sprinirs  ?  Into  what  river  does 
Brier  Creek  flow  ?  Waxhaw  Creek?  Sanders  Creek?  Catawba  R.  ?  Yadkin 
R.  ?  Dan  R.  ?  

*  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  when  he  heard  of  Wayne's  achievement,  wrote  to  him  as 
follows  :  "I  do  most  sincerely  declare  that  your  assault,  on  Stony  Point  is  not 
only  the  most  brilliant,  in  my  opinion,  throughout  the  whole  course  of  the  war, 
on  either  side,  but  that  ills  the  most  brilliant  I  am  acquainted  with  in  history." 


90  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1779. 

night,  on  the  15th  of  July,  the  Americans,  in  two  columns, 
forced  their  way  into  the  fort  from  opposite  sides,  and, 
meeting  in  the  centre  of  the  works,  the  garrison  surren 
dered  at  discretion.  The  entire  loss  of  the  patriots  in  this 
brilliant  success,  achieved  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  and 
without  firing  a  gun,  was  fifteen  killed  and  eighty-three 
wounded.  The  enemy  lost  upward  of  six  hundred  in 
killed  and  prisoners. 

85.  About  a  month  after  (Aug.  19),  another  brilliant 
exploit  crowned  the  efforts  of  the  patriots.     The  British 
post  at  Paulas  (paw'Jus)  Hook,  in  New  Jersey,  opposite 
the  city  of  New  York,  was  surprised  at  night  by  Major 
Lee,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  garrison  were  made 
prisoners. 

86.  Sullivan,  who  had  been  sent  against  the  Indians 
of  Western  New  York  to  check  their  depredations  and 
avenge  the   "  Massacre  of  Wyoming,"  was   completely 
successful.     He  defeated  a  body  of  Indians  and  tones  in 
the  battle  of  the  Chemung  (she-mung),  August  29th,  and 
then  destroyed  forty  Indian  villages,  and  a  vast  amount 
of  corn,    (Read  topic  233,  App.  p.  84.) 

87.  In  September  an  obstinate  engagement  took  place 
off  the  eastern  coast  of  England,  between  a  small  squad 
ron  of  French  and  American  vessels,  commanded  by  Paul 
Jones,  and  two  British  frigates.     It  lasted  from  seven  till 
ten  at  night,  when  both  frigates  surrendered.* 

88.  D'Estaing,  as  has  been  stated,  sailed  from  Rhode 
Island  to  Boston.     Thence  he  went  to  the  Wesflndies. 
In  September,  1779,  he  appeared  before  Savannah,  and 
prepared  to  co-operate  with  Lincoln  for  the  recovery  of 


84.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Stony  Point. 
85    Of  the  exploit  at  Paulus  Hook.     Where  was  Paulus  Hook? 
86!  Give  an  account  of  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  Indians.    Where 
WasChemun<r?     (Map.  p.  38.) 

87    Of  Paul  Jones's  remarkable  naval  battle. 

88'.  Of  the  operations  and  failure  of  D'Estaing  and  Lincoln. 

*  See  Appendix,  page  09,  topic  86. 


1780.]  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  91 

the  town.  On  the  9th  of  October,  after  a  siege  of  about 
three  weeks,  a  disastrous  assault  was  made.  Among 
those  who  fell  was  the  gallant  Count  Pulaski.  (P.  80,  ^[  50.) 

89.  EVENTS  OF  1780. — The  principal  military  operations 
of  1780  were  carried  on  in  the  Carolinas.     Clinton,  witt 
a  fleet  commanded  by  Ar'-buth-not,  having  sailed  froir? 
New  York  to  the  South,  appeared  before  Charleston  in 
February,  pud,  on  the  1st  of  April,  commenced  a  regular 
siege.      The  forces  defending  the  city  were  commanded 
by  Lincoln. 

90.  While  the  siege  was  in  progress,  an  American  corps, 
stationed  at  Monk's  Corner  to  keep  open  a  communica 
tion  between  the  city  and  the  interior,  was  surprised  by 
Col.  Tarleton  (tarl'-turi)  and  put  to  flight.     On  the  12th 
of  May,  after  a  heroic  defence  of  about  forty  days,  Lincoln 
surrendered ;  and  six  thousand  prisoners  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  British.     (Read  topic  234,  App.  p.  84.) 

91.  To  complete  the  subjugation  of  South  Carolina,  as 
Clinton  contemplated,  expeditions  were  sent  into  the  inte 
rior.     One  of  these  captured  the  post  of  Ninety-Six  ;  and 
another,   commanded  by  Tarleton,   pursued   a  body   of 
troops,   under   Col.    Buford    (bu'-furd).      At   Wax'-haw 
Creek,  Tarleton  overtook  the  patriots,  and,  falling  upon 
them  impetuously,  massacred  or  maimed  nearly  every  man. 

92.  Clinton,  believing  South  Carolina  to  be  subdued, 
sailed  for  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis  to  carry  the  war 
into  North  Carolina  and  Virginia;  but  Generals  Sumter 
and  Marion  (mar'-e-un),  and  other  patriot  leaders,  by  their 
partisan  warfare,  still  kept  alive  the  spirit  of  freedom  at 
the  South.*  Though  Sumter  met  with  a  repulse  at  Rocky 

89.  How  were  the  operations  of  1780  commenced  1 

90.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Monk's  Corner. 

89,  9O.  Give  an  account  of  the  sie^e  and  surrender  of  Charleston. 

91.  What  post,  in  South  Carolina  did  the  British  then  capture?    Give  an 
account  of  Tarleton's  success  and  inhumanity. 

92.  At,  this  stage  what  course  did  Clinton  pursue  ?    What  can  you  state  ol 
the  doings  of  Sumter  and  Marion  ? 

93.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Sanders  Creek. 

*  Read  Note  8,  end  of  Se;tion — Marion's  Diuner  of  Sweet  Potatoes;  also 
topic  103,  App.,  p.  70.    For  Surnter,  see  topic  154,  App.,  p.  73. 


92  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  FITS'?, 

Mount,  yet  at  Hanging  Rock,  only  a  week  after,  he  gained 
a  decided  victory.* 

93.  On  the  16th  of  August  occurred  the  battle  of  San 
ders  Creek.     Gen.   Gates,  who   had  been   appointed  by 
Congress  to   succeed   Lincoln   in   the   command   at  the 
South,   advanced  against   the   British,  and  was  met  by 
Cornwallis  a  short  distance  from  Camden.     After  a  des 
perate  contest,  the  American  regulars,  being  deserted  by 
the  militia,  were  forced  to  retreat,  with  a  loss  of  about  a 
thousand  men.     De  Kalb,  mortally  wounded,  was  taken 
prisoner.     (See  Appendix,  p.  66,  topic  49.) 

94.  Gates's  defeat  let  loose  the  enemy  against  Sumter, 
who,  at  Fishing  Creek,  two  days  after,  was  surprised  by 
Tarleton,  and  routed  with   great  slaughter.     Believing 
South  Carolina  to  be  at  last  subdued,  Cornwallis   pro 
ceeded  to  overrun  North  Carolina,  detaching  Major  Fer 
guson  to  precede  him.     Large  numbers  01  tories  joined 
the  detachment  during  its  march.  * 

95.  The    excesses   of   which    Ferguson's   troops   were 
guilty  so    exasperated   the  inhabitants,  that   a   hastily- 
formed   force,  under   Col.   Campbell,  attacked  them   at 
King's  Mountain,  Oct.  7th,  and  killed  Ferguson  and  ona 
hundred  and  fifty  of  his  men.     The  remainder,  number 
ing  more  than  eight  hundred,  surrendered.  ^.The  loss  of 
the  Americans  was  only  twenty. 

96.  ARNOLD'S  TREASON. — The  year  1780  is  particularly 
memorable  for  the  "Treason  of  Arnold.'"     In  1778.  after 
the  British  had  evacuated  Philadelphia,  Arnold  was  put 
in  command  of  that  city.     Here  he  lived  at  an  expense 
beyond  his  income,  and,  to  meet  the  demands  of  his  cred 
itors,  appropriated  public  funds  to  his  own  use.     Charges 

94.  What  disaster  was  a  sequel  to  that  of  Sanders  Oreefc  ?  What  did  Corn 
wallis  proceed  to  do  then  ? 

94,  95.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  King's.  Mountain. 

96.  For  what  is  the  year  1780  particularly  remarkable  ?  How  was  Arnold 
'ed  to  take  the  steo  in  treason? 


See  App.,  page  70,  topic  103  (Marion) ;  also  App.,  p.  73,  topic  154  (Sumtcr> 


1780.] 


THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 


93 


were  preferred  against  him,  and,  in  conformity  with  the 
decision  of  the  court,  he  was  reprimanded  by  Washing 
ton.  He  felt  the  disgrace,  and 
determined  to  wreak  his  ven 
geance. 

\  97,  Having  secured  the  com 
mand  of  West  Point,  he  offered, 
by  means  of  a  correspondence 
which  he  had  carried  on  several 
months,  to  betray  it  into  the 
hands  of  Clinton.  Major  An'-dre, 
aid-de-camp  to  Clinton,  was  sent 
to  finish  the  plan  of  treason  and 
adjust  the  traitor's  recompense. 
Andre  proceeded  up  the  Hud 
son,  and  at  a  place  six  miles  be 
low  West .  Point,  met  Arnold, 
and  completed  the  bargain. 

98.  Instead  of  returning  by  water,  as  had  been  pre 
viously  arranged,  Andre  was  compelled  by  circumstances 
to  cross  to  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson   and  proceed  by 
land.     When  near  Tarrytown,  he  was  stopped  by  three 
militiamen,— Paulding,  Williams,  and  Van  Wart,— who 
conducted  him  to  North  Castle,  the  nearest  military  sta 
tion  of  the  Americans.    (Read  Note  9,  end  of  Section.) 

99.  The  commander  at  North  Castle,  having  no  suspi 
cion  of  Arnold's  base  design,  wrote  to  that  officer,  inform 
ing  him  of  the  arrest  of  Andre.     The  traitor,  startled  and 
alarmed  upon  reading  the  letter,  escaped  on  board  the 
British  sloop-of-war  Vulture,  the  vessel  which  had  been 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— Whpre  is  Stony  Point  ?   Verplanck's  Point  ?   West  Pcint  ? 
Tarrytown  ?  Tappan  ?    Where  was  Fort  Independence  ?  Fort  Clinton  ? 

97.  In  what  way  did  Arnold  proceed?  What  further  account  can  youpfive? 

98.  State  how  Arnold's  design  was  frustrated.    Where  is  North  Castle! 
(Map.  p.  39.) 

99.  What  act  of  stupidity  did  the  commander  at  North  Castle   commltl 
What  was  tha  consequence  ? 


94  THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  [1781. 

intended  for  Andre's  return,  and   took  refuge  in   New 
York.      (See  Appendix,  p.  62,  topic  5.) 

100.  Andre  was  conveyed  to  Tappan  (tap-pawn'),  a  vil 
lage  on  the  Avest  side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  Tarrytown, 
and  was  there  tried  by  a  court-martial,  found  guilty,  and, 
agreeably  to  the  laws  and  usages  of  nations,  executed  as 
a  spy.*  Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Brit« 
ish  service.      (See  Appendix,  p.  63,  topic  9.) 

101.  EVENTS  OF  1781,  and  to  the  beginning  of  Wash- 
ingtoii's  Administration. — During  the  winter  of  1780-1, 
great  dissatisfaction  existed   among  the  troops  of  Wash 
ington's  army,  because  they  had  not  been  paid  for  several 
months,  and  were  not  provided  with  sufficient  clothing 
and  provisions.     This  feeling  increasing  among  the  Penn 
sylvania  troops,  owing  to  a  dispute  about  the  term  of  their 
enlistment,  they  left  their  camp  at  Morristown,   on  the 
first  day  of  1781,  to  seek  redress  of  Congress. 

102.  On    the    march  toward    Philadelphia,  they  were 
overtaken    by   two    emissaries    of   Clinton,    whom    they 
seized   and  conducted  to  Gen.  Wayne,  to  be  treated  as 
spies.     At  Princeton  they  were  met  by  a  committee  of 
Congress,  who   satisfied  their  pressing  wants,  and  thus 
suppressed  the  revolt.     This  mutiny,  and  arrt)ther  among 
the  New  Jersey  troops,  which  was  speedily  quelled  by 
military  power,  quickened  Congress  to  act  for  the  relief 
of  the  army. 

103.  Taxation  was  resorted  to,  an  agent  was  sent  to 
Europe  for  aid,  and  other  measures  were  adopted.    Robert 
Morris,  who  had  been   appointed  superintendent  of  the 
national  treasury,  was  very  active  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties;  and,  by  the. financial  aid  which  he  rendered,  en- 

100.  What  further  can  you  state  of  Andre  and  Arnold? 

101.  What  alarming  event  marked  the  opening  of  1781? 

102.  Give  an  account  of  the  mutiny.     Of  a  second  mutiny,  and  what  fol 
lowed.    Where  is  Morristown?     (Map,  p.  77.)     Princeton? 

103.  State  what  measures  were  adopted  by  Congress. 

*  Rend,  in  connection  with  the  arrest  and  execution  of  Andre,  the  case  of 
Nathan  Hale,  for  which  Bee  topic  66,  App.,  p.  67. 


1781.]  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  95 

abled  Congress  to  prosecute  the  war.  Upon  his  recom 
mendation  the  Bank  of  North  America  was  established  at 
a  later  period,  and  this  institution  proved  of  great  service 
during  the  rest  of  the  contest. 

104.  Gates,  in  consequence   of  his  defeat   at   Sanders 
Creek,  was  superseded  in  the  command  by  Gen.  Greene, 
who  at  once  sent  Gen.  Morgan  to  check  the  devastations 
<of  the  British  in  South  Carolina.     At  the  Cow'-pens,  on  the 
1 7th  of  January,  Tarleton  overtook  Morgan ;  but,  after  a 
severe  battle,  the  British  were  completely  routed,  losing 
about  eight  hundred  men,  while  the  loss  of  the  Americans 
did  not  exceed  eighty.    (Read  topic  60,  App.,  p.  67.) 

105.  Morgan,  after  his  victory,  hurried  off  in  a  north 
easterly  direction  ;  and  Cornwallis,  on  hearing  of  Tarle- 
ton's  defeat,  started  in  pursuit,  and  reached  the  Ca-taw'- 
ba,   at  evening,  on  the   29th,  just  two  hours  after  the 
Americans  had  forded  the  river.     He  halted,  intending 
to  cross  in  the  morning,  but,  during  the  night,  a  heavy 
rain  set  in,  and,  by  daybreak,  the  stream  was  so  swollen 
as  to  be  impassable.     (Read  topic  110,  App.,  p.  71.) 

106.  Here,  on  the   east   side  of  the  Catawba,  Greene 
came  to  the  aid  of  Morgan,  and,  taking  the  command, 
continued  the  retreat.     At  the  Yad'-kin  the  Americans 
were  again  favored  by  a  rain-storm ;  and,  after  they  crossed 
the  Dan,  Cornwallis  gave  up  the  pursuit. 

107.  In  a  few  days   Greene    recrossed    the  Dan  into 
North    Carolina.     Receiving    re-enforcement,  which    in 
creased  his  army  to  over  four  thousand  men,  he  no  longer 
avoided  a  battle.     At  Guilford  (ghil'-fard]  Court  House, 
where  he  had  taken  a  position,  he  was  attacked  on  the 
15th  of  March.     The  result,  though  unfavorable  to  the 

104.  What  was  the  consequence  to  Gates  of  his  defeat  at  Sanders  Creek? 
Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  the  Cowpcns. 

105,  1O6.  Give  an  account  of  the  memorable  retreat  and  pursuit  through 
North  Carolina. 

1O7.  What  movement  and  battle  soon  after  took  place  ?     Give  an  account, 
of  the  battle  and  its  consequences.     " 


96  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  [1781 


Americans,  left  Cornwallis  in  such  a  disabled  condition 
that,  three  days  after,  he  retreated  from  the  field  of  vic 
tory,  taking  the  road  to  Wilmington.  (Note  6,  end  of  Sec.) 

108.  Greene  rallied  his  forces,  and  for  several  days  pur 
sued  Cornwallis ;  but  not  being  able  to  overtake  him,  ad 
vanced  into  South  Carolina  to  attack  the  enemy  at  Can> 
den.     At  Hobkirk's  Hill,  two  miles  from  that  place,  Lord 
Kawdon  partly  surprised  him  on  the  25th  of  April.     The 
struggle  was  waged  with  varied  fortune,  but  at  length  a 
regiment  of  the  Americans  breaking,   the  patriots  were 
forced  to  retreat.    (For  Greene,  read  top.  64,  App.,  p.  67.) 

109.  The  battle  of  Eutaw  (ii'-taw)  Springs,  fought  on 
the  8th  of  September,  between  Greene  and  Stuart,  closed 
the  contest  in  the  Carolinas.     This  was  a  desperate  en 
gagement,  and  at  one  time  victory  seemed  certain  for  the 
Americans  ;  but  the  British  rallying,  Greene  drew  off  his 
troops,  taking  with  him  about  five  hundred  prisoners. 

110.  Cornwallis  proceeded  from  Wilmington  to  Vir 
ginia,  where,  during  the  summer,  his  operations  were  very 
distressing  to  the  patriotic  inhabitants.      To  Lafayette 
was  intrusted  the  defence  of  Virginia,  but,  owing  to  the 
inferiority  of  his  force,  he  was  not  able  to  make  a  stand 
against  the  enemy.     In  August,  Cornwallis  concentrated 
his  forces  at  Yorktown,  and  at  once  began  to  strengthen 
his  position  by  fortifications. 

111.  In  the  mean  time  Washington  had  made  prepara 
tions  by  which  a  large  force  of  French  troops,  co-operating 
with  another  of  Americans,  was  to  make  an  attack  for 
the  recovery  of  New  York.     On  learning,  however,  that 

108.  What  bold  movement  did  Greene  then  make  ?    Give  an  account  of  th« 
battle  of  Ilobklrk's  Hill. 

109.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs. 

110.  What  movement  did  Cornwallis  make   after  leaving  "Wilmington? 
What  is  paid  of  Lafayette's  eflbrts  ?     What  position  did  Cornwallis  finally  Be- 
Ject  and  fortify  ?    Where  is  Yorktown  ?    (Map,  p.  126.)  Into  what  water  does  the 
James  River  flow  ?    The  York  River  ? 

111.  What  extensive  preparations  had  Washington  in  the  mean  time  made  T 
Why  did  he  alter  his  design  f  ,, 


1781.]  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  97 

a  PVench  fleet  would  soon  arrive  in  the  Chesapeake, 
Washington  was  induced  to  change  his  design,  and  pro 
ceed  against  Cornwallis. 

112.  But  while  continuing  preparations,  as  if  against 
Clinton  at   New  York,  Washington  actually  began  his 
march  for  Yorktown  ;   consequently,  before   Clinton  be 
came  aware  of  the  real  intentions  of  the  American  com 
mander,  the  French  and  American  troops  were  well  on 
their  way  to  Virginia. 

113.  It  being  too  late  to  adopt  any  direct  measures  for 
the  aid  of  Cornwallis,  Clinton  under 
took  to  recall  Washington,  by  hurry 
ing  off  an   expedition   under  Arnold 

against  New  London.     Fort  Griswold 

made  a  brave  defence,  but  was  finally 

carried  by  assault.     Col.  Led'-yard,  its 

commander,   was   murdered  with   his        NEW 

own  sword,  after  yielding  it  up,  and  VICINITY. 

many  of  the  garrison  were  also  slaughtered.     The  town 

was  reduced  to  ashes.     (Read  topic  9,  App.,  p.  63.) 

114.  Arnold's  expedition  failed  to  recall  Washington, 
and  Yorktown  was  soon  invested  with  a  large  land  force, 
while  the  French  fleet,  commanded  by  Count  de  Grasse 
(gras),  blockaded  the  York  and  James  rivers.     On  the 
9th  of  October,  the  allied  armies  commenced  a  cannonade 
so  heavy  that  in  a  day  or  two  most  of  the  works  of  the 
British  were  demolished.     At  length,  on  the  19th,  finding 
his  position  untenable,  and  seeing  no  prospect  of  relief, 
Cornwallis  surrendered  the  place,  with  more  than  seven 
thousand  soldiers,  to  Washington,  and  his  shipping  and 
seamen  to  De  Grasse.    (Read  Note  13,  end  of  Sec.) 

115.  The  surrender  of  Cornwallis  caused  great  rejoicing 

112.  State  how  Clinton  became  deceived. 

113.  What  counterplot  did  Cornwallis  adopt  ?    How  did  Arnold  execute  the 
part  a?«isncd  him  ? 

114.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  and  surrender  of  Yorktown. 


98  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  F1782. 

throughout  the  United  States,  being  considered  a  death 
blow  to  the  war.  In  England,  public  opinion,  in  conse 
quence,  became  so  decidedly  opposed  to  the  further  pros 
ecution  of  hostilities,  that  negotiations  were  entered  into 
for  the  establishment  of  peace. 

116.  On  the  30th  of  November,  1782,  a  preliminary 
treaty  was  signed  at  Paris  by  commissioners  from  the  two 
governments,  those  from  the  United  States  being  John 
Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Jay,  and  Henry  Laurens. 
On  the  19th  of  April,  1783,  a  cessation  of  hostilities  was 
proclaimed  in  the  American  army ;  and  on  the  3d  of  Sep 
tember  following,  a  definitive  treaty  was  signed  at  Paris. 

117.  By  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  Great  Britain  acknow 
ledged  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
boundaries  were  fixed  at  the  great  lakes  on  the  north  and 
the  Mississippi  on  the  west.     She  also  conceded  the  right 
to  fish  on  the  Banks  of  NewfoundLand.     Florida  was  re 
turned  to  Spain.     (See  Appendix,  p.  66,  topic  54.) 

118.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  government  was  una 
ble  to  meet  the  just  claims  of  its  creditors,  and  the  conse 
quence  was  general  discontent,  particularly  among  the 
officers  and  privates  of  the  army.     Through  the  influence 
of  Washington  the  ill-feeling  among  the  troops  was  al 
layed  ;  and  Congress  afterward  granted  five  years'  whole 
pay  to  the  officers,  instead  of,  as  by  resolution  passed  in 
1780,  half-pay  for   life.     Four   months'  whole   pay  was 
granted  to  the  privates.     (Read  Note  14,  end  of  Section.) 

119.  By  order  of  Congress,  the  army  was  disbanded  on 
the   3d  of  November,  1783.     On  the   25th  of  the  same 
month  New  York  was  evacuated  by  the  British ;  and  in 
December  following,  Washington,  "  with  a  heart  full  of 

115.  What  was  the  effect  in  America  and  England  ? 

116.  What  pteps  were  taken  for  the  establishment  of  peace  ? 

117.  What  terms  of  the  treaty  are  mentioned  ? 

118.  In  what  condition  did  the  close  of  the  war  find  the  national  finances  ? 
How  were  the  troubles  with  the  army  healed  ? 

NOTE.— For  Franklin,  see  Appendix,  page  66,  topic  53. 


Progressive  IVEap,  No. 


87        Longitude     82  from  Greenwich  77 


AT 


COUNTRY 

EAST  OF  THE'  MISSISSIPPI 

THE  CLOSE^REVOLUTION 


Longitude  10      from  Washington         5 


1787.]  THE  AMERICAN   REVOLUTION.  99 

love  and  gratitude,"  took  leave  of  his  officers  at  that  city. 
He  then  repaired  to  An-nap'-o-lis ;  and  there,  on  the  23d 
of  December,  in  a  simple  and  impressive  address,  resigned 
to  Congress  his  commission  as  commander-in-chief.  On 
the  following  day  he  reached  his  home  at  Mount  Vernon  * 

120.  It  was  found  that,  by  the  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDER 
ATION*,  under  which  the  United  States  had  existed  since 
1781,  Congress  had  no  power  to  raise  money  and  pay  the 
debts  incurred  by  the  war.     The  individual  States  were 
therefore  called  upon  for  funds ;  but  their  efforts  to  raise 
them  by  direct  taxation  produced  great  opposition,  espcr 
cially  in  Massachusetts,  where  it  grew  to  an  open  insur-. 
rection,  known  as  Shays's  Rebellion.      This,  however,  was 
suppressed  in  1787.     (See  Appendix,  p.  76,  topic  192.) 

121.  This  rebellion  and  other  causes  convinced  the  peo 
ple  that  a  more  powerful  general  government  was  needed. 
Accordingly,  a  national  convention   was  held    at    Phila 
delphia,   with   Washington  as  president,  and   after  four 
months'  deliberation,  the  Constitution  was  adopted,  Sep- 
iember  17th,  1787.     After  being  ratified  by  the  requisite 
number  of  States,  though  not  without  great  opposition,  it 
went  into  operation  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789.  f 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1765.  Parliament  passed  the  Stamp  Act March  8. 

The  Colonial  Congress  met  in  New  York Oct.  7. 

17G6.  Parliament  repealed  the  Stamp  Act March  18. 

U767.  A  bill  taxing  tea,  glass,  paper,  etc.,  was  passed June  29. 

1768.  A  body  of  British  troops  arrived  at  Boston Sept.  27. 

1770.  Affray,  known  as  the  "  Boston  Massacre,"  occurred .  March  5. 


119.  Name  some  of  the  closing  scenes  of  the  war.     To  what  place  did 
VV  ashington  then  go  ?    Where  is  Mount  Vernon  ?    (Map.  p.  126.)  Annapolis  ? 

120.  Peace  bein.?  established,  what  embarrassments  beset  Congress  ?    What 
measure  for  relief  was  adopted  ?     Give  an  account  of  Shays's  Rebellion. 

121.  To  what  conviction  did  Shays's  rebellion  and  other  causes  lead  ?    State 
what  followed. 

*  Read  Note  10,  end  of  Section. 

t  See  Appendix,  page  9  •  ^nd  uote,  Appendix.  oa«e  11.   Read,  also,  Notes  15  and  16,  end  of 
Section. 


100  THE  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 

1773.  The  tea  in  Boston  harbor  was  thrown  overboard Dec.  16. 

1774.  The  Boston  Port  Bill  was  passed  by  Parliament. .  .March  31. 
The  First  Continental  Congress  met  in  Philadelphia. .  Sept.  5. 

1775.  The  war  commenced  with  the  battle  of  Lexington.  .April  19. 

Allen  and  Arnold  captured  Ticonderoga May  10. 

Washington  was  elected  commander-in-chief June  15. 

The  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  occurred June  17. 

Montreal  surrendered  to  Montgomery Nov.  13. 

Montgomery  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Quebec Dec.  31. 

1776.  Boston  was  evacuated  by  the  British  troops March  17. 

The  British  were  repulsed  at  Ft.  Moultrie,  Charleston  .June  28. 
Congress  adopted  the  Declaration  of  Independence. .  .July  4. 

The  Americans  were  defeated  on  Long  Island Aug.  27. 

Washington  was  defeated  at  White  Plains Oct.  28. 

The  British  captured  Fort  Washington Nov.  16. 

Washington  took  a  thousand  prisoners  at  Trenton. . .  Dec.  26. 

1777.  Washington  gained  a  victory  at  Princeton Jan.  3. 

Tryon  made  an  expedition  against  Connecticut April  26. 

Meigs  destroyed  British  property  at  Sag    Harbor May  23. 

Burgoyne  commenced  his  invasion  of  New  York.. .  .June  16. 

Ticonderoga  fell  into  the  hands  of  Burgoyne July  5. 

The  Americans  were  defeated  at  Hubbardton July  7. 

Prescott  was  captured  by  Barton  at  Rhode  Island. .  .July  10. 

Fort  Schuyler  was  besieged  by  St.  Leger Aug.  3. 

Herkimer  was  defeated  at  Oriskany Aug.  6. 

Stark  defeated  Baum  at  Bennington Aug.  16. 

Howe  defeated  Washington  at  Brandy  wine Sept.  11. 

The  battle  of  Bemis  Heights  was  fought Sept.  19. 

Grey  defeated  Wayne  at  Paoli Sept.  20. 

Howe  took  possession  of  Philadelphia Sept.  26. 

The  British  repulsed  the  Americans  at  Germantown . .  Oct.  4. 
The  British  captured  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery. .  Oct.  6. 

The  battle  of  Saratoga  was  fought Oct.  7. 

Burgoyne  surrendered  his  army  to  Gates Oct.  17. 

The  British  were  repulsed  at  Fts.  Mercer  and  Mifflin .  Oct.  22. 
Am.  army  went  into  winter-quarters  at  Valley  Forge. Dec.  11. 

1778.  France  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  LT.  S. .  .Feb.  6. 
The  British,  under  Clinton,  evacuated  Philadelphia  June  18. 

Washington  defeated  Clinton  at  Monmoutli June  28. 

The  battle  and  massacre  at  Wyoming  occurred July  3,  4. 

Sullivan  defeated  the  British  at  Quaker  Hill,  R.  I.. .  .Aug.  29. 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  101 

1778.  Tories  and  Indians  massacred  people  at  Cherry  V'y  Nov.  11 
Campbell  captured  Savannah Dec.  29. 

1779.  The  British,  under  Prevost,  captured  Sunbury Jan.  9 

Pickens  defeated  Boyd  at  Kettle  Creek Feb.  14. 

Prevost  surprised  and  defeated  Ashe  at  Brier  Creek .  March  3 

The  British  repulsed  Lincoln  at  Stono  Ferry June  20, 

The  Americans,  under  Wayne,  captured  Stony  Point.  July  15. 
The  British  garrison  at  Paulus  Hook  was  captured.  .Aug.  19. 
Sullivan  made  an  expedition  against  the  Indians .  Aug.,  Sept 
Paul  Jones  gained  a  victory  off  the  coast  of  England.  Sept.  23. 
D'Estaing  and  Lincoln  were  reoulsed  at  Savannah Oct.  9. 

1780.  Charleston  was  besieged  by  the  British April  and  May. 

Tarleton  defeated  the  Americans  at  Monk's  Corner. April  14. 

Lincoln  surrendered  Charleston  to  Clinton May  12. 

Tarleton  defeated  Buford  at  Waxhaw  Creek May  29. 

Cornwallis  defeated  Gates  at  Sanders  Creek Aug.  16. 

Tarletcn  routed  Sumter  at  Fishing  Creek Aug.  18. 

Arnold  plotted  to  betray  West  Point  to  the  British. 

Andre  was  executed  as  a  spy,  at  Tappan Oct.  2. 

Ferguson  was  defeated  and  slain  at  King's  Mt Oct.  7. 

1781.  The  Pennsylvania  troops  revolted Jan.  1. 

Morgan  defeated  Tarleton  at  the  Cowpens Jan.  17. 

The  New  Jersey  troops  revolted Jan.  18. 

Cornwallis  pursued  Morgan  and  Greene Jan.,  Feb. 

The  Articles  of  Confederation  were  ratified  by  the  States. 

Cornwallis  defeated  Greene  at  Guilford  C.  H March  15. 

Rawdon  defeated  Greene  at  Hobkirk's  Hill April  25. 

Arnold  made  an  expedition  against  New  London Sept.  6. 

The  battle  and  massacre  at  Ft.  Griswold  occurred Sept.  6. 

The  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs  was  fought Sept.  8. 

Yorktown  was  besieged  by  Americans  and  French . .  Sept.  30. 
Cornwallis  surrendered  at  Yorktown Oct.  19. 

1782.  A  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris. .  .Nov.  30. 

1783.  Savannah  was  evacuated  by  the  British July  11. 

A  definitive  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris Sept.  3. 

The  American  army  was  disbanded Nov.  3. 

New  York  was  evacuated  by  the  British Nov.  25. 

Charleston  was  evacuated  by  the  British Dec.  14. 

Washington  resigned  his  commission  to  Congress. .  .Dec.  23 

1787,  Shays's  Rebellion  occurred  in  Massachusetts. 

Convention  at  Philadelphia  adopted  Const,  of  U.  S. .  Sept.  17, 


102 


PRINCIPAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 

•  The  asterisk  indicates  the  successful  party,     t  Doubtful. 


DATES. 

BATTLES. 

COMMANDERS. 

HEN    ENGAGED. 

American. 

British. 

Am'ncn  I  British. 

1775. 
April  19, 
June  17, 
Dec.  81, 

Lexington  
Bunker  Hill  
Quebec  

Parker  
Prescott  
Montgomery.. 

Smith* 

unknwn 
1.500 
900 

1,700 
8,000 
1,200 

Gen.  Howe*.. 
Carle-ton*  

June  23, 
Aug.  27, 
Oct.  28, 
Nov.  16, 
Dec.  26, 
1777. 
Jan.  3, 
July  7, 
Aug.  6, 
Aug.  16, 
Sept.  11, 
Sept.  19, 
Sept  20, 
Out  4, 

Oct.  6,   | 
Oct7, 
Oct.  22,  | 

Nov.  16, 
1778. 
June  28, 
July  3, 
Aug.  29, 
Dec.  29, 
1779. 
Feb.  14, 
March  3, 
June  20, 
July  15,- 
Aug.  13, 
19, 
Aug.  29, 
Sept.  23, 
Oct.  9, 
1780. 
April  14, 
Mav  12, 
May  29, 
June  23, 
July  30, 
Aug.  6, 
Aug.  16, 
Aug.  18, 
Oct.  7, 
1781. 
Jan.  17, 
M'arch  15, 
April  25, 
Sept.  6, 
Sept.  8, 
Oct  19, 

Fort  Moultrie  

Moultrie*  .... 
Putnam  
McDougall  ... 
Magaw  

Washington*.  . 

Parker  
Gen.  Howe*.. 
Leslie*  
Gen.  Howe*.. 
Kaiil  

400 
6,000 
1,6(»0 
3.000 
2.400 

4,000 
20,000 
2.000 
5,000 
1,000 

Long  Island  
White  Plains  
Fort  Washington... 
Trenton  

Princeton  .  ... 

Washington*.. 
Warner 

Mawhood  
Fraser* 

3,000 
700 
1,000 
2,000 
11.000 
2,500 
1,500 
11,000 

600 

8,000 
450 
400 
400 

1,800 
1,200 
1,500 
1,200 
18,000 
8.000 
3,000 
15,000 

8,000 

4,500 
2,000 
Mixed. 
Mixed. 

Oriskanyt  

Herkimer      .. 
Stark* 

St.  Leger  
Bauin  .  ... 

Brandyvine  
Bemis  Heights. 

Washington... 
Gates* 

Gen.  Howe*  .  . 
Burgoyne  
Grey*. 

Paoli 

Wayne  
Washington... 
Jas.  Clinton.  ( 
Gov.  Clinton  f 
Gates*  

Germantown  
Fort  Clinton  
Fort  Montgomery.  . 

Gen.  Howe*.. 
Sir  II.  Clinton* 

Burgoyne  
Doiiop  
Gen.  Howe.  .  . 
Gen.  Howe*.. 

Fort  Mercer  
FortMifflin  
FortMifflin 

Col.  Greene*.  . 
Col.  Smith*  .. 
Major  Thayer. 

Washington*  . 
Col.  Z.  Butler. 
Sullivan*  
Robert  Howe. 

12,000 
400 
5,000 
900 

11,000 
1,100 
5,000 
2,000 

Wyoming  

Jo  lin  Butler*  . 
Pigot  
Campbell*  

Rhode  Island  
Savannah  

Kettle  Creek  
Brier  Creek 

Pickens*  . 
Ashe     ... 

Boyd  
Pr.evost*  
Maitland*  
Johnson  •  
McLean* 

300 
1,200 
800 
1,200 
900 
350 
4,000 
squadr'n 
4,500 

300 
8,700 
400 
8,000 
600 
600 
8,000 
700 
900 

700 
1,800 
1,200 
600 
3,000 
250 
1,500 
2  vessels 
2,900 

Stono  Ferry  

Lincoln  
Wayne*  
Lovell 

Stony  Point  

Paulas  Hook  

Major  Leo*  .  .  . 
Sullivan*  . 

Sutherland  .. 
Brant        

Flauiboro1  Head  .  .  . 
Savannah  

Paul  Jones*... 
Lincoln  

Pearson  
Prevost*  

Monk's  Corner  

linger  
Lincoln 

Tarleton*  
Ciinton* 

600 
9,000 
700 
5,000 
500 
500 
2,200 
350 
1,100 

Waxhaw  

Springfield,  N.  J... 
Rocky  Mount  
Hanging  Rock  
Sanders  Creek  
Fishing  Creek  
King's  Mountain..  . 

Buford  
Greene*  
Sumter  .-. 
Sumter*  
Gates 

Tarleton*  
Knvphausen.. 
Turnbull*  
Brown 

Cornwallis*... 
Tarleton*  .... 

Campbell*  

Ferguson  

Cowpens  
Guiiford  C.  H  
Hobkirk's  Hill  
Fort  Griswold  
Eutaw  Springs!  
Yorktown  

Morgan*  
Greene  
Greene  
Ledyard  
Greene  
Washington*.  . 

Tarleton  
Cornwallis'... 
Rawdori*  
Eyre*  
Stuart  
Cornwullis  

900 
4,400 
1,200 
150 
2,000 
16,000 

1,100 
2,400 
900 
800 
2,800 
7,500 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  103 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1.  What  principle  of  taxation  did  the  colonists  contend  for  ? „ . .  65,  67 

2.  Of  what  British  legislation  did  the  colonists  first  complain  ? 65 

3.  Give  the  history  of  the  Stamp  Act 66 

4.  Give  the  history  of  the  next  measure  of  Parliament 66,  67 

5.  State  all  you  can  of  the  tea  tax,  and  the  "  Tea  Party" 66, 67 

6.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  the  Boston  Port  Bill 67,  68 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  military  operations  of  April,  1775 68,  69 

8.  What  ten  important  events  occurred  from  1765  to  1775  ? 99,  100 

9.  Give  an  account  of  the  taking  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point 69 

10.  What  occurred  in  and  near  Boston  in  June,  1775  ? 69,  70 

11.  What  three  Congresses  had  previously  met  ? 66,  68,  71 

12.  What  did  the  first  congress  accomplish  ? 66 

13.  What  was  accomplished  by  the  Congress  of  1774 ? 68 

14.  What  measures  did  the  Congress  of  1775  adopt  ? 71 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  of  Canada,  in  1775 71,  72 

16.  Give  an  account  of  two  battles  before  Quebec 62,  72 

17.  Name,  in  order,  six  important  events  of  1775 100 

18.  Write  an  account  of  Washington  previous  to  1776 50,  55,  56,  57,  60,  71 

19.  Describe  three  battles  of  1775 68,  69,  70,  72,  102 

20.  What  were  the  first  important  operations  of  1776  ? 72,  73 

21.  Give  an  account  of  Parker's  southward  movements 73 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  attack  upon  Fort  Moultrie 73,  74 

23.  How  is  Fort  Moultrie  situated  ?    (Map,  p.  73.) 

24-  How  many  colonies  united  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence?  Ans.  13. 

25.  Name  them  in  the  order  of  their  colonization.    (See  table,  end  of  History.) 

26.  What  preparations  did  Howe  make  to  capture  Washington's  army  ?. . .        74 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Long  Island 75 

28.  What  movements  did  Washington  make  from  August  27  to  Dec.  8  ? . . .  75,  76 

29.  How  did  the  Americans  lose  Forts  Washington  and  Lee  ? 76 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  December,  1776 76 

31.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  seven  events  of  1776 100 

32.  Name  five  battles  that  occurred  in  1776 102 

33.  Give  the  dates  of  their  occurrence  and  other  particulars 102 

34.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  January,  1777 77,  78 

35.  What  aid  did  Lafayette  extend  to  the  patriots  ? 78 

36.  Give  an  account  of  Tryon's  three  expeditions 78,  89 

37.  What  were  the  successes  of  Meigs  and  Barton  ? 78,  79 

38.  What  army  movements  were  made  in  the  early  part  of  1777  ? 79 

39.  What  movements  by  land  and  water  did  Gen.  Howe  make  ?  79 

40.  What  courses  and  on  what  waters  did  Gen.  Howe  sail  ?    53 

41.  What  four  important  events  occurred  in  September,  1777  ? 100 

42.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Brandy  v  'ne  79,  80, 102 

43.  What  were  the  consequences  of  the  battle  ? 80 

44.  Name  five  important  events  that  occurred  in  October,  1777 102 

45.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Germantown 80,  103 

46.  Describe  the  two  attacks  upon  Forts  Mercer  and  Mifllin .   80,  81 

47.  What  is  stated  in  connection  with  Valley  Forge  ? 81 

48.  What  invading  force  did  Burgoyne  command  ? , 81 


104  REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 


PA&B 

49.  What  plan  of  operations  did  Burgoyne  have  ? 81 

50.  What  were  his  first  two  successes  ? 81 

51.  What  two  disasters  next  befell  the  patriots  ? 82 

52.  What  retreating  movement  did  Schuyler  make  ? 82 

53.  Give  an  account  of  Burgoyne1  s  march  to  Fort  Edward 82 

54.  Give  a  full  account  of  St.  Leger's  operations 83,102 

55.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Bennington 83, 102 

56.  What  were  the  consequences  of  the  British  reverses  ? 83,  85 

67.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights 84, 102 

58.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Saratoga 84, 102 

59.  What  did  Clinton  do  up  the  Hudson  river  ? 84,  85 

60.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  twenty  events  of  1777 100 

61.  On  what  mission  were  Deane,  Franklin,  and  Lee  sent  ? 78 

62.  What  success  did  they  meet  with  ? 78,  85 

63.  What  were  the  other  consequences  of  Burgoyne's  surrender  ? 85 

64.  Give  an  account  of  D'Estaing's  operations  in  America 85,  86,  87,  90,  91 

65.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Monmouth 86, 102 

66.  Give  the  history  of  General  Lee 73,  75,  76,  86 

67.  Of  the  attempt  to  drive  the  British  from  Rhode  Island 86,  87 

68.  Of  the  massacres  at  Wyoming  and  Cherry  Valley 87 

69.  How  were  the  massacres  subsequently  avenged  ? 90 

70.  Give  the  history  of  Savannah 48,  87,  88,  90,  91, 101 

71.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  seven  important  events  of  1778 100, 101 

72.  What  were  the  events  preceding  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek  ? 88 

73.  What  occurred  at  the  South  in  January  and  February,  1779  ? 88 

74.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  Battle  of  Brier  Creek 88, 102 

75.  What  disasters  befell  the  Americans  in  S.  Carolina  and  Connecticut  ? . .  88,  89 

76.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Stony  Point 89,  90, 102 

77.  Give  a  full  account  of  Paul  Jones's  victory 90,102 

78.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  nine  important  events  of  1780 101 

79.  Give  an  account  of  Clinton's  siege  and  capture  of  Charleston 91 

80.  What  events  followed  the  loss  of  Charleston  ? 91 

81.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Sanders  Creek 92, 102 

82.  Give  an  account  of  Ferguson's  expedition 92, 102 

83.  Give  a  full  history  of  Arnold's  treason 92,  93,  94 

84.  Give  the  history  of  Arnold 69,  71,  72,  78,  83,  84,  92,  93,  94,  97 

85.  Give  an  account  of  two  mutinies  that  occurred  in  the  army 94 

86.  Of  the  measures  adopted  in  consequence 94,  95 

87.  Of  change  in  commanders  and  of  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens 95 

88.  Of  the  retreat  conducted  by  Morgan  and  Greene 95 

89.  Of  Greene's  subsequent  movements 95,  96 

90.  Of  Cornwallis's  movements  from  Ilobkirk's  Hill  to  Yorktown . .        96 

91.  Of  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  surrender  of  Cornwallis 96,  97 

92.  Of  the  consequences  of  Cornwallis's  surrender 97,  98 

93.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  the  important  events  of  1781 101 

94.  Give  the  history  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation 85,  99 

95.  What  was  the  origin  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ? 99 

96.  What  battles  of  the  Revolution  were  fought  in  Virginia  ? 103 

97.  Name  twelve  battles  that  occurred  in  the  State  of  New  York 103 

98.  Name  five  battles  that  were  fought  in  New  Jersey 109 


NOTES.  104a 

1.  Retreat  of  the   British  from  Concord  and  Lexington 

(p.  69,  IT  16)- — "  An  old,  gray-headed  man  of  Woburii  figures  iu  the  stories  of  tb« 
time,  who  rode  a  fine  white  horse  after  the  flying  troops,  and,  dismounting 
within  gunshot,  would  send  his  sure  bullet  to  the  mark.  When  he  fired,  some 
one  fell.  They  came  to  cry,  at  sight  of  him,  '  Look  out,  there  is  the  man  on  the 
white  horse.'  Even  the  multitudes  of  the  old  and  infirm,  of  women  and  children, 
looking  down  from  the  hillsides,  were  transformed,  in  the  frightened  imagination 
of  the  retreating  troops,  into  hosts  of  armed  men  threatening  their  extinction. 
Amid  the  unknown  terrors  which  beset  these  strangers  in  a  strange  laud,  with 
lurking  foes  on  every  side,  with  all  the  country  pouring  its  forces  against  them, 
it  is  hardly  strange  that  they  lost  hope  and  daring,  and  fled  in  terror.  The 
officers  went  in  front,  and  threatened  with  death  every  man  who  advanced.  But 
nothing  could  have  averted  surrender  or  utter  destruction  but  the  timely  arrival 
of  the  re-enforcement  which  had  been  sent  for.  These  formed  a  hollow  square 
at  Lexington,  and  received  the  weary,  affrighted  men.  'They  were  so  much 
exhausted  with  fatigue,'  says  a  British  historian,  '  that  they  were  obliged  to  lie 
down  for  rest  on  the  ground,  their  tongues  hanging  out  of  their  mouths  like  dogg 
after  a  chase.'  " — Rev.  Alex.  McKenzie. 

2.  Deatli  of  Warren  (p.  70,  IT  21).— "After  meeting  with  the  Committee 
of  Safety,  he  armed  himself  and  went  to  Charlestown.    A  short  time  before  the 
action  commenced,  he  was  seen  in  conversation  with  General  Putnam,  at  the  rail 
fence  (near  the  foot  of  Breed's  Hill),  who  offered  to  receive  his  orders.     General 
"Warren  declined  to  give  any,  but  asked  where  he  could  be  most  useful.     Putnam 
directed  him  to  the  redoubt,  remarking  that '  there  he  would  be  covered.'    ' Don't 
think,'  said  Warren,  '  I  cameto  seek  a  place  of  safety;  but  tell  me  where  the  onset 
will  be  most  furious.'     Putnam,  still  pointing  to  the  redoubt,  said,  'That  is  the 
enemy's  object,  and  if  that  can  be  defended,  the  day  is  ours.'     General  Warren 
passed  to  the  redoubt,  where  the  men  received  him  with  enthusiastic  cheers. 
Here,  again,  he  was  tendered  the  command,  by  Colonel  Prescott;  but  declined  it, 

saying  that  he  came  to  encourage  a  good  cause He  mingled  in  the  fight, 

behaved  with  great  bravery,  and  was  among  the  last  to  leave  the  redoubt.     He 
was  lingering,  even  to  rashness,  in  his  retreat,  and  had  proceeded  but  a  few 
rods,  when  a  ball  struck  him  in  the  forehead,  and  he  fell  to  the  ground." — 
Frothingham's  History  of  the  Siege  of  Boston. 

3.  Attack  on  Fort  Moultrie,  Sullivan's  Island  (p.  74, If  30).— 
"  The  garrison  fought  with  a  coolness  which  would  have  done  honor  to  veterans. 
The  day  was  very  warm,  and  the  men  partially  stripped  to  it.     Moultrie  says: 
'  When  the  action  began,  some  of  the  men  took  off  their  coats,  and  threw  them 
upon  the  top  of  the  merlons.    I  saw  a  shot  from  the  fleet  take  one  of  them,  and 
throw  it  into  a  small  tree  behind  the  platform.     It  was  noticed  by  our  men,  and 
they  cried  out,  Look  at  the  coat ! '    A  little  incident  that  speaks  volumes  for  their 
coolness.    In  the  hottest  fire  of  the  battle,  the  flag  of  the  fort  was  shot  away,  and 
fell  outside  of  the  fort.    Jasper,  one  of  Marion's  men,  instantly  sprang  after  it 
upon  the  beach,  between  the  ramparts  and  the  enemy,  and  binding  it  to  a  sponge- 
staff  (used  for  cleaning  cannon),  restored  it  to  its  place,  and  succeeded  in  getting 
back  to  the  fort  in  safety.    There  is  something  chivalric  in  such  deportment, 
which  speaks  for  larger  courage  than  belongs  to  ordinary  valor.    Tradition 
ascribes  to  the  hand  and  eye  of  Marion  the  terrible  effect  of  the  last  shot  fired 
this  bloody  day.     It  was  aimed  at  the  commodore's  (Parker's)  ship,  which  had 
already  received  something  more  than  her  share  of  the  attention  of  the  fort. 
This  shot,  penetrating  the  cabin  of  the  vessel,  cut  down  two  young  officers,  then 
ranged  forward,  swept  three  sailors  from  the  main-deck  into  eternity,  and  fiuallj 
burled  itself  in  the  bosom  of  the  sea."— Simms's  Life  of  Marion. 


104b  NOTES. 


4.  Effect  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill  (p.  67,  H  11).— "As  the  clocks  in 
the  Boston  beliries  finished  striking  twelve,  the  blockade  of  the  harbor  began 

(Juue  1) The  warehouses  of  the  thrifty  merchants  were  at  once  made 

valueless;  the  costly  wharves,  which  extended  far  into  the  channel,  and  were  so 
lately  covered  with  the  produce  of  the  tropics  and  with  English  fabrics,  were 
become  solitary  places ;  the  harbor,  which  had  resounded  incessantly  with  the 
cheering  voices  of  prosperous  commerce,  was  now  disturbed  by  no  sounds  but 
from  British  vessels  of  war.    At  Philadelphia,  the  bells  of  the  churches  were 
muffled  and  tolled;  the  ships  in  port  hoisted  their  colors  at  half-mast;  and  niue- 
tenths  of  the  houses,  except  those  of  the  Friends,  were  shut  during  the  memor 
able  first  of  June.     In  Virginia,  the  population  thronged  the  churches :  Washing 
ton  attended  the  service  and  strictly  kept  the  fast.     No  firmer  or  more  touching 
words  were  addressed  to  the  sufferers  than  from  Norfolk,  which  was  the  largest 
place  of  trade  in  that  '  well-watered  and  extensive  dominion.'    Jefferson,  from 
the  foot  of  the  Blue  Kidge  of  the  Alleghanies,  condemned  the  act  which  in  a 
moment  reduced  an  ancient  and  wealthy  town  from  opulence  to  want.    The  colo 
nies  vied  with  each  other  in  liberality.    The  patriotic  and  generous  people  of 
South  Carolina  were  the  first  to  minister  to  the  sufferers,  sending,  early  in  June, 
two  hundred  barrels  of  rice,  and  promising  eight  hundred  more.     At  Wilming 
ton,  North  Carolina,  the  sum  of  two  thousand  pounds  currency  was  raised  in  a 
few  days;  the  women  of  the  place  gave  liberally;  Parker  Quince  offered  his  ves 
sel  to  carry  a  load  of  provisions  freight  free,  -and  masters  and  mariners  volun 
teered  to  navigate  her  without  wages.    Hartford  was  the  first  place  in  Connecti 
cut  to  pledge  its  assistance;    but  the  earliest  donation  received,  was  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty-eight  sheep  from  Windham.     Throughout  all  New  England  the 
towns  sent  rye,  flour,  peas,  cattle,  sheep,  oil,  fish— whatever  the  land  or  the  hook 
could  furnish,  and  sometimes  gifts  of  money.    The  English  inhabitants  of  Que 
bec,  joining  with  those  of  English  origin,  shipped  a  thousand  and  forty  bushels  of 
wheat." — Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States. 

5.  Washington,  favored  by  a    Fog,  retreats   from    Long 
Island  (p.  75,  1f  34). — "A  Long  Island  tradition  tells  how  the  British  camp 
became  aware  of  the  march  which  had  been  stolen  upon  it.    Near  the  ferry 
(Brooklyn)  resided  a  Mrs.   Rapelyea  (rap-el-ya'),  whose  husband,  suspected  of 
favoring  the  British,  had  been  removed  to  the  interior  of  New  Jersey.    On  seeing 
the  embarkation  of  the  first  detachment  of  the  American  army,  she,  out  of  loy 
alty  or  revenge,  sent  off  a  black  servant  to  inform  the  first  British  officer  he 
could  find,  of  what  was  going  on.     The  negro  succeeded  in  passing  the  American 
sentinels,  but  arrived  at  a  Hessian  (German)  outpost,  where,  not  being  able  to 
make  himself  understood,  he  was  put  under  guard  as  a  suspicious  person.   There 
he  was  kept  until  about  daybreak,  when  an  officer  visiting  the  post  examined 
him,  and  was  astounded  by  his  story.    An  alarm  was  at  once  given,  and  the 
troops  were  called  to  arms.     One  of  General  Howe's  aid-de-camps,  followed  by  a 
handful  of  men,  climbed  cautiously  over  the  crest  ot  the  works,  and  found  them 
deserted.     Advanced  parties  were  then  hurried  down  to  the  ferry.     The  fog  had 
cleared  away  sufficiently  for  them  to  see  the  rear  boats  of  the  retreating  army 
halfway  across  the  river.      One  boat,  still  within  musket  shot,  was  compelled  to 
ri'turu;  it  was  manned  by  three  vagabonds  who  had  lingered  behind  to  plun 
der." — Irving' s  Life  of  Washington. 

6.  Kosciusko  (App.  p.  65,  topic  39).—"  He  was  made  Colonel  of  Engineers, 
and  all  the  important  works  at  the  north  were  entrusted  to  his  care.     It  was  he 
that  planned  the  strong  intrenchments  which  proved  so  useful  at  Bemis  Heights. 
It  is  to  him,  also,  that  we  owe  the  fortifications  of  West  Point,  where  a  romantic 


NOTES.  104:0 


spot  on  a  ledge  of  the  precipitous  wall  that  overhangs  the  Hudson,  is  still 
pointed  out  as  the  garden  of  Kosciusko.  When  General  Greene  was  sent  to  take 
command  of  the  Southern  army,  Kosciusko  was  placed  at  the  head  of  his  engi 
neers,  and,  during  the  whole  of  that  active  campaign,  no  one,  in  his  appropriate 
sphere,  was  more  useful  than  the  gallant  young  Pole  in  his.  It  was  not  till  the 
war  was  over  and  American  independence  secured,  that  he  turned  his  face 
towards  Europe.  The  long  years  that  remained  to  him  wera  passed  in  retire 
ment  there.  Napoleon  sought  to  lure  him  from  his  retreat,  but  failed.  Alexan 
der,  of  Russia,  listened  respectfully  to  his  intercessions  for  his  exiled  country 
men.  And  when  he  died  the  women  of  America  went  into  mourning,  and  his 
ashes  were  carried  reverently  back  from  the  land  of  exile  to  sleep  on  their  native 
soil  in  the  tomb  of  Poland's  kings." — Greene's  American  Revolution. 

7.  The  News  of  Burgoyiie's  Surrender  in  Europe  (p.  84,  «f 
60). — "  No  sooner  had  it  become  certain  that  Burgoyne's  expedition  was  frus 
trated,  than  the  Council  of  Massachusetts,  perceiving  the  infinite  importance  of 
getting  the  news  swiftly  to  France,  completed  a  fast-failing  vessel,  and  appointed 
Mr.  Austin  special  messenger Mr.  Austin  reached  Nantes  (nants)  in  thirty- 
one  days,  and  pushed  on  rapidly  for  Paris.     Swiftly  as  he  traveled,  a  rumor  pre 
ceded  him  of  the  arrival  of  a  special  messenger,  and  all  the  circle  of  official 
Americans  hurried  out  to  Passy  (Dr.  Franklin's  residence)  to  be  present  at  the 
opening  of  the  packet.     When  Mr.  Austin's  chaise  was-  heard  in  the  court,  they 
went  out  to  meet  him,  and  before  he  had  time  to  alight,  Dr.  Franklin  cried  out, 
'Sir,  is  Philadelphia  taken?1     'Yes,  sir,1  replied  Austin,  'but  I  have  greater 
news  than  that.    GENERAL  BURGOYNE  AND  HIS  WHOLE  ARMY  AKE  PRISONERS  OP 
AVAR!'    The  effect  was  thrilling,  electric,  overwhelming,  indescribable.     'The 
news,'  said  Mr.  Deane  afterwards,  'was  like  a  sovereign  cordial  to  the  dying/ 
The  king's  financial  a<jent,  through  whom  the  Americans  had  been  so  generously 
aided,  who  had  been  for  several  days  in  an  agony  of  despair,  feeling  himself  to 
1)e  on  the  brink  of  rum,  was  almost  beside  himself  with  joy.    He  straightway 
ordered  his  carriage,  and  drove  towards  Paris  at  such  a  furious  pace,  that  the 
vehicle  was  overturned,  and  one  of  his  arms  dislocated.    In  a  lew  clays  all  Europe 
had  heard  the  news  ;  and,  except  the  tory  party  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  conti 
nental  holders  of  English  stock,  all  Europe  rejoiced  at  it Often,  in  meeting 

Mr.  Austin  at  breakfast,  or  when   sitting  with  him  in  the  office,  Dr.  Franklin 
would  break  from  one  of  those  musings  in  which  it  was  his  habit  to  indulge, 
and,  clasping  his  hands  together,  exclaim,  '  Oh,  Mr.  Austin,  you  brought  us  glo 
rious  news.'  " — Partori's  Life  of  Franklin. 

8.  Marlon's  Dinner  of  Sweet  Potatoes  (p.  91,  t  92).— "About 
this  time  (1780),  we  received  a  flag  from  the  enemy,  the  object  being  to  effect  an 
exchange  of  prisoners.     The  flag,  after  the  usual  ceremony  of  blindfolding,  was 

conducted  into  Marion's  swamp  encampment The  British  officer  was 

about  to  return,  after  transacting  his  business,  when  Marion  said,  '  I  hope  you 
will  giye  us  the  pleasure  of  your  company  to  dinner.'    At  the  mention  of  the 
word  dinner  the  officer  looked  around,  but  could  see  no  sign  of  a  pot,  pan,  Dutch- 
oven,  or  any  other  cooking  utensil  that  could  raise  the  spirits  of  a  hungry  man. 
'  Well,  Tom,"  said  General  Marion  to  one  of  his  men,  '  come,  give  us  our  dinner.' 
The  dinner  to  which  he  alluded  was  no  other  than  a  heap  of  sweet  potatoes  that 
were  snugly  roasting  under  the  embers,  and  which  Tom,  with  his  pine  stick, 
soon  liberated  from  their  ashy  confinement,  pinching  them  every  now  and  then, 
with  his  fingers,  to  see  whether  they  were  well  done  or  not.    Then,  having 
cleaned  them  of  the  ashes,  partly  by  blowing  them  with  his  breath,  and  partly 
by  brushing  them  with  the  slweve  of  his  old  cotton  shirt,  he  piled  some  of  the 


104d 


NOTES. 


best  on  a  large  piece  of  pine  bark,  and  placed  them  between  the  British  officer 

and  Marion,  on  the  trunk  of  the  fallen  pine  on  which  they  sat The  officer 

took  up  one  of  the  potatoes,  and  affected  to  feel  as  if  he  had  found  a  great  dainty, 
but  it  was  very  plain  that  he  ate  more  from  good  manners  than  a  good  appetite." 
—  Weems's  Life  of  General  Marion. 

9.  Capture  of  Andre  (p.  93,  U  98).— Andre  coming  to  a  place  where  a  small 
stream  crossed  the  road  and  ran  into  a  woody  dell,  a  man  stepped  out  from  the 
trees,  leveled  a  musket  and  brought  him  to  a  stand,  while  two  other  men  simi 
larly  armed,  showed  themselves  prepared  to  second  their  comrade.    The  man  who 
first  stepped  out  wore  a  refugee  uniform.    At  sight  of  it  Andre's  heart  leapt,  and 
he  felt  himself  secure.    Losing  all  caution,  he  exclaimed,  eagerly  :  <  Gentlemen,  I 
hope  you  belong  to  our  party  ?  '     '  What  party  ? '  was  asked.     '  The  lower  party,' 
said  Andre.     'We  do,'  was  the  reply.    All  reserve  was  now  at  an  end.    Andre 
declared  himself  to  be  a  British  officer;  that  he  had  been  up  the  country  on  par 
ticular  business,  and  must  not  be  detained  a  single  moment.    He  drew  out  his 
watch  as  he  spoke.     It  was  a  gold  one,  and  served  to  prove  to  them  that  he  was 
what  he  represented  himself,  gold  watches  being  seldom  worn  in  those  days, 
excepting  by  persons  of  consequence.     To  his  consternation,   the  supposed 
refugee  now  avowed  himself  and  his  companions  to  be  Americans,  and  told  Andre 
he  was  their  prisoner.     Seizing  the  bridle  of  his  horse,  they  ordered  him  to  dis 
mount,  and  proceeded  to  search  him.    They  obliged  him  to  take  off  his  coat  and 
vest,  and  found  on  him  eighty  dollars  in  continental  money,  but  nothing  to  war« 
rant  suspicion  of  anything  sinister,  and  were  disposed  to  let  him  proceed,  when 
Paulding  exclaimed:  'Boys,  I  am  not  satisfied — his  boots  must  come  off.'    At 

this  Andre  changed  color He  was  obliged  to  sit  down ;  his  boots  were 

drawn  off,  and  the  concealed  papers  discovered While  dressing  himself, 

Andre  endeavored  to  ransom  himself  from  his  captors;  rising  from  one  offer  to 
another.    He  would  give  any  sum  of  money,  if  they  would  let  him  go.    He  would 
give  his  horse,  saddle,  bridle,  and  one  hundred  guineas;  but  the  patriots  were 
not  to  be  bribed,  and  the  unfortunate  Andre  submitted  to  his  fate. "— Irving's 
Life  of  Washington. 

10.  Washington  taking  Leave  of  his  Officers  (p.  98,  f  119).— 
"  At  noon  (Dec.  4)  the  principal  officers  of  the  army  assembled  at  Frances's  tav 
ern,  soon  after  which  their  beloved  commander  entered  the  room.    His  emotions 
were  too  strong  to  be  concealed.    Turning  to  them  he  said,  '  With  a  heart  full 
of  love  and  gratitude  I  now  take  leave  of  you.    I  most  devoutly  wish  that  your 
latter  days  may  be  as  prosperous  and  happy  as  your  former  ones  have  been  glo. 
rious  and  honorable; '  adding,  'I  cannot  come  to  each  of  you  to  take  my  leave, 
but  shall  be  obliged  if  each  of  you  will  come  and  take  me  by  the  hand.'    General 
Knox,  being  nearest    turned  to  him.      Washington,   incapable  of  utterance, 
grasped  his  hand  and  embraced  him.      In  the  same  affectionate  manner  he  took 
leave  of  each  succeeding  officer.      The  tear  of  manly  sensibility  was  in  every  eye; 
and  not  a  word  was  spoken  to  interrupt  the  dignified  silence  and  the  teucferuesg 
of  the  scene.    Leaving  the  room,  he  passed  through  the  corps  of  light  infantry, 
and  walked  to  White  Hall  ferry,  where  a  barge  was  in  waiting  to  convey  him 
across  the  river.     The  whole  company  followed  in  mute  and  solemn  procession, 
•with  dejected  countenances,  testifying  feelings  of  delicious  melancholy  which  no 
language  can  describe.    Having  entered  the  barge,  he  turned  to  the  company, 
and,  waving  his  hat,  bid  them  a  silent  adieu.    They  paid  him  the  same  affection 
ate  compliment,  and,  after  the  barge  had  left  them,  returned  in  the  same 
solemn  manner  to  the  place  where  they  had  assembled.  "—Marshall's  Life  qf 
Washington. 


NOTES.  1 04e 


11.  Primary  Causes  of  the  Revolution  (p.  66,  1 3).— "Whoever 
has  examined  the  acts  of  Parliament  that  were  resisted  by  the  coloi.ists  has 
found  that  nearly  all  of  them  inhibited  labor.    There  were  no  less  than  twenty- 
nine  laws  that  restricted  and  bound  down  colonial  industry.    None  of  these 
laws  touched  so  much  a?  the  '  south-west  side  of  a  hair'  of  an  k  abstraction,'  and 
hardly  one  of  them,  until  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  imposed  a  direct  tax. 
They  forbade  the  use  of  waterfalls,  the  erecting  of  machinery,  of  looms  and 
spindles,  and  tho  working  of  wood  and  iron;   they  set  the  king's  arrow  upon 
trees  that  rotted  in  the  forests ;  they  shut  out  markets  for  boards  and  fish,  and 
seized  sugar  and  molasses,  and  the  vessels  in  which  these  were  carried;  and 
they  defined  the  limitless  ocean  as  but  a  narrow  pathway  to  such  of  the  lands 
it  embosoms  as  wore  the  British  flag.     To  me,  then,  the  great  object  of  the 
Revolution  was  to  release  labor  from  these  restrictions.  *  *  *  For  a  higher  or 
holier  purpose  than  this,  men  have  never  expended  their  money,  or  poured  out 
their  life-blood  in  battle."— Saline's  Loyalists  of  the  Revolution. 

12.  Loyalists,  or  Tories,  of  the  Revolution  (p.  71,  123,  and 
p.  73,  128).— These  were  the  people  of  the  colonies  "  who  preferred  to  live  and 
die  in  allegiance  to  the  British  crown."    The  patriots  called  them  Tories,  the 
king's  adherents,  or  those  in  England  who  favored  the  war  against  the  colonists, 
being  so  called.     The  most  of  them  were  natives  of  the  colonies.     "  It  may  not 
be  possible  to  ascertain  the  number  of  the  Loyalists  who  took  up  arms,  but, 
from  the  best  evidence  which  I  have  been  able  to  obtain,  I  conclude  there  were 
twenty  thousand,  at  the  lowest  computation.  *  *  *  The  acts  of  the  legislative 
bodies  (of  the  (several  States)  for  the  punishment  of  the  adherents  of  the  crown 
were  numerous ;  but,  eventually,  popular  indignation  diminished.    The  statute- 
book  was  divested  of  irs  most  objectionable  enactments,  and  numbers  were 
permitted  to  occupy  their  old  homes,  and  to  recover  the  whole  or  a  part  of  their 
property.    But  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  Loyalists  who  left  the  country  at 
the  commencement  of  or  during  the  war,  never  returned;  and  of  the  many 
thousands  who  abandoned  the  United  States  after  the  peace,  and  while  these 
enactments  were  in  force,  few.  comparatively,  had  the  desire,  or  even  the  means, 
to  revisit  the  lands  from  which  they  had  been  expelled.'1— Sabine's  American 
Loyalists. 

13.  Surrender   of  Cornwallis    (p.  07,  1114).— "The  event  of  an 
assault  could  not  be  doubted,  and,  to  save  the  useless  t bedding  of  blood,  Corn- 
wallis  proposed  to  capitulate.   **  *   Washington  would  enter  into  no  express 
agreement  for  the  safety  of  the  refugees  in  the  British  camp;  but  Cornwallis 
was  allowed  the  use  of  a  ship,  to  pass  without  examination,  nominally  to  send 
dispatches  to  Clinton.    In   this  ehip  some  of  the  most  obnoxious  re-'ngees 
escaped  to  New  York.    Lincoln,  who  had  given  up  his  sword  to  Cornwallis  at 
Charleston,  was  appointed  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  British  troops.    The 
rigor  of  the  British  on  that  occasion  was  not  forgotten:  now,  as  then,  the 
capitulating  force  was  required  to  inarch  out  with  colors  cased."1— Ilildreth. 
"At  about  twelve  o'clock,  the  combined  army  was  drawn  up  in  two  lines,  more 
than  a  mile  in  length— the  Americans  on  the  right  side  of  the  road,  the  French 
on  the  left.    Washington,  mounted  on  a  noble  steed  and  attended  by  his  staff, 
was  in  front  of  the  former  ;  the  Count  de  Rochambeau  (ro-shony-bo'}  ;md  hit 
suite  were  in  front  of  the  latter.    The  French  troops,  in  complete  uniform  and 
well  equipped,  made  a  brilliant  appearance,  and  had  marched  to  the  ground 
with  a  band  of  music  playing,  which  was  a  novelty  in  the  American  service. 
The  concourse  of  spectators  from  the  country  seemed  equal  in  number  to  the 
military,  yet  silence  and  order  prevailed.  *  *  *  In  passing  through,  the  line 


104t  NOTES. 


formed  by  the  allied  troops,  the  march  of  the  British  troops  was  careless  and 
irregular,  and  their  aspect  sullen.  The  order  to  'ground  arms'  was  given 
by  their  platoon  officers  with  a  tone  of  deep  chagrin,  and  many  of  the  soldiers 
threw  down  their  muskets  with  a  violence  sufficient  tj  break  them."—  Thacher's 
Military  Journal  of  the  Revolution. 

14.  Our   Country  alter   the    Revolution   (p.  98,  1 118.  — "Our 
fathers  emerged    from  their  arduous,   protracted,   desolating    Revolutionary 
struggle,  rich  indeed  in  hope,  but  poor  in  worldly  goods.    Their  country  had 
for  seven  years  been  traversed  and  wasted  by  contending  armies,  almost  from 
end  to  end.    Cities  and  villages  had  been  laid  in  ashes.    Habitations  had  been 
deserted  and  left  to  decay.    Farms,  stripped  of  their  fences,  and  deserted  by 
their  owners,  had  for  years  produced  only  weeds.    Camp-fevers,  with  the  hard 
ships  and  privations  of  war,  had  destroyed  many  more  than  the  sword ;  and 
all  alike  had  been  subtracted  from  the  most  effective  and  valuable  part  of  a 
population  always,  as  yet,  quite  inadequate.     Cripples  and  invalids,  melancholy 
mementos  of  the  yet  recent  straggle,  abounded  in  every  village  and  township; 
and  habits  of  industry  had  been  unsettled  and  destroyed  by  the  anxieties  and 
uncertainties  of  vfnrS'—Greeleifs  American  Conflict. 

15.  While  they  were  signing  the  Constitution  (p.  99,1121).— 
The  convention,  in  Philadelphia,  to  frame  a  Constitution,  "occupied  1'rom  four 
to  seven  hours  each  day,  for  four  months  ;   and  every  point  was  the  subject  of 
able  discussion,  by  the  best  talent  and  noblest  spirits  of  the  country.    Entire 
harmony  was  not  to  be  expected,  but  the  high  importance  attached  to  union 
finally  triumphed  over  local  interests,"  and  the  Constitution  was  completed. 
"  While  the  last  members  were  signing  it,  Dr.  Franklin,  looking  towards  Pres 
ident  Washington's  chair,  at  the  back  of  which  a  rising  sun  happened  to  be 
painted,  observed  to  a  few  members  near  him  that  painters  had  found  it  diffi 
cult  to  distinguish,  in  their  art,  a  rising  from  a  setting  sun.     'I  have,'  said  he, 
'  often  and  often,  in  the  course  of  the  session,  and  in  the  vicissitudes  of  my 
hopes  and  fears  as  to  the  issue,  looked  at  that  behind  the  President,  without 
being  able  to  tell  whether  it  was  rising  or  setting.    But  now,  at  length,  I  have 
the  happiness  to  know  that  it  is  a  rising,  and  not  a  setting  sun.' " — The  Madison, 
Papers. 

16.  The  Federalist  (p.  99,  1 121).— "  Neither  the  intrinsic  merits  of  the 
Constitution,  nor  the  imposing  weight  of  character  by  which  it  was  supported, 
gave  assurance  to  its  friends  that  it  would  be  ultimately  adopted  "  by  the 
States.    A  great  many  persons  were  opposed  to  it,  and  exerted  their  influence 
to  have  it  rejected.     "  Under  these  circumstances,  Hamilton  and  Jay  conceived 
the  plan  of  publishing,  through  the  newspaper  press  of  New  York  city,  a  series 
of  essays,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  and  defending  the  Constitution ;  and 
they  invited  Mr.  Madison— whose  peculiar  qualifications  for  the  task  both  of 
them  knew — to  cooperate  with  them  in  the  work.    In  the  commencement,  these 
articles  were  addressed  to  the  people  of  New  York,  under  the  signature  of  'A 
Citizen'  of  that  state  ;  but  the  general  interest  and  importance  of  the  subject 
soon  induced  the  writers  to  address  their  reflections  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States;  and,  after  the  association  of  Madison  in  the  work,  the  signature  of  *  A 
Citizen  of  New  York'  was  exchanged  for  that  of  '  Publius '  (from  the  Roman 
patriot  Valerius  Publicola).    Such  was  the  origin  of  a  series  of  papers  which 
(collected  and  published  under  the  title  of  the  FEDERALIST)  have  come  to  be 
recognized  as  one  of  the  political  classics  of  the  age  and  language  in  which  they 
were  written,  and  will  endure,  posgibly,  even  longer  than  the  Constitution 
which  they  were  intended  to  elucidate  and  defend.  "—Rives's  Life  and  Times 
Of  Madison. 


WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


105 


106  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  H789, 


SECTION  v. 

FROM  THE  BEGINNING   OF    WASHINGTON'S    ADMINISTRATION 
TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  JEFFERSON'S  :    1789  TO   1809. 

1.  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION. — The  first  election 
for  President  of  the  United  States  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  George  Washington,  who  received  the  whole  number 
of  electoral  votes.     At  the  same  time  John  Adams  of 
Massachusetts,  was  elected  Vice-President.     New  York 
was  then  the  capital;  and  in  that  city  Washington  ap 
peared  before  the  first  constitutional  Congress,  and  was 
inaugurated  on  the  30th  of  April,  1789.  (Ap.,note,  p.  11.)* 

2.  Congress    having   created   three   executive   depart 
ments, — of  state,  treasury,  and  war, — the  heads  of  which 
were   to  form  the  President's  cabinet,  Washington  ap 
pointed  Thomas  Jeiferson  of  Virginia,  Secretary  of  State  ; 
Alexander  Hamilton  of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the  Treas 
ury;   and  Henry  Knox  of  Massachusetts,   Secretary  of 
War.     Hamilton,  by  his  judicious  management,  placed 
the  public  finances  in  a  good  condition  ;  and,  upon  his  rec 
ommendation,  the  debts  of  the  states,  contracted  during 
the  war,  were  assumed  by  the  general  government. 

3.  In  1790  a  law  was  passed  establishing  the  seat  of 
government  at  Philadelphia  for  ten  years,  and  afterward 
locating  it  permanently  on  the  Potomac.     In  the  follow 
ing  year,  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  was  incorporated  ; 

1.  Who  was  the  first  president?    First  vice-president?    What  was  New 
York  City  at  that  time  ?    When  and  where  was  Washington  inaugurated  ? 
2,*  What  departments  did  Congress  create  ?  What  of  Hamilton  and  his  plans  ? 
3.  What  the  seat  of  government?   Bank  of  the  United  States?  Of  Vermont i 

*  "  The  oath  was  to  be  administered  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York  (Robert 
R.  Livingston)  in  a  balcony  in  front  of  the  Senate  Chamber  (of  Congress),  Rnd  in  full  view 
of  an  immense  multitude  occupying  the  streets  (Wall  and  Broad),  the  windows,  and  even 
the  roofs  of  the  adjacent  houses.  *  *  *  The  Chancellor  advanced  to  administer  the  oath  pre 
scribed  by  the  Constitution,  and  Mr.  Otis,  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate,  held  up  the  Bible  011 
its  crimson  cushion.  The  oath  was  read  slowly  and  distinctly,  Washington  at  the  same  time 
laying  his  hand  on  the  open  Bible.  When  it  was  concluded,  he  replied  solemnly,  '  I  ewear 
—so  help  my  God.'  Mr.  Otis  would  have  raised  the  Bible  to  his  lips,  but  he  bowed  down 
reverently  and  kissed  it.  The  Chancellor  now  stepped  forward,  waived  his  hand,  and  ex 
claimed  :  'Long  live  George  Washington,  President  of  the  United  States!  '  At  this  mo 
ment  a  flag  was  displayed  on  the  cupola  of  the  Hall  (the  new  Federal  Hall— old  City  Hall 
—where  Congress  met  and  the  inauguration  took  place  :  it  stood  where  the  United  States 
Treasury  now  ia),  on  which  signal  there  was  a  general  discharge  of  artillery  on  the  battery. 
All  the  bells  in  the  city  rang  out  a  joyful  peal,  aud  the  multitude  rent  the  air  with  accla 
mations."—  Irving' s  Life  of  Wnshington. 


n  90.]  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  107 

and  Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  making  the 
number  of  states  fourteen.  During  the  Revolution,  Ver 
mont  applied  for  admission  into  the  Confederacy ;  but  as 
New  York  claimed  the  territory,  the  application  was  not, 
granted.*  (See  p.  189;  also  App.  p.  75,  topic  173.) 

4.  In  the  summer  of  1790  an  Indian  war  was  com 
menced  by  the  tribes  north  of  the  Ohio.     Washington  at 
first  used  pacific  means;  but,  these  failing,  he  sent  an 
expedition,  under  Gen.  Harmar,  against  the  hostile  tribes. 
Harmar  destroyed  several  of  their  villages,  but,  in  two 
battles,  near  the  present  village  of  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
he  was  defeated  with  severe  loss. 

5.  In  the  following  year  St.  Clair  marched  against  the 
Indians ;  but  while  encamped  at  a  place  in  the  western 
part  of  Ohio  he  was  surprised,  and  defeated  with  the  loss  of 
six  hundred  men.     During  the  war,  Kentucky,  which  had 
been  previously  claimed  by  Virginia,  was  admitted  into 
the  Union;  and,  in  the  same  year,  1792,  Washington  was 
again  elected  president.     Adams  was  also  rechoseti  vice- 
president.     (See  p.  190 ;  also  App.  p.  69,  topic  90.) 

6.  Gen.  Wayne  was  finally  sent  against  the  Indians. 
In  August,  1794,  he  met  them  near  the  rapids  of  the 
Mau-mee',  and  gained  a  complete  victory.     This  success, 
followed  up  by  vigorous  measures,  compelled  the  Indians 
to  sue  for  peace ;  and,  in  1795,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Green 
ville,  by  which  a  large  tract  of  territory  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States.     Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
in  1796.     (See  p.  190;  also  App.  p.  74,  topic  160.) 

7.  When  France,  during  her  great  revolution,  declared 
war  against  England,  a  large  part  of  the  people  of  this 

4.  What  occurred  in  1790?  Give  an  account  of  Harmar's  expedition? 
Where  is  Fort  Wayne  ?  (p.  105.) 

.I*.  Give  an  account  of  St.  Glair's  expedition.  What  is  said  of  Kentucky  ? 
Of  Wa?hhi£t:>n's  re-election  ? 

6.  Give  an  account  of  Wayne's  expedition.  What  is  said  of  the  treaty  of 
Greenville?  Where  is  Greenville  ?  (p.  105.)  In  what  direction  from  Greenville 
is  the  battle-ground  of  Wayne's  victory  ?  What  is  said  of  Tennessee  ? 

*  For  information  in  relation  to  tho  selection  of  a  place  for  the  seat  of  government.  st>« 
Note  1,  end  of  section.  Read,  also,  topic  168,  App.,  p.  74. 


108  JOHN  ADAMS S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1791. 

country  were  in  favor  of  helping  their  old  ally  of  the  Rev* 
olution.  M.  Genet  (z/ie-na1),  the  French  minister  in  the 
United  States,  presuming  upon  the  feeling  in  favor  of  his 
country,  began  to  fit  out  privateers  in  American  ports  to 
cruise  against  British  vessels.  Washington,  deeming  it 
best  to  preserve  a  position  of  strict  neutrality  between  the 
two  countries,  demanded  his  recall,  and  another  minister 
was  sent  in  his  place. 

8.  The  first  measure  adopted  by  the  United  States  gov 
ernment  for  raising  a  revenue  by  internal  taxation,  was 
the  law  of  1791,  imposing  a  duty  on  domestic  liquors.    It 
met  with  considerable  opposition,  especially  in  the  west 
ern  part  of  Pennsylvania,  where,  in  1794.  the  resistance 
grew  to  an  open  rebellion,  known  as  the  Whisky  Insur 
rection.     Upon  the  approach  of  a  force  sent  by  Washing 
ton,  the  insurgents  yielded. 

9.  It  was  not  long  after  the  making  of  the  treaty  of 
1783,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  before  the  American 
and  British  governments  began  to  accuse  each  other  of 
violating  its  stipulations.     To  avert  a  war  which  seemed 
inevitable,  John  Jay  was  sent  as  a  special  envoy  to  En 
gland,  where,  in   1794,  a  treaty  was   made.     This   new 
treaty  met  with  considerable    opposition  in  the  United 
States,  because  its  provisions  were  regarded  as  being  too 
favorable  to  the  English  ;  but  it  was  at  length  ratified.* 

10.  JOHN  ADAMS'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Washington,  hav 
ing  declined  a  nomination  for  a  third  term.  John  Adams 
was  elected  to  succeed  him ;  and  the  new  president  was 
inaugurated  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  4th  of~March,  1797. 
Washington  then  retired  to  the  quietude  of  his  home  at 
Mount  Vernon.     (See  App.  note,  p.  24.) 

7.  What  imprudence  was  committed  by  the  French  minister  ?    What  course 
Aid  Washington  adopt  y 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  Whisky  Insurrection. 

9.  State  the  circumstances  in  relation  to  Jay's  Treaty. 

1 0.  Who  succeeded  Washington  as  president  ?    When  and  where  was  Adams 
Inaugurated  ?    What.  then,  did  Washinerton  do  7 

*  For  Jay,  pee  App.,  p.  09,  topic  82.    Read,  also,  Note  2,  end  of  Section. 


1797.]  JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  109 

11.  The  neutral  position  taken  by  the  United  States  in 
the  war  between  England  and  France,  gave  offence  to  the 
latter  power;  and  "Jay's   Treaty,"  ratified  in  1795,  so 
aggravated  the  unfriendly  feeling,  that  a  war  seemed  in 
evitable.    The  president,  therefore,  convened  an  extra  ses- 
Jsion  of  Congress,  and  defensive  measures  were  adopted, 
Washington  being  appointed  commander-in-chief.     Hos 
tilities  at  sea    were   commenced ;  but   the  decided  stand 
taken  by  the  Americans  had  its  effect,  and  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  made  with  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who  had  be 
come  First  Consul  of  France.    (Note  2,  end  of  Sec.) 

12.  Washington,  however,  did  not  live  to  see  the  trou 
bles  terminated:  he  died  at  Mount  Vernon,  on  the  14th 
of  December,  1799.     His  death  was  regarded  as  a  national 
bereavement.     Congress  paid  honors  to  his  memory,  and 
the  whole  people  mourned  the  loss  which  each  person  felt 
that  he  had  individually  sustained.     During  the  following 
year  the  "  City  of  Washington  "  was  made  the  nation's  cap 
ital.      (See  App.,  p.  74,  topic  168 ;  also  note  3,  end  of  Sec.) 

13.  Toward  the  close   of  Adams's   administration   of 
four  years,  a  fierce  struggle  took  place  between  the  two 
great  parties  of  the    day — Federal  and  Republican — in 
relation  to  the  presidential  succession.     Upon  counting 
the  electoral  votes  it  was  found  that  no  candidate  had  the 
requisite   majority ;  therefore   the  election  went   to  the 
House  of  Representatives,  by  whom  Jefferson  was  chosen 
president,  and  Aaron  Burr  of  New  York,  vice-president.* 

14.  JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. — The  inauguration 
of  Jefferson  took  place  in  the  new  capitol,  at  Washington, 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1801. f  At  the  expiration  of  his  first 

11*  Give  an  account  of  the  troubles  with  France. 

1  2.  What  is  stated  in  relation  to  Washington  s  death  ?  What  occurred  iq 
1800  ?  Where  is  the  city  of  Washington  ?  (Map,  p.  12«.) 

13.  What  struggle  is  spoken  of?  State  the  particulars  in  relation  to  tha 
•lection.  *  Jefferson  and  Burr  were  the  Republican  candidates. 

14«  When  and  where  was  Jefferson  inaugurated  ? 

NOTE.— For  a  statement  showing  the  successive  capitals  of  the  United  States,  see  topic 
220,  App.  p.  79.     For  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  topic  235,  App.  p.  84. 
t  See  App.,  note,  p.  24. 


110  JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

term  of  office,  he  was  re-elected  for  a  second ;  consequently 
he  was  president  eight  years. 

15.  During  his  first  term  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  (in  1803);  and  an  immense  tract  of  land,  including 
the  present  State  of  Louisiana  and  extending  from  the 
Mississippi  River  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  was  bought 
(in  1803)  from  France,  for  fifteen  millions  of  dollars.     By 
the  purchase  thus  made  the  free  navigation  of  the  Missis 
sippi  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  was  secured.* 

16.  In  the  same  year,  1803,  Commodore  Preble  (preb'-el) 
was  sent  against  the  pirates  of  the  Barbary  States,  who 
were  constantly  on  the  alert  to  commit  depredations  upon 
the  commerce  of  the  United  States.     One  of  his  vessels, 
the  frigate  Philadelphia,  while  reconnoitring  in  the  har 
bor  of  Tripoli  (trip'-o-le),  struck  on  a  rock,  and  was  cap 
tured,  her  crew  being  made  slaves. 

17.  The  recapture  of  the  frigate  being  considered  im 
practicable,  her  destruction  was  determined  upon.     Ac 
cordingly,  on  a  night  in  February,  1804,  Lieut.  Decatur 
(de-ka'-tur),  in  a  small  vessel,  with  about  80  companions,  en 
tered  the  harbor,  boarded  the  Philadelphia,  killed  or  drove 
into  the  sea  every  one  of  the  Tripolitan  crew,  and,  after 
setting  the  frigate  on  fire,  escaped  without  losing  a  man. 

18.  About  a  year  later,  Mr.  Eaton,  an  agent  of  the  United 
States,  concerted  an  expedition  with  Hamet,  the  exiled 
though  rightful  heir  to  the  throne  of  Tripoli.    He  marched 
from  Egypt  across  the  desert,  and  captured  Der'-ne ;  but, 
in  the  midst  of  his  successes,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  con 
cluded   between   the    bashaw   and    Mr.  Lear,  American 
Consul-General.     (See  p.  129,  1  57.) 

15.  Whnt  is  f aid  of  Ohio  ?    Of  Louisiana  ?    Of  the  advantage  gained  by  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana  ? 

16.  What  were  the  Barbary  States  ?    A/is.  Morocco,    Algiers,  Tunis  and 
Tripoli,  lying  along  the  north  coat* t  of  Africa.  What  expedition  was  sent  in  1803  ? 
Why  was  it  sent  ?     What,  misfortune  occurred  ? 

1  7.  Give  the  subsequent  history  of  the  frigate  Philadelphia  ? 
18.  Give  an  account  of  Eaton's  success  ?    What  followed  ? 

*  For  Louisiana,  see  Notes  4  and  5,  end  of  Section;  also  the  two  paragraphs  on  page  201, 
piving  the  history  and  extent  of  the  Louisiana  purchabe;  the  uote  on  page  157',  aud  topic 
101,  App.,  p.  70.  For  Ohio,  topic  129,  App.,  p.  72. 


1804.]  JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  Ill 

19.  In  July,  1804,  the  duel  between  Alexander  Hamil 
ton  and  Aaron  Burr  occurred.     This  sad  affair,  which  re 
sulted  in  the  death  of  Hamilton,  grew  out  of  a  political 
quarrel.     Burr,  finding  that  he  had  lost  his  political  influ 
ence,  became  engaged,  two  years  after,  in  organizing  a 
secret  expedition  at  the  West.     He  was  tried  on  a  charge 
of  treason,  and,  though  acquitted,  was  generally  believed 
to  be  guilty  of  a  design  to  dismember  the  Union.* 

20.  About  that  time,  France  and  England  being  at  war, 
the  latter  power  declared  the  northern  coast  of  France  in 
a  state  of  blockade.     Napoleon  retaliated,  decreeing  the 
blockade  of  the  British  islands.     In  consequence  of  these 
and   other  "  decrees"  and    "  orders,"  great  numbers  of 
American  vessels  were   seized  by  the  cruisers  of  the  bel 
ligerent   powers,   and   our   commerce   with  Europe  was 
nearly  destroyed. 

21.  But  the  crowning  grievance  of  the  Americans  was 
the  so-called  "  right  of  search."     This  was  a  claim  set  up 
by  -Great  Britain,  under  which  American  vessels  were 
searched,  and  all  sailors  of  English  birth  found  on  board, 
were  impressed  as  subjects  of  the  king.  (See  note,  p.  114.) 

22.  An  event  occurred,  in  June,  1807,  which  brought 
things  toward  an  issue.     The  frigate  Chesapeake,  when  off 
the  capes  of  Virginia,  was  fired  into  by  the  British  frigate 
Leopard.     The  American  vessel  being  unprepared  for  ac 
tion,  struck  her  colors,  after  having  twenty-one  of  her 
crew  killed   or  wounded.     Four   alleged   deserters  were 
then  transferred  to  the  Leopard ;  but  three  of  them,  it 
was  -afterward  proved,  were  native  Americans. 

23.  This  outrage  provoked  the  president  to  issue  a  pro- 

19.  What  is  said  of  a  duel?    Of  Burr,  his  western  expedition  and  trial? 
What  opinion  prevailed  ?    (Read  Note  6,  end  of  Section.) 

20.  What  declaration  and  decree  are  mentioned  ?   The  consequence  of  them  t 

21.  What  is  said  of  the  "  ri<rht  of  search  "  claim  ? 

22.  In  what  notable  case  did  the  British  enforce  their  claim  ? 

23.  To  what  act  did  the  outrage  lead  the  President  ? 

*  See  for  Hamilton,  App.,  p.  67,  topic  65;  for  Burr,  App.,  p.  64,  topic  98, 
Read,  also,  Note  6,  end  of  Section. 


112  CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION.  [1807. 

clamation  forbidding  British  armed  vessels  to  enter  the 
ports  or  waters  of  the  United  States.  Although  the  act 
of  the  Leopard  was  not  approved  by  the  British  govern 
ment,  no  reparation  was  made  till  four  years  after. 

24.  In  consequence  of  the  policy  of  the  two  European 
nations,  so  destructive  to  our  commerce,  Congress  passed 
the  Embargo  Act,  forbidding  American  vessels  to  leave 
the  ports  of  the  United  States.  As  the  Act  not  only 
failed  to  produce  any  change  in  the  policy  of  the  two 
powers  at  war,  but  was  ruinous  in  its  effects  upon  the 
shipping  interests,  it  became  very  unpopular,  and  was  re 
pealed — a  law,  prohibiting  all  intercourse  with  those  coun 
tries  being  substituted  for  it.* 

CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1789.  George  Washington  was  inaugurated  President April  30. 

1790.  The  Indians  defeated  Harmar  near  Fort  Wayne.  .Oct.  17,  22. 

1791.  The  United  States  Bank  was  established  at  Philadelphia. 

Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union March  4. 

Indians  defeated  St.  Clair  in  western  part  of  Ohio Nov.  4. 

1792.  Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union June  1. 

1794.  Wayne  defeated  the  Indians  on  the  Maumee Aug.  20. 

The  Whisky  Insurrection  in  Pennsylvania  occurred. 

1795.  Jay's-  treaty  with  Great  Britain  was  ratified ,  .June  24. 

1796.  Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union June  1. 

1797.  John  Adams  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

1799.  Washington  died  at  Mount  Yernon,  Virginia Dec.  14. 

1800.  The  City  of  Washington  became  the  capital  of  the  U.  S. 

A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  with  France Sept.  30. 

1801.  Thomas  Jefferson  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

Tripoli  declared  war  against  the  United  States June  10. 

1803..  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union Nov.  29. 

Louisiana  was  purchased  of  France April  30. 

Commodore  Preble  was  sent  against  Tripoli. 
1804.  Decatur  destroyed  the  frigate  Philadelphia Feb.  15. 

24.  What  was  the  Embargo  Act?  Why  was  the  act  passed?  Why  was  U 
repealed  ?  What  was  substituted  ? 

*"It  is  true  it  (the  Embargo)  helped  manufacturers  by  increasing  the  de« 
mand  for  domestic  goods."— Headley. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  113 


1804  Hamilton  and  Burr  fought  a  duel July  11 

1805.  Eaton  captured  Derne,  a  Tripolitan  city April  27. 

A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  with  Tripoli June  3 

1807.  The  Leopard  attacked  U.  S.  Frigate  Chesapeake June  2°. 

British  armed  vessels  ordered  to  leave  the  U.  S. , July  2. 

Congress  laid  an  embargo  on  American  ships Dec.  22 

1809.  Congress  interdicted  commerce  with  Great  Britain 

and  France March  1 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  When  and  where  was  Washington  inaugurated  president  ? 106 

2.  How  was  Washington's  first  cabinet  organized  ? 1(K5 

3.  State  what  you  can  of  Vermont 82,  83,  107 

4.  Whence  did  Vermont  derive  its  name  ?    Ans.  From  its  principal  range 

of  mountains.    The  word  is  derived  from  the  French  words  vert, 
green,  and  mont,  mountain. 

5.  Give  an  account  of  the  three  expeditions  against  the  Indians 107 

6.  Give  the  history  of  General  Wayne 80,  89,  90,  107 

7.  State  what  you  can  of  General  St.  Clair 81,  82,  107 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  difficulties  with  France 107,  108,  109 

9.  What  can  you  state  of  Kentucky  ? 10T 

10.  How  did  Kentucky  get  its  name  ?    Ans.  The  Indians  called  the  region 

Kentucky,  because  it  had  been  the  scene  of  savage  warfare.    The 
word  means  the  dark  and  bloody  ground. 

11.  Give  the  history  of  the  Whisky  Insurrection 108 

12.  Write  an  account  of  General  Washington  ...  .50,  55, 56,  57, 60,  71,  72,  75, 

76,  77,  78,  79,  80,  81,  86,  96,  97,  98,  99,  106-109 

13.  Give  the  history  of  New  York  City  .  .37,  39,  40,  66,  67,  73,  75,  79,  85,  91,  98,  106 

14.  What  account  can  you  give  of  John  Adams  ? 98,  106,  107,  108,  137 

15.  Give  an  account  of  Jefferson 74,  106,  109,  110,  111,  112,  137 

16.  When  was  Ohio  admitted  into  the  Union  ? 110 

17.  Whence  did  Ohio  get  its  name?    Ans.  From  the  river  forming  its 

southern  boundary.    The  Indians  called  the  river  the  Ohio,  a  term 
meaning  the  beautiful  river. 

18.  Give  an  account  of  the  troubles  with  the  Barbary  States 110 

19.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Alexander  Hamilton  ? 106,  111 

20.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Aaron  Burr  ? 109,  111 

21.  What  foreign  war-measures  injured  United  States  commerce  ? Ill 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  affair  between  the  Chesapeake  and  Leopard 111 

23.  Give  the  history  of  the  Embargo  Act 112 

24.  During  what  period  was  Washington  president  ? 112 

25.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  ten  important  events  of  that  period 112 

26.  What  states  were  admitted  during  his  administration  ? 112 

27.  During  what  period  was  John  Adams  president  ? 112 

28    Name,  in  chronological  order,  four  important  events  of  that  period...       112 
29.  During  what  period  was  Jefferson  president  ? 112,  114 

NOTE. — In  1807,  an  act  was  passed  to  prevent  the  importation  of  slaves  into  the 
United  States  after  January  1,  1808  (See  App.  p.  34,  Const.  U.  S.,  Sec.  III.,  1st 
clause);  and  Fulton,  in  his  first  steamboat,  sailed  up  the  Hudson  River. 


113a 

NOTES. 

1.  Selecting:  a  Place  for  the  Nation's  Capital  (p.  106,  f  3).— 
"  By  this  act  of  Congress,  the  permanent  seat  of  the  federal  government  was  es. 
tablished  on  the  Potomac,  the  particular  spot,  within  certain  limits,  being  left  to 
the  discretion  of  the  president  (Washington),  who  was  to  appoint  commissioners 
to  fix  the  location,  and  to  erect  suitable  public  buildings.    In  their  eagerness  to  fi^ 
the  seat  of  government  in  their  own  neighborhood,  Maryland  and  Virginia,  as 
well  as  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  had  held  out  very  liberal  offers;  and  it  wag 
one  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  the  present  act,  that  it  provided  for  establishing 
a  capitol  and  erecting  all  the  necessary  public  buildings  without  any  cost  to  the 
nation,  an  idea  kept  up  for  several  years,  but  which  proved  in  the  end  to  be  a 

very  mistaken  one Shortly  after  the  adjournment  of  Congress,  Washington. 

started  on  a  three  mouths'  tour  through  the  Southern  states.    In  the  course  of 
his  journey  he  stopped  for    several  days  on  the  Potomac  to  select  the  site  of 
the  future  seat  of  government.   That  selection  made,  the  Commissioners  entered 
forthwith  upon  their  duty.     The  city  was  laid  out  on  a  most  magnificent  scale, 
on  a  plot  large  enough  to  accommodate  a  million  of  inhabitants.     Many  persons 
from  different  parts  of  the  Union  entered  with  great  zeal  into  the  speculation 
for  building  it  up,  to  most  of  whom,  however,  the  enterprise  proved  sufficiently 
disastrous.     The  owners  of  the  land,  confident  of  growing  rich  by  the  enhance 
ment  ot  its  value,  transferred  to  the  United  States  not  only  the  ground  necessary 
for  streets,  and  the  space  reserved  for  public  purposes,  but  one-half  of  the  lots 
into  which  the  city  plot  was  laid  out,  the  proceeds  to  be  applied  toward  the  com 
pletion  of  the  public  buildings."— Hildretk's  History  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Jay's  Treaty  (p.  108,  H  9  and  IT  11).—"  While  Mr.  Jay  was  iu  England, 
he  was  elected  governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.     He  returned  to  this  country 
in  May,  1795,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  as  governor  on  the  1st  of  July  follow 
ing.     Owing  to  the  hostility  towards  England  prevailing  in  the  United  States, 
great  pains  were  early  taken  to  secure  the  rejection  of  the  treaty  which  Mr.  Jay 
had  negotiated.     On  the  4th  of  July  (1795),  a  great  mob  paraded  the   streets  of 
New  York,  with  an  effigy  of  Mr.  Jay,  which  was  afterward  committed  to  the 
flames.     No  time  was  lost  in  getting  up  meetings  throughout   the  country  to  de 
nounce  the  treaty,  and  in  many  instances,  inflammatory  resolutions,  previously 
prepared,  were  adopted  by  acclamation,  without  examination  or  discussion.    It 
was  easy  to  discover  defects  in  a  treaty  which  had  been  condemned  before  it  was 
known At  a  meeting  in  New  York,  convened  in  the  open  air  and  numer 
ously  attended,  Alexander  Hamilton  attempted  to  make  an  address  in  vindica 
tion  of  the  treaty,  but  the  orator  was  answered  with  stones.   The  mob,  after 
adopting  the  resolutions  prepared  by  the  leaders,  marched,  with  the  American  and 
French  colors  flying,"  to  the  residence  of  Mr.  Jay,  and  there  burned  the  treaty. 

"A  similar  meeting  was  held  at  Philadelphia On  the  15th  of  August,  the 

president  (Washington),  signed  the  treaty,  and  by  that  act  of  moral  c::urage,  res 
cued  his  country  from  the  evils  impending  over  her,  and  secured  for  her  a  long 
course  of  almost  unexampled  prosperity." — William  Jay's  Life  of  John  Jay. 

3.  The  White  House  (p.  109,  IT  12).—  The  residence  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  at  Washington,  is  commonly  called  the  White  House.     It  was  first 
occupied  by  President  John  Adams,  in  November,  1800,  while  the  carpenters  and 
masons  were  yet  at  work  there,  as  appears  by  the  first  letter,  probably,  ever  written 
in  the  White  House  by  its  mistress.   The  letter  was  addressed  by  Mrs.  Adams  to 
her  married  daughter,  on  the  21st  of  the  month.     It  says:  "  Ths  house  is  upon  a 
grand  and  superb  scale,  requiring  about  thirty  servants  to  attend  and  keep  the 
apartments  in  order.    The  lighting  of  the  apartments,  from  the  kitchen  to  parlor 


NOTES.  113b 

and  chamber,  is  a  tax  indeed  (candles  being  used) ;  and  the  fires  which  we  are 
obliged  to  keep  to  secure  us  from  daily  agues,  is  another  very  cheering  comfort. 
TO  assist  us  in  this  great  castle,  and  render  less  attendance  necessary,  belle  are 
wholly  wanting,  not  a  single  one  being  hung  through  the  whole  house,  and 
promises  are  all  you  can  obtain.  If  they  will  put  up  some  bells,  and  let  me  have 
wood  enough  to  keep  fires,  I  design  to  be  pleased.  Surrounded  with  torests,  can 
you  believe  that  wood  is  not  to  be  had,  because  people  cannot  be  found  to  cut  and 
cart  it !  The  house  is  made  habitable,  but  there  is  not  a  single  apartment  fin 
ished.  We  have  not  the  least  fence,  yard  or  other  convenience  without,  and 
the  great  unfinished  audience-room  I  make  a  drying-room  of  to  hang  up  the 
clothes  in." — Mrs.  John  Adams's  Correspondence. 

4.  The  Acquisition  of  Louisiana  (p.  110,  IF  15).— "The  mission  to 
France  was  attended  with  unlocked  for  success.     The  American  ministers,  in 
stead  of  merely  purchasing  New  Orleans  and  the  Floridas,  as  had  been  the  first 
and  main  object  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  were  able  to  effect  a  purchase  of  all  Louis 
iana,  equal  in  extent  to  the  whole  previous  territory  of  the  United  States.    They 
owed  their  good  fortune  to  the  war  which  was  so  suddenly  renewed  between 
France  and  England,  when  the  government  of  France,  convinced  that  the  posses 
sion  of  Louisiana  would  soon  be  wrested  from  her  by  the  superior  naval  power 
of  England,  readily  consented  to  make  the  sale,  the  rather,  as  the  purchase 
money  was  particularly  acceptable  to  France  (Bonaparte)  at  that  time." — Tucker's 
Life  of  Je$erson. 

5.  Advantages  of  the  Acquisition— "  Jefferson  had  conceived  the 
design,  foreseen  the  occasion,  and  had  even  given  the  signal  to  strike  when  the 

occasion  came The  purchase  secured,  independently  of  territory,  several 

prime  national  objects.   It  gave  us  that  homogeneousness,  unity,  and  indepen 
dence  which  is  derived  from  the  absolute  control  and  disposition  of  our  commerce, 
trade,  and  industry  in  every  department,  without  the  hindrance  or  meddling 
of  any  intervening  nation  between  us  and  the  sea,  or  between  us  and  the  open 
market  of  the  world.    It  gave  us  ocean  boundaries  on  all  explored  sides,  for  it 
left  Canada  exposed  to  us  and  not  us  to  Canada.     It  made  us  indisputably  and 
forever  (if  our  Union  is  preserved)  the  controllers  of  the  western  hemisphere. 
It  placed  our  national  course,  character,  civilization,  and  destiny  solely  in  our 
own  hands.    It  gave  us  the  certain  sources  of  a  not  distant  numerical  strength  to 
which  that  of  the  mightiest  empires  of  the  past  or  present  is  insignificant." — 
Randall's  Life  of  Jefferson. 

6.  Effect  of  Hamilton's  Death  (p.  Ill,  IT  19).— "On  the  day  of  his 
funeral,  the  whole  city  (New  York)  was  in  mourning.    The  procession  which 
followed  him  to  the  grave  comprised  men  of  every  degree,  without  distinction  of 
parties.    The  minute-guns  from  the  batteries  were  answered  by  the  French  and 
British  ships-of-war  in  the  harbor.     On  the  steps  of  Trinity  Church,  Gouverneur 
Morris,  with  the  four  sons  of  the  deceased  by  his  side,  pronounced  a  solemn 
oration  in  memory  of  his  slaughtered  friend ;  and  when  they  had  laid  him  in  the 
earth,  aud  the  parting  volley  had  been  fired  over  his  remains,  the  vast  crowd 
dispersed  in  silence,  and  each  man  carried  to  his  home  the  impression  of  a  pro 
found  grief.     Nor  was  this  feeling  confined  to  New  York.     It  spread  rapidly 
through  the  Union,  and  found  utterance  iu  every  variety  of  form.     Speeches, 
sermons,  and  poems  innumerable  were  composed  in  honor  of  Hamilton ;  towns 
and  villages  in  all  parts  of  America  were  called  after  his  name;  and  never  up  to 
that  time,  since  the  death  of  Washington,  had  any  event  produced  so  universal 
an  expression  of  sympathy  on  that  continent,  as  the  untimely  snd  lamented  end 
of  the  great  Federalist."— Reithmuller's  Alexander  Hamilton. 


114  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [i809, 

SECTION    VI. 
Madison's  Administration:  1809  to  1817. 

1.  THE   SECOND   WAR   WITH   ENGLAND. — The  fourth 
President  of  the  United  States,  James  Madison  of  Vir 
ginia,  was  inaugurated   at  Washington,   on  the   4th   ol 
March,  1809,  at  a  crisis  in  the  affairs  of  the  nation  which 
required,  on  the  part  of  the  administration,  the  utmost 
caution,  prudence,  and  resolution. 

2.  In  May,  1811,  an  affair  occurred  which  tended  to 
increase  the  ill  feeling  which  then  existed  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States.     The  British  sloop-of-war 
Little  Belt,  while  cruising  off  the  coast  of  Virginia,  fired 
into  the  American  frigate  President ;  but  her  fire  was 
returned  with  such  heavy  broadsides,  that,  in  a  few  min 
utes,  thirty-two  of  her  crew  were  killed  or  wounded. 

3.  Before  Madison  became  President,  the  Indians  on 
the  western  frontiers,  influenced  by  the  appeals  of  Te- 
cumseh  (te-7cum'-se),  one  of  their  ablest  warriors,  began 
to  form  a  hostile  confederacy.     Their  hostility  increasing. 
Gen.  Harrison  marched  against  them  in  1811. 

4.  Harrison  approached  the  Indian  town  of  Tip-pe-ca- 
noe',  and  encamped  for  the  night.     Early  on  the  following 
morning,  November  7th,  the  Indians  made  a  furious  at 
tack  upon  the  camp,  but,  after  a  bloody  contest,  were 
repulsed.     This  conflict,  known  as  the  Battle  of  Tippe- 
canoe,  ruined  the  plans  which  Tecumseh  had  formed. 

1    When  was  Madison  inaugurated  President  ? 

2.  What  naval  affair  inflamed  the  war  spirit  of  the  Americans? 

3.  Who  attempted  to  unite  the  Indians  in  a  league  against  the  whites  ? 

3,  4.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Where  was  the  battle 
fought  ?  (p.  105.)  What  was  the  consequence  of  the  battle  ?  Was  Tecumseh  in 
the  battle  ?  Ans.  He  was  not. 

NOTE.— "Upward  of  six  thousand  case**  of  alleged  impressments  were  re 
corded  (at  Washington).  *  *  *  It  was  admitted  (by  the  British  govern 
ment)  that  there  might  have  been,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1811,  six 
teen  hundred  bona  fide  American  citizens  serving  by  compulsion  in  the 
British  fleet.  *  *  *  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities,  twenty-five  hun 
dred  impressed  sailors,  still  claiming  to  be  American  citizens,  and  refusing  to 
fight  against  their  country,  were  committed  to  Dartmoor  and  other  prisons  (in 
England),  where  most  of  them  were  detained  to  the  end  of  the  war."— UUdreWs 
History  of  the  United  States.  (See  Note  1,  end  of  Section.) 


1812.] 


MADISON'S     ADMINISTRATION. 


115 


DETROIT 


5.  EVENTS  OF  1812. — The    government  of  the  United 
States  having  in  vain  endeavored  to  induce  the  British 
to  abrogate  their  restrictions   so  injurious  to   American 
commerce,  and  also  to    cease  their  impressment  of  our 
seamen,  war  was  declared  against  that  power  on  the  19th 
of  June,  1812. 

6.  The  invasion   of  Canada  by  Gen.  Hull  (July  12th) 
was  the  first  hostile  movement  on  the  part  of  the  Ameri 
cans  ;  and  the  capture  of  Fort  Mack'-i-naw,  five  days  after, 
the  first  on  the  part  of  the  British.   Hull  crossed  the  Detroit 
River,  intending  to  go  against  Fort  Maiden  (mawl'-den), 
but,  instead  of  doing  so,  encamped  at  Sandwich. 

7.  A  detachment 
which  Hull  had  sent 
to  convoy  a  supply 
train  for  his  army, 
was    met     near 
Brownstown,  on  the 
5th  of  August,  and 
utterly       defeated. 
Four  days  after,  a 
second  detachment, 
under   Col.    Miller, 
encounteied      and 
routed  the  enemy. 
In  about   a  month 
Hull  recrossed  the 
river,  and  took  post 
at  Detroit. 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— What  two  lakes  does  the  Detroit  River  connect?  Name 
four  places  situated  on  the  Detroit  River.  Name  four  rivers  that  flow  into  Lake 
£rie.  Where  was  fort  Meigs  ?  Fort  Maiden  ?  Fort  Stephenspn  ?  Where  is  De 
troit?  Sandwich?  Brownstown?  Frenchtown?  Name  two  rivers  that  flow  into 
Lake  St.  Clair.  What  battle  was  fought  on  one  of  these  rivers  ?  Who  gained  a 
victory  on  Lake  Erie  ?  Who,  in  1794,  gained  a  victory  on  the  Maumee  ?  Where 
is  Fort  Mackinaw?  (p.  105.) 

5.  How  did  the  ;i  War  of  1812"  have  its  origin  ? 

6.  What  were  the  first  hostile  acts  of  the  war  ?    What  movement  did  Hul 
make  in  Canada  ? 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  two  battles  near  Brownstown. 


116 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


8.  To  this  place  lie  was  soon  after  followed  by  Gen. 
Brock,  commanding  thirteen  hundred  British  and  Indians. 
The  Americans  were  confident  of  victory  in  the  battle 
>vhich  seemed  about  to  take  place,  yet,  to  their  great  in 
dignation,   Hull   ordered   a  white  flag  to  be   shown,  in 
token  of  submission.     By  this  act,  not  only  Detroit,  but 
the  whole   territory  of  Michigan  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy.     The  surrender  took  place  on  the  16lh  of 
August.    (See  App.  p.  68,  topic  73 ;  also  Note  1,  end  of  Sec.) 

9.  A  second  invasion  of  Canada  was  made  in  October 
of  the  same  year.     Gen.  Van  Rensselaer  (van  ren-se-ler}, 
in  command   of  a   body  of  troops,  mostly  New  York 
militia,  was  stationed  at  Lewiston.     On  the  13th,  a  de 
tachment  of  this  force  crossed  the  Niagara,  and  carried  a 
battery  on  the  heights  of  Queenstown. 

10-  The  enemy,  re-enforced  by  Brock,  attempted  to  re 
gain  their  lost  bat 
tery,  but  were  re 
pulsed,  and  Brock 
was  killed.  On  the 
afternoon  of  the  same 
day,  the  13th,  they 
made  a  second  at 
tempt  with  fresh 
troops,  and  this  time 
with  success.  Van 
Rensselaer,  retiring 
from  the  serviqe,  was 
succeeded  by  Gen. 
Smyth  ;  but  the  lat- 
t  e  r  accomplished 
nothing,  and  also 
resigned. 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— What  two  lakes  does  the  Niagara  River  connect  ?  Name 
seven  towns  situated  on  the  Niagara  River.  Name  four  forts  that  were  on  that 
river.  Where  is -Lewieton ?  Queenstown?  Cbippewa?  Lundy's  Lane  ?  Yoris 
(now  Toronto)  ? 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTKATION.  117 


11.  The  triumphs  of  the  Americans  on  the  ocean  during 
1812  were  as  decided  as  their  reverses  on  the  land.    There 
were  five  important  naval  battles,  in  every  one  of  which 
the  Americans  were  victorious.     The  first  was  the  cap 
ture,  August  13th,  of  the  sloop  Alert,  by  the  frigate  Es 
sex,  Captain  Porter.     (Page  128,  ^  53.) 

12.  On  the  19th,  six  days  after,  the  frigate  Constitu 
tion,  Captain  Hull,  captured  the  Guerriere  (yare-e-are')^ 
after  an  action  of  about  forty  minutes.     In  October,  the 
sloop  Wasp,   Captain  Jones,  captured  the  Frolic  ;    but 
scarcely  had  the  prize  been  taken  possession  of,  when  an 
English  ship   of  seventy-four  guns   hove  in   sight,   and 
captured  both  vessels.      (See  App.,  p.  68,  topic  74.) 

13.  Just   one   week   after,    October    25th,   the   frigate 
United  States,  Commodore  Decatur,  after  an  action  of 
nearly  two  hours,  west  of  the  Canary  Islands,  compelled 
the  Macedonian  to  surrender.     A   little   more  than  two 
months  later,  the  Constitution,  then  commanded  by  Com 
modore  Bainbridge,   gained  her   second  victory,  in  the 
capture  of  the  Java  (jati-vah).     The  action  took  place  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  Dec.  29th,  and  lasted  nearly  two  hours. 

14.  American  privateers,  too,  scoured  the  ocean,  and 
British  commerce   suffered   in  every  direction.     During 
the  year  more  than  three  hundred  vessels,  with  not  less 
than  three  thousand  prisoners,  besides  valuable  cargoes, 
were  taken  by  the  Americans.     The  presidential  election 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  people  toward  the  latter 

8.  What  next  followed,  including  the  surrender  of  Detroit  ? 

9.  What  second  invasion  of  Canada  was  made? 

9,  1O,  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Queenstown.  What  is  said  of  Van 
Rensselaer  and  Smyth  ? 

11.  Compare  the  land  and  naval  battles  of  1812?  What  was  the  first  im 
portant  naval  victory  pained  by  the  Americans  ? 

12  State  what  you  can  of  the  capture  of  the  Guerriere.  (See,  also,  table, 
p  132.)  State  what  you  can  of  the  Wasp. 

13.  State  what  you  can  of  the  capture  of  the  Macedonian.    Of  the  capture  ot 

1  4.  What  is  said  of  the  privateers  and  their  successes  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
presidential  election  of  1812  ? 


118  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is  13. 

part  of  Madison's  first  term,  but,  though  he  was  opposed 
by  those  who  condemned  the  war,  he  was  chosen  for  a 
second  term. 

15.  EVENTS  OF  1813. — For  the  campaign  of  1813,  three 
armies  were  raised.     That  of  the  West,  near  the  head  of 
Lake  Erie,  was  commanded  by  Gen.   Harrison ;  that  of 
the  Centre,  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  by  Gen.  Dearborn ; 
and  that  of  the  North,  near  Lake  Champlain,  by  Gen. 
Hampton. 

16.  Harrison's  first  object  was  the  recovery  of  Michigan. 
A  division  of  his  army,  mostly  Kentuckians,  commanded 
by  Gen.  Winchester,  reached  the  Maumee,  whence  a  de 
tachment  was  sent  forward,  which  drove  a  body  of  British 
and  Indians  from  Frenchtown.      Winchester  soon  after 
arrived.     On  the   22d  of  January,  he  was  attacked  by 
fifteen  hundred  British  and  Indians,  under  Gen.  Proctor. 

17.  The  Americans  made  a  brave  defence;    but  Win 
chester,  who  had  been  made  a  prisoner,  agreed  upon  a 
capitulation,  though  at  the  time  he  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  enemy,  and  his  troops  surrendered  upon  condition 
that   they  should  be  protected.     But  Proctor  failed  to 
keep  his   promise,  and  many  of  the  wounded  Americans 
were  murdered  by  his  savage  allies. 

18.  Harrison,  who  was  at  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee 
when    the    news   of  Winchester's    defeat    reached   him, 
selected   a   position   for   defence,   and   there    built   Fort 
Meigs  (megz).     On  the  1st  of  May  a  large  force  of  British 
and  Indians  appeared  before  the  place,  and  at  once  com 
menced  a  siege.     Four  days  after,  Gen.  Clay  arrived  with 
twelve  hundred  Kentuckians,  and  successfully  attacked 


15.  What  preparations  were  made  for  the  campaign  of  1813? 

16.  What  was  Harrison's  first  object  ?    State  what  occurred  previous  to  the 
22d  of  January. 

16,  17.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  and  massacre  at  Frenchtown. 
18.  Where  was  Harrison  when  the  news  of  Winchester's  defeat  reached 
him  T   What  measures  of  defence  did  he  then  adopt  ?   State  what  followed. 


i8i3.i  MADISON'S  ADMINISTKATION.  119 

the  besiegers ;  but  Proctor  continued  operations  until  the 
9th,  when,  deserted  by  his  Indian  allies,  he  made  a  dis 
orderly  retreat. 

19.  He  again  threatened  Fort   Meigs,  but,  finding  it 
well  defended,  terminated  a  brief  siege  by  suddenly  leav< 
irig.     His  next  ifiove  was  against  Fort  Stephenson,  then 
garrisoned  by  one    hundred    and  fifty  men,   under  the 
command  of  Major  Croghan   (kroy'-an\  a  young  man 
not  twenty-two  years  old.     Croghan  had  but  one  cannon, 
a  six-pounder.     (See  App.,  p.  65,  topic  37.) 

20.  A  cannonade  was  directed  against  the  fort  until  a 
"breach  was  made,  when  the  enemy,  Aug.  2d,  attempted 
to  carry  the  place  by  assault ;  but  they  were  met  by  a 
volley  of  musketry  and  a  discharge  from  the  six-pounder 
with  such  terrible  effect,  that,  panic-struck,  they  fled  in 
confusion,  leaving  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  their  number 
killed  or  wounded. 

21.  During  the  summer,  an  American  and  an  English 
squadron  were  fitted  out  on  Lake  Erie — the  former  com 
manded  by  Commodore  Perry,  and  the  latter  by  Commo 
dore  Barclay.     They  met  on  the  10th  of  September,  near 
the  western   extremity  of  the  lake,  when  a  hard-fought 
battle  of  four  hours  took  place,  resulting  in  a  brilliant 
victory  to  the  Americans,  every  vessel  of  the  enemy  hav 
ing  surrendered.     In  dispatching  information  of  his  vic 
tory  to  Harrison,  Perry  wrote :  "  We  have  met  the  enemy, 
and  they  are  ours.'" 

22.  The  consequences  of  the  victory  were  highly  im 
portant.     The  Americans  established  their  naval  suprem 
acy  on  Lake  Erie,  Detroit  was  evacuated  by  the  British, 
and  the  Indians  of  Michigan  were  intimidated.     Harrison 

19,  2O.  State  what  afterward  occurred  at  Fort  Meigs.  Give  an  account  of 
CroganV  heroic  conduct.  Where  was  Fort  Stephenson  ?  (Map,  p.  115.)  What 
town  now  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Stephenson  ?  Arts.  Fremont. 

2 1 .  Give  an  account  of  Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie. 

22.  Name  three  consequences  of  Perry's  victory.    What  movement  did  Hap- 
rison  make  ?   What  movement  did  Proctor  make  ? 

*  Perry  and  Barclay  at  tb.e  time,  held  the  rank  of  Captain. 


120 


v      MADISON  S  ADMINISTRATION. 


[1813, 


seeing  his  opportunity  for  success,  crossed  the  lake  in 
Perry's  fleet,  and  landed  near  Fort  Maiden.  But  the 
fort  was  deserted,  and  Ptoctor  and  Tecumseh  were  in 
full  retreat. 

23.  Harrison  followed  in  eager  pursuit,  and,  on  the  5th 
of  October,  overtook  the  enemy  at  a  pladfe  on  the  Thames 
(temz).     The  Americans  charged,  breaking  the  lines  of 
the  British,  and  soon  compelling  them  to  surrender ;  but 
the  contest  with  the   Indians  was  more  obstinate.     At 
length  Tecumseh  fell,  and  the  savage  warriors  fled.     The 
war  on  the  western  frontier  was  terminated. 

24,  In  the  spring  of  1813,  several  months  before  the 
successes  of  Perry  and  Harrison,  the   Southern  Indians 

were  visited  by  Te 
cumseh,  and  in 
duced  to  take  up 
arms  against  the 
whites.  On  the  last 
day  of  August,  fif 
teen  hundred  of 
their  warriors  sur 
prised  Fort  Minis, 
and  massacred  near 
ly  three  hundred 
men,  women,  and 
children.  j 

25.  This  unpro 
voked  attack  arous 
ed  the  whole  South, 
and  volunteers*  as- 


STATE  OF 

ALABAMA 

10  30   50      80 


MAP  QUESTIONS.—  What  state  ie  on  the  north  of  Alabama.  ?  On  the  east? 
On  the  west?  On  the  south?  Name  fix  rivers  partly  or  wholly  in  Alabama. 
Where  was  Fort  Mims  (also  written  Mimms)?  Tohopeka  ? 

23.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  the  Thames. 

21.  How  were  the  Creek  Indians  induced  to  make  war  upon  the  whites  1 
Give  an  account  of  the  massacre  at  Fort  Mime. 

25.  Give  an  account  of  what  followed.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  To 
hopeka.  What  were  the  consequences  ? 

»  la  connection  with  the  account  of  tue  battle  of  Tokupeka,  read  Note  3,  end  of  Section. 


IBIS.]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  121 

sembled  to  avenge  the  deed  of  horror.  Several  battles 
were  fought  in  quick  succession,  in  every  one  of  which 
the  Indians  were  defeated.  At  length  a  thousand  war 
riors  made  a  final  stand  at  To-ho-pe'-ka,  where  they  were 
defeated  by  Gen.  Jackson,  on  the  27th  of  March,  1814, 
with  great  slaughter.  Their  subjugation  w^as  complete. 

26."  Toward  the  latter  part  of  April,  1813,  Gen.  Dear 
born,  commanding  the  Army  of  the  Centre,  left  Sackett's 
Harbor,  in  Commodore  Chauncey's  (cJiahn'-se^s)  fleet, 
crossed  Lake  Ontario,  and  proceeded  to  attack  York,  now 
Toronto.  On  the  27th,  the  troops  landed,  led  by  Gen. 
Pike,  and  were  carrying  everything  before  them,  when, 
the  enemy's  magazine  exploded,  mortally  wounding  Pike, 
and  making  sad  havoc  among  his  men.  After  a  moment's 
panic  they  moved  on,  and  were  soon  in  possession  of  the 
town.* 

27.  Just   one   month    later,    May  27th,  the  fleet  with 
Dearborn  and  his  army,  appeared  off  Fort  George.     The 
British  made  but  a-  brief  defence  of  the  place,  and  then 
fled.     A  detachment,  under  Generals  Chandler  and  Win'- 
der,  sent  in  pursuit,  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  on  the 
night  of  the  6th  of  June,  though  both  generals  were  made 
prisoners. 

28.  The  British  in   Canada,  on  being   informed   that 
Dearborn  with  a  large  body  of  troops  had   sailed  from 
Sackett's  Harbor,  sent  a  thousand  men  across  the  lake  to 
attack  the  place.     Gen.  Pre-vost',  the  commander,  effected 
a  landing;    but  was   met,  May  29th,  by  a  small  body 
of  regulars   and   some   militia,  under   Gen.  Brown,  and 
repulsed. 

29*  Dearborn,  having  resigned  his  command,  was  sue- 

26.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  York. 

27.  What  fort  did  the  Americans  capture  ?    Chandler  and  Winder  ? 

28.  What  tempted  the  British  to  go  against  Sackett's  Harbor  ?    Give  an  ac 
count  of  the  battle  fought  there.     Where  is  Sackett's  Harbor  ?  (Map,  p.  38.) 

*  "  Pike  was  carried  on  board  the  commodore's  ship,  and  the  last  act  of  his 
life  was  to  make  a  sign  that  the  British  flag,  which  had  been  brought  to  him, 
should  be  placed  under  bis  head."— Headless  Second  War  with  England. 


122  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  us  is. 

ceeded  by  Gen.  Wilkinson.  A  plan  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada  was  devised  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  by  which 
the  Army  of  the  Centre,  under  Wilkinson,  and  the  Army 
of  the  North,  under  Hampton,  were  to  form  a  junction 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  proceed  against  Montreal. 

30.  In  passing  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  Wilkinson  landed 
a  detachment  near  Williamsburg,  to  cover  the  descent  of 
the  fleet.     On  the   llth   of  November  a  severe  though 

S 

indecisive  engagement  took  place,  known  as  the  battle  of 
Chrysler's  (kris'-ler^s]  Field,  in  which  the  Americans  were 
the  greater  sufferers.  Wilkinson  proceeded  some  dis 
tance  further,  but,  Hampton  failing  to  co-operate  with 
him,  the  design  against  Montreal  was  abandoned. 

31.  Though  the  American  seamen,  during  1813,  were 
not  uniformly  successful,  their  gallantry  still  continued  to 
be  the  theme  of  admiration.     On  the  24th  of  February, 
the  sloop-of-war  Hornet,  Captain  Lawrence,  encountered 
the  British  brig  Peacock,  off  the  coast  of  Guiana  (ge-ah'- 
na),  and  in  fifteen  minutes  compelled  her  to  strike  her 
colors.     The  captured  vessel  sank  in  a  fevr  minutes  after, 
carrying  down  with  her  nine  of  her  own  crew  and  three 
of  the  Hornet's. 

32.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  Lawrence  was 
promoted  to  the  command  of  the  frigate   Chesapeake, 
then  lying  in  Boston  harbor.     In  the  forenoon  of  June 
1st  the  British  frigate  Shannon,  Captain  Broke,  appeared 
off  the  harbor  to  meet  the  Chesapeake.     Though  the 
American  vessel   had  imperfect  equipments,  and   an  ill- 
assorted  crew,  while  the  British  ship  had  a  select  crew 


29.  Who  succeeded  Dearborn  in  the  command?    What  plan  of  action  was 
devised  at  Washington  ? 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chrysler's  Field.    Where  is  Williams- 
bury?    (Map,  p.  38.)    What  were  the  further  movements  of  Wilkinson? 

31.  What  is  said  of  the  naval  operations  of  1813?     Give  an  account  of  tho 
action  between  the  Hornet  and  the  Peacock. 

32.  What  took  place  preliminary  to  the  battle  between  the  Chesapeake  ancl 
the  Shannon  ? 


1813.] 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


123 


and  was  in  the  best  possible  condition,  Lawrence  still 
felt  impelled  to  go  out  and  engage  her* 

33.  Toward  evening  the  two  vessels  met,  and  a  terrific 
contest  of  fifteen  minutes   ensued.     Lawrence  was  mor- 
tally  wounded  in  the  early  part  of  the  action,  but  his 
last  injunction  as  he  was  borne  below  was,  "  Don't  give 
up  the  ship."     The  Chesapeake,  after  having  all  her  su 
perior  officers  either  killed  or  wounded,  was  boarded  by 
the  enemy,  and  her  flag  hauled  down.   (Note  4,  end  of  §) 

34.  The  brig  Argus,   Captain  Allen,   made    a   daring 
cruise  in  the  waters  about  England,  capturing  a  large 
number  of  vessels.     While  in  the  English  Channel,  Al 
len  fell  in  with  the  brig  Pelican  ;  and,  in  the  action  which 
ensued,  and  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the  Argus, 
was  mortally  wounded. 

35.  Fortune  next  favored  the  Americans.     Off  the  coast 
of  Maine,  Sept.  5th,  the  brig  Enterprise,  Lieut.  Burrows, 
met  the  British   brig    Boxer,    Capt. 

Blythe,  and,  after  an  action  of  forty 
minutes,  captured  her.  Both  com 
manders  fell  in  the  engagement,  and 
their  bodies  were  buried  side  by  side, 
at  Portland,  with  the  honors  of  war. 

36.  EVENTS    OF  1814,  AND   CLOSE 
OF  THE  WAR. — During  the  winter  of 
1813-14,  the    army  of  Gen.  Wilkin 
son  was  quartered  at  French  Mills. 
Early  in   1814  a  detachment,  under 

Gen.  Brown,  was  sent  to  Sackett's  Harbor ;  and,  toward 
March,  the  main  body  removed  to  Plattsburg.     In  the 

33.  Give  an  account  of  the  action  between   the  Chesapeake  and  Shannon. 
In  what  affair  did  we  hear  of  the  Chesapeake  before  ?  (p.  111.)    Did  Perry's  vic 
tory  occur  before  or  after  the  loss  of  the  Chesapeake  ? 

34.  Give  an  account  of  the  cruise  and  loss  of  the  Arerns. 

35.  Give,  an  account  of  the  capture  of  the  Boxer,  and  subsequent  events. 
3*5.  Where  did  Wilkinson's    army  quarter  durintr  the  winter  of  1813-14? 

Where  is  French  Mills?    (p.  53.)    What  army  movements  are  mentioned  ?  What 
events  closed  Wilkinson's  military  career?    Where  is  La  Colle  ?  (Map,  p.  123.) 

*  A  irritten  challenge,  which  had  been  sent  to  Lawrence,  had  not  been  received  when  tha 
Chesapeake  sailed  from  Boston. 


PART   OP   SOREL   RIVER. 


124  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is  14. 

same  month,  March,  Wilkinson  marched  into  Canada,  but 
being  repulsed  at  La  Colle  (koll),  he  returned  to  Platts- 
burg.  He  was  soon  after  superseded  in  the  command  by 
Gen.  Iz'-ard. 

37.  Brown  did  not  remain  long  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
but,  having  been  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  armyi 
on  the  Niagara  frontier,  he  hastened  to  carry  out  the] 
views  of  the  Secretary  of  War  for  another  invasion  of 
Canada.     On  the   3d  of  July  his  advance,  consisting  of 
two  brigades  under  Generals  Scott  and  Ripley,  crossed 
the  Niagara,  and  captured  Fort  Erie  without  a  struggle. 

38.  The  Americans,  with  Brown  in  command,  pushed 
forward  along  the   western  bank   of  the  river,   and,  at 
ChippeAva  (chip '-pe-waio] ,  on  the  5th,  gained  a  brilliant 
victory  over  the  enemy,  under  Gen.  Ili'-all.     The  British 
retired  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  there  were  re- 
enforced  by  Gen.  Drummond,  who  took  the  command. 

39.  Drummond  marched  against  the  Americans,  and, 
on  the  25th,  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  the  most  obsti 
nate  of  the  war,  occurred.     Scott,  who  led  the  advance, 
bravely  contended  against  superior  numbers,  until  the 
arrival  of  Brown ;  but,  it  soon  becoming  evident  that  a 
battery  which  the  enemy  heldvon  a  height,  and  which 
swept  all  parts  of  the  field,  must  be  captured  or  the 
Americans  be  defeated,  Col.  Miller  was  asked  if  he  could 
take  it.     He  promptly  answered,  "  I'll  try,  sir." 

40.  He  did  try,  and  was  successful.     Three  times  the 
British  attempted  to  regain  their  lost  battery,  but  were 
repulsed  at  every  assault.     Finally,  at  midnight,  after  a 
contest  of  six  hours,  they  withdrew,  each  party  losing 
about  eight  hundred  men.     Brown  and  Scott  being  se- 

37.  Who.  in  1R14,  commanded  an  expedition  for  the  invasion  of  Canada? 
What  were  the  first  movements  ? 

38.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chippcwa?    What  did  the  British  do 
after  the  battle  ? 

39.  4O.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane.    What  is  sttid  of 
Brown,  Scott,  Ripley,  and  Gaines  ? 


1814.]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  125 

verely  wounded,   Gen.  Ripley  conducted    the    army  to 
Fort  Erie,  where  Gen.  Gaines  soon  after  took  command.* 

41.  On  the  4th  of  August,  Drummond  laid  siege  to 
Fort  Erie,  and,  on  the  15th,  in  attempting  to  carry  the 
place  by  assault,  was  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  about  a 
thousand  men.     On  the  17th  of  September,  Brown  being 
then  in  command,  the  Americans  made  a  sortie  from  the 
fort,  and  destroyed  the  advanced  works  of  the  besiegers. 
Drummond,  on  being  informed  that  Izard  was  approach 
ing,  retired  northward  ;  and, .in  November,  the  Americans 
destroyed  the  fort  and  crossed  over  to  New  York. 

42.  Izard,  when  he  started  from  Plattsburg,  left  Gen. 
Macomb  (ina-komb')  in  command  there,  witli  only  a  few 
hundred  men.     In  September,  Sir  George  Prevost,  at  the 
head  of  fourteen  thousand   men,   marched   against  Ma- 
comb,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  British  fleet  on  Lake 
Champlain,  commanded  by  Commodore  Downie  (down'-e), 
sailed  to  attack  the  American  fleet  under  Commodore 
MacDonough  (inak-don -o) . 

43.  The  battle  of  Plattsburg  and  of  Lake  Champlain 
took  place  on  the  llth.     While  the  British,  from  their 
batteries,  commenced  the  one  on  the  land,  their  fleet  en 
gaged  MacDonough's  vessels  which  were  at  anchor" in  the 
bay  of  Plattsburg.     In  a  little  more  than  two  hours  Mac 
Donough  gained  a  complete  victory.     The  fire  from  the 
land  batteries  then  slackened,  and,  at  nightfall,  Prevost 
made  a  hasty  retreat,  having  lost  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
desertions,  about  twenty-five  hundred  men. 

44.  During  the  greater  part  of  1814,  the  whole  Atlantic 
seaboard  was  locked  up  by  British  cruisers,  from  which 

41.  What  was  the  next  movement  of  the  British  ?  What  occurred  more  than 
a  month  later  ?  How  was  the  siege  brought  to  a  close  ? 

42.  Who.  after  Izard.  had  the  command  at  Lake  Champlain  ?  What  forces 
threatened  the  army  and  fleet  there  ? 

42.  43.'  Give  ah  account  of  the  two  battles  that  occurred  Sept.  llth.  Where 
is  Lake  Champlain  ?  (Map,  p.  53.)  Plattaburg  ?  (Map,  p.  82.) 

*  "The  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  had  never  been  appreciated  as  it  ought  to  b9.  The  victory 
was  the  resurrection  or  birth  of  American  arms.  The  charm  of  British  military  invincibility 
was  as  effectually  broken  by  a  single  brigade  as  that  of  naval  supremacy  by  a  single 
frigate,  as  much  as  if  a  large  army  or  fleet  had  been  the  agent."— Charlet  J.  IngvreolVs  Ha- 
torieul  Sketches. 


126 


MADISON '  S  ADMINISTRATION. 


[1814. 


descents  were  made  upon 
small  towns.  In  August, 
Stonington  was  bombarded, 
but  without  success.  A  lit 
tle  later  in  the  month,  a 
squadron  entered  the  Pa- 
tux'-ent,  and,  at  Benedict, 
landed  five  thousand  men, 
commanded  by  Gen.  Ross. 

45.  An  American  flotilla 
was  then  lying  in  the  Pa- 
tuxent,  but,  rather  than 
have  his  boats  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  invaders,  Com 
modore  Barney  burnt  them. 
Ross's  object  was  the  cap 
ture  of  Washington.  In 
stead,  however,  of  making:  a 

'  S 

direct  march,  he  proceeded 
by  the  way  of  Bla'-dens- 
burg,  where  he  met,  Aug. 
24th,  with  some  opposition  from  the  militia,  under  Gen. 
Win'-der,  and  a  body  of  seamen  and  marines,  under 
Barney. 

46.  On  the  same  day,  Aug.  24th,  he  reached  Washing 
ton,  and  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  property.*  The 
capitol,  with  its  library,  the  president's  house,  and  other 
buildings  were  burned,  and,  next  day,  the  British  made 
a  hasty  retreat.  In  the  mean  time  a  division  of  the  ene- 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— Name  six  rivers  that  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  Describe 
the  Patuxent.  Where  is  Benedict  ?  Bladcnsburg?  Washington  ?  Alexandria? 
Baltimore?  Fort  McIIenry  ?  NorthPoint* 

44.  What  did  British  cruisers  accomplish  ?  What  is  said  of  Stonington  ? 
Where  is  Stomnston  ?  (Map,  p.  24.)  What  took  place  at  Benedict  ? 

45  What  action  did  Barney  take  ?  What  was  Ross's  object?  State  what 
happened  at  Bladensburg. 

46.  What  destruction  was  effected  at  Washington  t  What  did  the  British 
effect  at  Alexandria  ? 

*  Read  Notes  5  and  6,  end  of  Section. 


1814.]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  127 

toy's  fleet  ascended  the  Potomac  to  Alexandria,  and  com 
pelled  the  inhabitants  of  the  town,  on  threat  of  bombard 
ment,  to  surrender  their  merchandise  and  shipping. 

47.  Ross  next  proceeded  against   Baltimore.     On  the 
12th  of  September  he  landed  his  troops  at  North  Point, 
several  miles  from  the  city,  while  sixteen  of  the  enemy's 
ships  sailed  up  the  Patapsco  to  bombard  Fort  Mcllenry. 
On   his  march,  Ross  was   killed  in  a  skirmish,  and  the 
progress  of  the  troops  was  then  disputed,  for  more  than 
an  hour,  by  a  body  of  militia  under  Gen.  Strick'-er.     Next 
day  the  enemy  encamped  near  the  defences  of  the  city, 
to  await  the  movements  of  the  fleet. 

48.  The  bombardment  of  Fort  Mcllenry  commenced 
on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  and  continued  till  near  the 
following  morning,  but  without  making  any  serious  im 
pression,*   Gen.  Brooke,  Ross's  successor,  seeing  no  pros 
pect  of  success  against  the  city,  embarked  his  troops,  and 
the  whole  force  of  the  enemy  withdrew, 

49.  During  the  summer,  the  authorities  of  Pensacola, 
then  a  Spanish  port,  allowed  the  British  to  take  possession 
of  their  forts  and  fit  out  expeditions 

against  the  United  States.  On  the 
15th  of  September,  Fort  Bowyer 
(bo'-yer),  now  Fort  Morgan,  was 
attacked  by  a  British  fleet,  aided 
by  a  force  of  Indians  and  marines, 
but  the  assailants  were  repulsed, 
losing  one  of  their  ships  and  many 
men.  The  other  ships  effected  their 
escape  to  Pensacola. 

47.  Against  what  pJace  did  Ross  next  proceed  ?  What  further  can  you  state 
of  Ross  ?    What  took  place  on  the  12th,  after  Ross's  death  ? 

48.  The  attack  upon  Fort  McHenry.      Brooke's  subsequent  movements. 

49.  What  wrong  did  the  authorities  of  Pensacola  permit  ?  The  attack  upon 
Port  Bowyer.    Where  is  Fort  Morgan  ?  (Map.  p.  120.)    Mobile?    Peusacola? 

*  During  the  bombardment,  Francis  S.  Key,  an  American  detained  on  board 
one  of  th«  enemy's  vessels,  during  the  bombardment,  wrote  the  national  ode, 
Th*  Star-Spangled  Banner.  (Read  Note  7,  end  of  Section.) 


MOBILE   AND  VICINITY. 


128  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is  14. 

50.  Jackson  being  in  command  at  Mobile,  marched  to 
Pensacola  at  the  head  of  three  thousand  men  ;  and,  nego 
tiations  failing,  seized  the  town  and  compelled  the  British 
to  leave.     He  then  returned  to  Mobile,  whence,  learning 
that  the  British  were  preparing  to  invade  Louisiana,  he 
hastened  to  put  New  Orleans  in  a  condition  of  defence. 

51.  Toward  the  middle  of  December,  a  British  squadron 
entered  Lake  Borgne    (bom),  carrying  twelve  thousand 
troops,  commanded  by  Sir  Edward  Pakenham  (pak'n-am), 
the  first  object  of  the  expedition  being  to  capture  New 
Orleans.     On  the   14th,  a  flotilla  of  American  gunboats 
was  compelled  to   surrender,  and,  on  the   23d,  Jackson 
made  a  spirited  though  ineffectual  attack  upon  an  encamp 
ment  of  the  enemy's  vanguard.     On  the  28th,  and  again 
on  the  first  day  of  the  new  year,  the  British  were  unsuc 
cessful  in  cannonading  the  intrenchments  which  Jackson 
had  thrown  up  four  miles  from  the  city. 

52.  On  the  8th  of  January,  1815,  the  British  made  a 
general    advance    against  the  American    intrenchments ; 
but  volley  after  volley  was  poured  upon  them  with  such 
terrible  effect,  that  they  were  compelled  to  flee.     Paken 
ham  was  slain,  and  two  thousand  of  his  men  were  killed, 
wounded,  or  taken  prisoners.     The  Americans  lost  only 
seven  killed  and  six  wounded.*     (Note  8,  end  of  Sec.) 

53.  Although,  during  1814,  the  Americans  were  gener 
ally  victorious  on  the  ocean,  yet  the  frigate  Essex,  Capt. 
Porter,  after  a  successful  cruise  of  more  than  a  year,  was 
attacked  in  the   harbor  of  Valparaiso    (vahl^mh-ri'-so)^ 
March  2  8th,  by  two  British  vessels,  and  forced  to  surrender. 
The  conflict  was  one  of  the  most  desperate  of  the  war. 

50.  Jackson's  procedure  against  Pensacola  ?    Jackson's  next  movement  ? 

51 .  What  invasion  in  Dec.  ?   Where  is  L.  Borgne  ?    (p.  120.)    New  Orleans  ? 
Misfortune  on  Lake  Borgne  ?  Attack  by  Jackson  ?  Two  attacks  by  Pakenham  ? 

52.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  ? 

53.  Give  an  account  of  the  cruise  and  loss  of  the  Essex.  (Note  9,  end  of  Sec.) 

*  "  O  Moree.  O  Cyrus  Field,  why  were  you  not  ready  with  your  Oceanic  Tele 
graph  then,  to  tell  those  men  of  both  armies,  *****  '  t  hat  they  were 
not  enemies,  but  friends  and  brothers,  and  send  them  joyful  into  each  other'8 
arms,  not  in  madness  against  each  other's  arms." — Parian's  Life  of  Jackson,- 


1814.]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  129 


54.  A  large  number  of  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
mostly  residents  of  New  England,  had  been  opposed  to 
the  war  from  its  very  commencement.     They  regarded  it 
as  entirely  unnecessary  ;    besides,  the  losses  which  they 
were  sustaining  in  their  commerce  and  fisheries,  were  not 
without  influence  upon  them.  (Read  Note  10,  end  of  Sec.) 

55.  For  the  purpose  of  considering  their  grievances  and 
devising  means  of  redress,  delegates  met  at  Hartford,  in 
December,  1814.     The  friends  of  President  Madison  and 
of  the  war  looked  upon  this  assemblage,  commonly  known 
as  the  "  Hartford  Convention,"  as  a  treasonable  body ; 
but  the  doings  of  the   members  were,  to  say  the  least, 
harmless,  their  principal  act  being  the  recommendation 
of  several  amendments  to  the  Constitution.     After  three 
weeks  of  secret  session,  the  convention  adjourned. 

56.  In  February,  1815,  the  joyful  tidings  reached  the 
United  States  that  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  signed  at 
Ghent  (gent,  not  jent)  on  the  24th  of  December,  1814. 
The  two  great  points  of  dispute — the  encroachments  upon 
American  commerce,  and  the  impressment  of  American 
seamen — were  left  untouched  by  the  treaty.     The  omis 
sion,  however,  was  not  important,  inasmuch  as,  by  the 
termination  of  the  European  war,  all  encroachments  upon 
American  commerce  ceased ;  and,  by  the  great  success  of 
the  American  navy,  the  impressment  question  was  effectu 
ally  disposed  of.    (Read  Note  11,  end  of  Section.) 

57.  WAR  WITH  ALGIERS. — In  1795  a  treaty  was  made 
with  Algiers,  in  which  it  was  stipulated  that  an  annual 
tribute  should  be  paid  to  that  power,  to  secure  American 
vessels  from  seizure  by  the  Algerines.     The  tribute  was 

54.  By  whom,  and  why  were  persons  opposed  to  the  war  ? 

55.  Give  what  account  yon  can  of  the  Hartford  Convention. 

56.  When  did  hostilities  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  cease  ? 
In  what  respect  was  the  treaty  incomplete  ?    What  rendered  the  omission  of  no 
consequence  ? 

57.  What  treaty  was  made  in  1795  ?    How  long  did  the  United  States  pay  the 
tribute  ?    What  practice  did  the  Algerines  resume  ? 

NOTB.— For  an  account  of  the  loss  of  the  Essex,  see  Note  9,  end  of  Section. 


130  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

accordingly  paid  until  1812,  when  the  Algerines,  believ 
ing  that  the  Americans,  because  of  their  war  with  the 
English,  would  not  be  able  to  protect  their  commerce, 
resumed  their  old  practice  of  piracy  against  United  States 
vessels.  (See  page  110.) 

58.  After  peace  with  England  was  established,  a  naval 
ibrce,  commanded  by  Decatur,  was  sent  to  the  Mediter* 
ranean.     Decatur  captured  the  largest  frigate  in  the  Al- 
gerine  navy,  and  another  vessel  with  more  than  five  hun 
dred  prisoners,  and  then  appeared  before  Algiers.     The 
terrified  Dey  was  compelled   to  liberate  the  American 
prisoners  in  his  hands,  and  relinquish  all  claim  to  tribute 
from  the  United  States  for  the  future.    Decatur  also  made 
satisfactory  treaties  with  Tunis  and  Tripoli.    (Ap.p.  66,top.45.) 

59.  The  charter  of  the  first  Bank  of  the  United  States 
having  expired  in  1811,  a  second  bank  of  the  same  name 
was  incorporated  in   1816.     During  Madison's  adminis 
tration  two  states  were  added  to  the  Union : — Louisiana, 
previously  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  in  181 2;* and  Indiana, 
formerly  a  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  in  1816. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1809.  James  Madison  was  inaugurated  President March  4. 

1811.  The  U.  S.  frigate  President  defeated  the  Little  Belt. May  16. 
Harrison  gained  a  victory  at  Tippecanoe Nov.  7. 

1812.  Louisiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union April  8. 

United  States  proclaimed  war  against  Great  Britain .  June  19. 

General  Hull  made  an  invasion  of  Canada July  12. 

Fort  Mackinaw  was  surrendered  to  the  British July  17. 

The  British  defeated  the  Americans  near  Brownstown.  Aug.  5. 
The  Americans  defeated  the  British  near  Brownstown .  Aug.  9. 
The  American  frigate  Essex  captured  the  Alert Aug.  13. 

58.  Upon  what  expedition  was  Decatnr  sent  ?  Give  an  account  of  Decatur1  a 
successes. 

59.  What  is  said  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  ?    What  is  said  of  Loui* 
Jana?    OfBidi&na? 


*  In  1804,  the  southern  part  of  the  "Louisiana  Purchase,"  being  the  territory  of  th» 
present  8tate  of  Louisiana,  except  the  portion  north  of  the  Ibervilie  River,  was  constituted 
the  Territory  of  Orleans.  In  1812,  the  same  was  admitted  HS  a  state,  the  portion  north  of  th» 
Ibervilk  being  added  a  few  days  after  by  Act  of  Congress.  (Read  tooic  21W,  A&p.,  i>.  77.) 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  131 

1812.  Hull  surrendered  Detroit  to  Brock , Aug.  16. 

American  frigate  Constitution  took  the  Guerriere. .  .Aug.  19. 

The  Americans  were  defeated  at  Queenstown Oct.  13. 

The  American  sloop  Wasp  captured  the  Frolic Oct.  18. 

American  frigate  United  States  took  the  Macedonian .  Oct.  25. 
The  American  frigate  Constitution  took  the  Java. ,  .Dec.  29. 

1813.  Winchester  was  defeated  at  French  town Jan.  22 

The  American  sloop  Hornet  captured  the  Peacock.  .Feb.  24. 

The  Americans  captured  York  (now  Toronto) April  27. 

Proctor  laid  siege  to  Fort  Meigs May  1. 

Harrison  and  Clay  defeated  Proctor  at  Fort  Meigs May  5, 

The  Americans,  under  Dearborn,  took'  Fort  George. May  27. 

Brown  repulsed  the  British  at  Sackett's  Harbor May  29. 

The  British  frigate  Shannon  took  the  Chesapeake June  1. 

Croghan  repulsed  the  British  at  Fort  Stephenson, . .  .Aug.  2. 

The  British  sloop  Pelican  captured  the  Argus Aug.  14 

Creek  War  began  by  the  massacre  at  Fort  Minis. .  .Aug.  30. 
The  American  brig  Enterprise  captured  the  Boxer.  .Sept.  5. 
Perry  gained  his  victory  over  Barclay  on  Lake  Erie . .  Sept.  10. 
Harrison  defeated  Proctor  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames. .  Oct.  5. 
Battle  of  Williamsburg  or  Chrysler's  Field  was  fought.  Nov.  11. 

1814.  The  battle  of  Tohopeka  ended  the  Creek  War March  27. 

Two  British  vessels  captured  the  Essex March  28. 

The  British  defeated  Wilkinson  at  La  Colle March  30. 

Scott  and  Ripley  captured  Fort  Erie July  3. 

Brown  defeated  the  British  at  Ckippewa : . .  .July  5. 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  or  Bridge  water  was  fought.  .July  25. 
The  Americans  repulsed  the  British  at  Fort  Erie. .  .Aug.  15. 

Ross  defeated  the  Americans  at  Bladensburg Aug.  24. 

Ross  entered  Washington  and  fired  public  buildings.  Aug.  24. 
MacDonough defeated  the  British  on  L.  Champlain.  .Sept.  11. 

Macomb  defeated  the  British  at  Plattsburg Sept.  11 

Battle  of  North  Point,  near  Baltimore,  was  fought.  .Sept.  12 
The  Americans  repulsed  British  fleet  at  Ft.  McHenry.Sept  13. 
The  Americans  repulsed  the  British  at  Fort  Bo v/yer.  Sept.  15, 
Brown  made  a  sortie  upon  British  works  at  Ft.  Erie. .  Sept.  17. 
Jackson  compelled  the  British  to  leave  Pensacola. .  .Nov.  7. 
British  squadron  on  Lake  Borgne  capt'd  U.  S.  flotilla. Dec.  14. 

The  delegates  to  the  Hartford  Convention  met Dec.  15. 

The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent Dec.  24. 

1815.  Jackson  defeated  the  British  at  New  Orleans Jan.  8, 


132 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


1815.  Congress  declared  war  against  Algiers March  2. 

Decatur  was  sent  against  the  Algerines May  21. 

1816.  The  Bank  of  U.  S.  was  rechartered  for  twenty  years.  April  10. 
Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union .  .Dec.  11. 


PRINCIPAL  NAVAL  BATTLES    OF  THE  SECOND  WAR  WITH 
ENGLAND. 

*  The  asterisk  indicates  the  successful  party. 


DATES. 

WHERE  FOUGHT. 

VESSELS. 

COMMANDERS. 

1812. 
Aug.  13, 

Aug.  19, 
Oct.  18, 
Oct.  25, 

Dec.  29, 
1813. 
Feb.  24, 

June  1, 
Aug.  14, 
Sept.  5, 

Sept.  10, 
1814. 

Mar.  28, 

Apr.  29, 
June  28, 
Sept.  1, 
Sept.  11, 

Dec.  14, 
1815. 
Jan.  15, 

Feb.  20, 
Mar.  23, 

Off  Newfoundland  .  .  -| 
Off  Massachusetts  .  .  .  j 
Off  North  Carolina  .  .  -J 
Near  Canary  Islands,  -j 
Off  San  Salvador  .  .  .  .  -j 

Am.  Frig.  Essex  

Porter.* 
Laugharne. 
Hull.* 
Dacres. 
Jones.* 
Whinyates. 
Decatnr.* 
Carden. 
Bainbridge.* 
Lambert. 

I  Br.  Sloop  Alert 

Am.  Frig.  Constitution.  .  . 
Br.  Frig.  Guerriere  
Am.  Sloop  Wasp  
Br.  Brig  Frolic  
Am.  Frig  United  States  .  . 
Br.  Frig.  Macedonian  
Am.  Frig.  Constitution.  .. 
Br.  Frig.  Java  

Off  Demarara  ...     ,  .  .  -j 

Am.  Sloop  Hornet  ?.. 

Lawrence.* 
Peake. 
Lawrence. 
Broke.* 
Allen. 
Maples.* 
Burrows.* 
Blythe. 
Perry.* 
Barclay. 

( 
Massachusetts  Bay.,  -j 

British  Channel  -j 
Off  coast  of  Maine  .  .  .  -j 
Lake  Erie           ...      -J 

Am.  Frig.  Chesapeake  
Br.  Frig.  Shannon  

Am.  Brig  Argus  
Br.  Sloop  Pelican  

Am.  Brig  Enterprise  
Br.  Brig  Boxer  
Am.  9  vessels,  54  guns  
Br.  6  vessels,  t>3  guns  

Harbor  of  Valparaiso  •< 

Off  coast  of  Florida..  -{ 
Near  British  Channel] 

Am  Fri01  E^ex 

Porter. 
Hillyar.* 
Tucker. 
Warrington.* 
Wales. 
Blakely.* 
Manners. 
Blakely.* 
Arbuthnot. 
McDonough.* 
Downie. 
Jones. 
Lockyer.* 

Br.  BrigPhabe  

Br  Sloop  Cherub 

Am.  Sloop  Peacock  
Br.  Brig  Eporvier  
Am  Sloop  Wasp  

Br  Sloop  Reindeer  

Am.  Sloop  Wasp  

Lake  Champlain  \ 

Br.  Sloop  Avon  
Am.  14  vessels.  86  guns  
Br.  17  vessels.  95  guns  .... 
Am.  5  gunboats  

Lake  Borgne  •! 

Br.  40  barges  

Off  New  Jersey  -J 
Off  Island  of  Madeira  -| 
Off  Brazil  j 

Am  Fri^  President 

Decatur. 
Hayes.* 
Stewart.* 
Falcon. 
Douglass. 
Biddle.* 
Dickensoii. 

Br.  (Squadron)  
Am.  Frig.  Constitution  
Br.  Ship  Cyane  
Br.  Ship  Levant  
Am.  Sloop  Hornet  

( 

NOTE.— During  the  battle  on  Lake  Erie,  "  Captain  Perry,  finding  himself  in  a 


MADISON  S  ADMINISTRATION. 


133 


FBINCIPAL  LAND  BATTLES  OF  THE  SECOND  WAR  WITH  ENGLAND. 

*  The  asterisk  indicates  the  successful  party. 


DATES. 

BATTLES. 

COMMANDERS. 

MEN.  ENGAGED. 

American. 

British. 

Amer'  n 

British. 

1812. 
Aug.  5, 

Aug.9,j 

Oct.  13, 

1813. 
Jan.  22, 
Am-il  27, 
May  5, 
May  29, 
Aug.  2, 
Oct.  5, 
Nov.  11, 
1814. 
Mar.  30, 
July  5, 
July  25, 
Aug.  15, 
Aug.  24, 
Sept,  11, 
Sept.  12, 
Sept.  13, 
Sept.  15, 
Sept.  17, 
Dec.  23, 
1815. 
Jan.  8, 

Brownstown  
Maguaga,  or  2d  of 
Brownstown  
Queenstown  

Van  Horn  
[Miller*  
Van  Rensselaer 

Tecumseh*.  . 
Tecumseh... 
Brock*  

200 
600 
1,200 

600 
900 
2,500 

Frenchtown  

Winchester  
Pike*  
Clay*  

Proctor*    .  , 
Shcaffe  
Proctor  
Prevost  
Proctor  
Proctor 

800 
1,700 
1.200 
1,000 
150 
2,500 
1,200 

1.500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 

York  
Fort  Meigs  
Sackctt's  Harbor.. 
Fort  Stephenson  .  . 
Thames  
Chrysler's  Field  .  .  . 

Brown*  
Croghan*  
Harrison*  
Boyd  

Morrison  .  .  . 

La  Colle  .... 

Wilkinson  
Brown*  
Brown*  
Gaines* 

I/an  cock*.... 
Riall  
Drummond.  . 
Drummond.  . 
Ross*  
Prevost  
Brooke*  
Cochrane.  ... 
Nicholls  
Drummond  . 
Keane  

4,000 

i,aoo 

3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3.000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 

2.000 
2,100 
5.000 
5.000 
5.000 
14.000 
5,000 
16  ships 

3,500 
2,500 

Chippewa  
Lundy's  Lane  
Fort  Erie  (assault). 
Bladensburg  
Plattsbnrg  
North  Point  
Fort  McHenry  
Fort  Bowyer  
Fort  Erie  (sortie).. 
9  miles  from  N.  O. 

Winder  

Macomb*  
Strieker  .. 

Armistead*  
Lawrence*  
Brown*  

Jackson 

New  Orleans  

Jackson*  

Pakenham.  .  . 

6,000 

12,000 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

1.  N&me  the  first  ten  important  events  of  Madison's  administration 130 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  1811 114 

3.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  second  war  with  England  ? Ill,  115 

4.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  under  General  Hull lis',  116 

5.  Give  an  account  of  General  Van  Rensselaer' s  campaign 116 

C.  What  account  can  you  give  of  General  Brock  ? 116 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  action  between  the  Alert  and  Essex 117,  132 

8.  Of  the  action  between  the  Constitution  and  Guerriere HT,  133 

9.  Of  the  action  between  the  United  States  and  Macedonian 117^  133 

10.  Of  the  action  between  the  Constitution  and  Java '  117 

11 .  Now  state,  in  chronological  order,  the  naval  events  of  1812 117, 132 

12.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  thirteen  important  events  of  1812 130, 131 


vessel  (his  flag-ship,  the  Lawrence),  that  had  been  rendered  nearly  useless  by 
the  injuries  she  had  received,  and  which  was  dropping  out  of  the  combat  got 
into  his  boat,  and  pulled  after  the  Niagara  (of  his  fleet),  on  board  of  which  vesseV 
he  arrived  at  about  half-past  two."— Hooper's  Hist,  of  the  Navy  qf  the  U.  S. 


134  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

13.  State  what  you  can  of  General  Winchester 118 

14.  When,  where,  and  why,  was  Fort  Meigs  built  ? 118 

15.  Give  the  further  history  of  Fort  Meigs 118,  119 

16.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  Major  Croghan 119 

17.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  Commodore  Perry 119 

18.  Give  an  account  of  Tecumseh 114,  120 

19.  Give  an  account  of  General  Harrison 114,  118,  119,  120 

20.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  Creek  War 120,  121 

21.  What  movement  did  Dearborn  make  in  April,  1813  ? 121 

22.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  General  Pike 121 

23.  What  success  did  Dearborn  afterward  have  ? 121 

24.  Now,  give  a  full  account  of  Dearborn's  part  in  the  war 118-121 

25.  Give  a  full  account  of  Wilkinson's  part  in  the  war 122-124 

2<>.  Of  the  action  between  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Shannon 122, 123,  132 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  career  of  the  Argus , 123,  132 

28.  Of  the  action  between  the  Enterprise  and  the  Boxer 123,  132 

29.  Name,  in  order,  five  naval  eveiits  of  1813 132 

30.  Name,  in  order,  fifteen  important  events  of  1813 1 31 

31.  State  how  the  Americans  captured  Fort  Erie 124 

32.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Chippewa 124,  133 

33.  Give  a  fall  account  of  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane. 124,  133 

34.  Give,  as  far  as  you  can,  the  history  of  Fort  Erie 124,  125 

35.  State  all  you  can  in  relation  to  General  Brown 121, 123-125 

36.  Give  an  account  of  the  Battle  of  Lake  Champlain 125,  132 

37.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Plattsburg  125,  133 

88.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  Sir  George  Prevost 121, 125 

39.«Give  an  account  of  naval  affairs  during  1814 .125,  126,  128 

40.  How  and  when  did  General  Ross  commence  operations  ? 126 

41.  Give  an  account  of  his  march  from  Benedict  to  Washington 126 

42.  Of  his  acts  at  Washington,  and  death  near  Baltimore 126,  127 

43.  Now  give  the  whole  account  in  relation  to  Ross 126,  127 

44.  State  what  is  said  in  connection  with  Pensacola 127, 128 

45.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  Fort  Bowyer 127 

46.  Of  Pakenham's  movements  in  December,  1814 128 

47.  Of  the  disaster  to  the  Americans  on  Lake  Borgne 128 

48.  Of  the  defeat  and  death  of  Pakenham 128 

49.  Now  give  the  full  account  of  Pakenham's  expedition 128 

50.  Give  the  history  and  doings  of  the  Hartford  Convention 129 

51.  Give  the  particulars  in  relation  to  the  treaty  of  peace 129 

52.  Name  six  naval  events  of  1814 132 

53.  Name,  in  order,  nineteen  important  events  of  that  year 131 

54.  Name  three  important  events  of  1815 .131, 132 

55.  Give  an  account  of  the  troubles  with  Algiers 129, 130 

56.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  troubles  with  the  Barbary  powers 110,  129,  130 

57.  Give  the  history  of  Louisiana 110,  128, 138 

68.  How  did  Louisiana  get  its  name  ?    Ans.  The  whole  country  watered 

by  the  Mississippi  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French,  in  1682, 
and  named  Louisiana,  in  honor  of  the  French  king,  Louis  XIV. 

69.  Whence  did  Indiana  get  its  name  ?    From  the  word  Indian.    It  was 

first  applied,  in  1768,  to  a  grant  of  land  near  the  Ohio,  which  a  com 
pany  of  traders  that  year  obtained  from  the  Indians. 


NOTES.  134a 

1.  Sufferings  of  American  Prisoners  In  Dartmoor  Prison 

(Note  p.  111). — "The  winter  (of  1813-14)  set  iu  with  a  severity  not  i'elt  before  for 
half  a  century.  The  mountain  on  which  the  prison  stood  was  covered  with 
snow  to  the  depth  of  from  two  to  four  feet.  The  stream  running  through  the 
prison  yard,  and  the  buckets  of  water  in  the  rooms,  were  frozen  solid.  Most 
of  the  prisoners  being  protected  only  by  rags,  and  destitute  of  shoes,  could  not 
go  out  into  the  yard  at  all,  for  it  was  covered  with  snow,  but  they  lay  crouched 
in  their  hammocks  all  day  and  all  night.  The  strong  were  bowed  in  gloom  and 
despair,  and  the  weak  perished  in  protracted  agonies.  To  fill  up  the  measure 
of  their  sufferings,  the  commanding  officer  issued  an  order  compelling  them  to 
turn  out  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  stand  up  in  the  yard  till  the  guard 
counted  them.  This  took  nearly  an  hour,  during  which  time  the  poor  fellows 
stood  barefoot  in  the  snow,  benumbed  by  the  cold,  and  pierced  by  the  bleak 
wind.  Unable  to  bear  this  dreadful  exposure,  the  prisoners  cut  up  their  bed- 
ding,  and  made  garments  and  socks  for  their  feet,  and  slept  on  the  cold  floor. 
Morning  after  morning,  hardy  men,  overcome  by  the  cold,  fell  lifeless  in  the 
presence  of  their  keepers." — Headley's  Second  War  with  England. 

2.  Hull's  Surrender  of  Detroit  (p.  HG,  U  8).— "General  Hull  had 
been  in  many  battles  of  the  revolution.     He  had  led  a  column  of  Wayne's  troops 
at  the  taking  of  Stony  Point,  and  for  his  conduct  in  that  action  received  the 
thanks  of  Washington,  and  promotion  in  the  service.     He  was  in  the  midst  of 
the  battle  of  White  Plains,  and  was  there  wounded.     He  was  in  the  battles  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton.     He  fought  at  Ticonderoga,  Bemis  Heights,  Saratoga, 
Monmouth  and  other  places,  and  led  regiments  and  battalions  in  most  of  these 

battles Is  it  likely,  therefore,  that  he  should  have  been  the  only  man  in 

his  army  disabled  by  fear  from  fighting  General  Brock  ?    What,  then,  were  his 
reasons  as  given  by  himself?    General  Hull  was  now  in  thc'position  in  which,  as 
he  had  stated  to  the  administration  before  the  war,  Detroit  must  fall.     His  com 
munications  to  Ohio  were  cut  off  by  the  Indians  in  the  woods ;  his  communica 
tions  by  the  lakes  were  cut  off  by  the  British  vessels;  and  he  had  no  co-operation 
at  Niagara.    If  he  should  fight  a  battle,  and  defeat  the  British  army,  his  fate 
would  not  be  less  inevitable,  for  a  victory  would  not  re-open  his  communications. 
Besides  this,  his  forces  were  vastly  inferior  to  those;  of  the  enemy,  his  provisions 
were  nearly  exhausted,  and  there  was  no  possibility  of  obtaining  a  supply  from 
any  quarter.    If  he  were  to  fight,  he  would  save  his  own  reputation,  but  could 
not  save  the  army  or  territory,  and  he  would  be  exposing  the  defenseless  inhab 
itants  of  Michigan  to  all  the  horrors  of  Indian  warfare,  without  a  reason  or  an 
object.    Under  these  circumstances,  it  would  be  the  part  of  a  selfish  man  to 
fight.    It  was  the  part  of  a  brave  and  generous  man  to  hazard  the  sacrifice  of 
his  own  reputation  as  a  soldier,  and  his  own  selfish  feelings,  to  his  duty  as  a 
governor  and  a  man.    General  Hull  did  the  last,  and  never  regretted  it  for  a 
moment.     He  was  asked,  on  his  death-bed,  whether  he  still  believed  he  had  done 
right  in  the  surrender  of  Detroit,  and  he  replied  that  he  did,  and  was  thankful 
that  he  had  been  enabled  to  do  so."— James  Freeman  Clarke's  Campaign  of  1812. 

3.  After  the  Battle  of  Toliopeka  (p.  121,  IF  25).—"  The  grim  general 
(Jackson)  who  presided  over  this  bloody  scene,  had  still  a  tender  spot  in  his 
heart.    Moved  by  the  wail  of  an  Indian  infant,  picked  up  from  the  field,  whose 
mother  had  perished  during  the  battle,  Jackson  strove  to  induce  some  nursing 
woman  among  the  prisoners  to  take  care  of  it.     '  Its  mother  is  dead,'  was  the 
cold  answer,  '  let  the  child  die  too.'    The  general,  himself  a  childless  man,  then 
turned  nurse  himself.     Some  brown  sugar  formed  a  part  of  his  private  stores^ 
and  with  this  he  caused  the  child  to  be  fed.    He  even  took  it  home  with  him, 
and  reared  it  up  in  hia  own  family.    The  Indian  boy,  thus  cared  for,  grew  a 


134b  KOTES. 


bright  and  thriving  boy,  and,  when  he  came  of  age,  having  meanwhile  chosen 
and  learned  a  trade,  he  was  comfortably  established  as  a  saddler  at  Nashville." 
The  defeat  of  the  Indians  entirely  broke  their  spirits,  and  they  began  to  come 
into  Fort  Jackson.  "Among  tnese  suppliants  was  Wetherford,  the  chief  who 
had  been  so  active  in  commencing  the  war.  '  I  fought  at  Fort  Miins,'  such 
•was  his  address  to  Jackson;  'I  fought  the  army  of  Georgia.  I  did  you  all  the 
injury  I  could.  Had  I  been  supported  as  I  was  promised,  I  would  have  done 
more.  But  my  warriors  are  killed,  and  I  can  fight  no  longer.  I  look  back  with 
sorrow  that  I  have  brought  destruction  on  my  nation.  I  am  now  in  your  power, 
do  with  me  as  you  please.  I,  too,  am  a  warrior.'  In  spite  of  the  murmurs  of 
the  volunteers,  Wetheriord's  life  was  spared,  and  the  same  lenient  policy  was 
adopted  by  Jackson  with  all  who  came  in." — Hildreth's  History  of  the  U.  S. 

4.  Don't  Give  up  the  SAip  (p.  123,  *fi  33).—"  At  half-past  five  the  action 
commenced  with  great  spirit  on  both  sides.    The  first  broadsides  were,  however, 
remarkably  fatal  to  the  officers  of  the  Chesapeake.    In  a  few  minutes  the  master 
was  killed,  and  four  lieutenants  were  severely  wounded.     Shortly  afterward  Cap 
tain  Lawrence  received  a  dangerous  wound,  but  remained  on  the  deck,  issuing 
his  orders  with  perfect  composure.    The  fire  of  the  Chesapeake  was  directed 
with  evident  effect  against  the  hull  of  the  Shannon;  that  of  the  latter  was  aimed 
at  the  rigging  of  the  Chesapeake,  with  such  success,  that  in  twelve  minutes  from 
the  commencement  of  the  action,  she  fell  foul  of  her  antagonist.    A  raking  fire 
•was  now  poured  into  her  from  the  Shannon;  and  Captain  Broke,  seeing  that  her 
decks  were  nearly  swept  of  the  crew,  took  the  opportunity  of  boarding  at  the 
head  of  his  marines.     At  this  moment  Captain  Lawrence,  who  had  persisted  iu 
remaining  on  deck,  received  a  mortal  wound,  and  was  carried  below.     It  was  at 
this  period  that  he  uttered  those  emphatic  words,  since  so  justly  celebrated, 
«  Don't  give  up  the  ship.'    In  a  few  minutes  the  enemy  obtained  possession  of  the 
vessel,  and  for  the  first  time  since  the  declaration  of  war  the  British  flag  was 
hoisted  on  an  American  vessel." — Ramsay's  History  rf  the  United  States. 

5.  Burning  of  the  City  of  Washington  (p.  126,  If  46).— "  'This,' 
says  an  officer  in  Ross's  army,  '  was  a  night  of  dismay  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Washington.    The  streets  were  crowded  with  men,  women,  and  children,  horses, 
carriages,  and  carts  loaded  with  household  furniture,  all  hastening  towards  a 

wooden  bridge  which  crosses  the  Potomac.'" "At  a   small  beer  house 

opposite  to  the  Treasury,  fire  was  procured  with  which  the  Treasury  and  then 
the  President's  house,  were  set  fire  to.    Before  setting  fire  to  the  latter  building, 
it  was  ransacked  for  booty,  especially  for  objects  of  curiosity,  to  be  carried  oft 
as  spoils;  but  few  were   found.     Some  pictures  and  books,  chosen  from  Mr. 
Madison's   library,  were  all  that  were  deemed  worth  preserving,  except  a  small 
parcel  of  pencil  notes,  which,  during   the  last  few  days,  had  been  received  by 
Mrs.  Madison  from  her  husband,  while  he  was  with  the  troops,  and  which  she  had 
rolled  up  together  and  put  into  a  table  drawer.     To  all  the  rest  of  the  contents 
of  the  building— furniture,  wines,  provisions,  groceries,  and  family  stores,  to 
gether  with  an  excellent  library— the  torch  was  applied.     After  incendiarism 
had  done  its  worst,  both  at  the  President's  house  and  the  Navy  Yard,  indiscrim. 
inate  pillage  closed  the  scene But  the  day's  victory  and  night's  devasta 
tion  brought  the  conquerors  to  a  pause  and  retirement."— Ingersoll's  Second  Wat 
with  Great  Britain. 

6.  What  was  thought  In  England  of  the  Injury  done  to 
Washington  (p.  126).—"  In  England  there  was  a  general  feeling  that,  however 
brilliant  had  been  the  attack  upon  Washington,  the  destruction  of  non-warlike 
buildings  was  something  more  than  a  mistake.    It  was  an  outrage  inconsistent 


NOTES.  134c 


with  civilized  warfare.  Lord  Grenville,  with  dignified  earnestness,  lamented  a 
departure  from  a  system  of  forbearance  which  had  been  pursued  even  by  Napo 
leon  during  a  conflict  of  twenty  years,  in  whose  hands  nearly  all  the  capitals  of 
Europe  had  been,  and  in  no  instance,  except  in  that  of  the  Kremlin  of  Moscow, 
were  any  unmilitary  buildings  destroyed.  We  had  done,  said  Mr.  Whitbread, 
what  the  Goths  had  refused  to  do  at  Home,  when  Belisarius  represented  to  them 
that  to  destroy  works  of  art  was  to  erect  a  monument  to  the  folly  of  the  destroy, 
ers.  He  maintained  that  the  outrage  at  Washington  had  conciliated  to  the 
American  government  those  parts  of  the  United  States  which  were  before  hostile 
to  it;  had  put  in  motion  battalions  of  militia  which  before  were  not  allowed  ta 
march.  It  had  united  all.  It  had  made  determined  opposition  to  England  a 
common  interest.  WThether  to  the  destruction  of  the  public  buildings  in  Wash 
ington  may  be  attributed  the  extraordinary  vigor  which  seemed  now  to  be 
infused  into  the  military  character  of  the  American  democracy,  it  is  certain 
that,  after  that  event,  the  course  of  the  war  was  one  of  almost  unvarying  success 
to  their  arms." — Knight's  History  of  England. 

7.  The  Star-spangled   Banner  (p.  127).— "  During  the  tremendous 
bombardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  Francis  S.  Key  lay  in  a  little  vessel  under  the 
British  admiral's  frigate.     He  had  visited  the  fleet    for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
an  exchange  of  some  prisoners  of  war,  especially  of  ons  who  was  a  personal 
friend,  and  was  directed  to  remain  till  after  the  action.     During  the  day  his  eye 
had  rested  eagerly  on  that  low  fortification  over  which  the  flag  of  his  country 
was  flying;  and  he  watched  with  the  intensest  anxiety  the  progress  of  each  shell 
in  its  flight,  rejoicing  when  it  fell  short  of  its  aim,  and  filled  with  fear  as  he  saw 
it  descend  witho  it  exploding  within  those  silent  enclosures.     At  night,  when 
darkness  shut  out  that  object  of  so  much  and  intense  interest,  around  which 
every  hope  and  desire  of  his  life  seemed  to  cling,  he  still  stood  straining  his  eyes 
through  the  gloom,  to  catch,  if  he  could,  by  the  light  of  the  blazing  shells,  a 
glimpse  of  his  country's  flag,  waving  proudly  in  the  storm.     The  early  dawn 
found  him  still  a  watcher;  and  there,  to  the  music  of  bursting  shells  and  the 
roar  of  cannon,  he  composed  '  The  Star-spangled  Banner.'  "—Headley's  Second 
War  with  England. 

8.  Jackson's  Cotton-balo  Defenses  of  New  Orleans  (p.  128, 
If  52). — "  Each  company  had  its  own  line  of  embankment  to  throw  up,  which  it 
called  its  castle,  and  strained  every  muscle  in  fierce  but  friendly  rivalry  to  make 
it  overtop  the  castles  of  the  rest.     The  nature  of  the  soil  rendered  the  task  one 
of  peculiar  difficulty.    Dig  down  three  feet  anywhere  in  that  singular  plain,  and 
you  come  to  water.     Earth  soon  becomes  the  scarcest  of  commodities  near  the 
lines,  and  had  to  be  brought  from  far  after  the  first  hours.    An  idea  occurs  to  an 
ingenious  French  intellect.     Cotton  bales  I    The  town  is  full  of  cotton.    And,  lo, 
here,  close  to  the  lines,  is  a  vessel  laden  with  cotton,  waiting  for  a  chance  to  get 
to  sea.     The  idea,  however,  plausible  as  it  was,  did  not  stand  the  test  of  service. 
The  first  cannonade    knocked  the  cotton  bales  about  in  a  manner  that  made 
General  Jackson  more  eager  to  get  rid  of  them  than  he  had  been  to  use  them. 
Some  of  the  bales,  too,  caught  fire,  and  made  a  most  intolerable  and  persistent 
smoke,  so  that,  before  the  final  conflict,  every  pound  of  cotton  was  removed 
from  the  lines.    A  similar  error  was  made  by  the  enemy,  who,  supposing  that 
sugar  would  offer  resistance  to  cannon-balls  equal  to  sand,  employed  hogsheads 
of  sugar  in  the  formation  of  their  batteries.     The  first  ball  that  knocked  a  hogs 
head  to  pieces,  and  kept  on  its  destructive  way  unchecked,  convinced  them  that 
sugar  and  sand,  though  often  found  together,  have  little  in  common."— Parton'a 
Life  of  Jackson. 


1341  NOTES. 


9.  The  Loss  of  the  Essex  (p.  128,  IT  53). — "There  was  no  longer  any 
chance  of  saving  the  ship.   To  add  to  her  distress,  she  was  on  fire,  the  flames  com- 
ing  up  both  the  main  and  forward  hatchways,  and  lor  a  few  minutes  it  was 
thought  she  must  consume.    To  add  to  the  horrors  of  the  scene,  an  explosion  of 
powder  also  occurred  below;  and  Captain  Porter  told  his  people,  that  in  prefer 
ence  to  being  blown  up,  all  who  chose  to  incur  the  risk  might  make  the  attempt 
to  reach  the  shore  by  swimming.     Many  availed  themselves  of  the  permission, 
and  some  succeeded  in  effecting  their  escape.    Others  perished;  while  a  few, 
after  drifting  about  on  bits  of  spars,  were  picked  up  by  the  boats  of  the  enemy. 
Much  the  greater  part  of  the  crew,  however,  remained  in  the  ship,  and  they  set 
about  to  extinguish  the  flames,  the  shot  of  the  enemy  committing  its  havoc  the 
whole  time.    Fortunately,  the  fire  was  got  under,  when  the  few  brave  men  who 
were  left  went  again  to  the  guns;  but  the  enemy,  in  perfectly  smooth  water,  was 
firing  his  long  eighteens  at  a  nearly  unresisting  ship,  with  as  much  precision  as 
lie  could  have  discharged  them  at  a  target.     It  had  become  an  imperative  duty, 
therefore,  to  strike,  and  the  colors  were  accordingly  hauled  down — thousands  of 
persons  on  shore  being  witnesses— after  one  of  the  most  remarkable  combats 
that  is  to  be  found  in  the  history  of  naval  warfare." — Cooper's  Naval  History  of 
the  United  States. 

10.  The  Hartford  Convention  (p.  129,  H  55).— "The  troops  of  the 
United  States,  intended   for  defending  the  sea-coast,  had  been  withdrawn  to 
•parry  on  the  war  in  Canada.     A  British  squadron  was  stationed  in  Long  Island 
tSound  to  prevent  the  escape  of  a  frigate  from  New  London,  and  to  intercept  our 
coasting  trade;  one  town  in  Maine  was  in  possession  of  the  British  forces;  the 
banks  south  of  New  England  had  all  suspended  the  payment  of  specie;  our  ship 
ping  lay  in  our  harbor,  embargoed,  dismantled,  and  perishing;  the  treasury  of 
the  United  States  was  exhausted  to  the  last  cent,  and  a  general  gloom  was  spread 
over  the  country.    In  this  condition  of  affairs,  a  number  of  gentlemen  in  North 
ampton,  Mass.,  determined  to  invite  some  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  the 
three    counties  on  the  Connecticut    formerly   comprising  the  old  county  of 
Hampshire,  to  meet  and  consider  whether  any  measures  could  not  be  taken  to 
arrest  the  continuance  of  the  war."     Out  of  this  grew  the  Hartford  Convention. 
"  The  citizens  had  the  same  right  then  to  meet  in  convention  as  they  have  now. 
The  distresses  of  the  country  demanded  extraordinary  measures  for  redress. 
The  thought  of  dissolving  the  Union  never  entered  into  the  head  of  any  member 
of  the  Convention.    The  gentlemen  who  composed  it,  for  talents  and  patriotism, 
have  never  been  surpassed  by  any  assembly  in  the  United  States;  and,  beyond  a 
question,  the  appointment  of  the  Hartford  Convention  had  a  very  favorable 
effect  in  hastening  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty  of  peace.     All  the  reports  which 
have  been  circulated  respecting  the  evil  designs  of  that  Convention  I  know  to  be 
the  foulest  misrepresentations." — Noah  Webster^s  Sketches  of  American  Policy. 

11 8  Peace  !  Peace!  (p.  129,  IT  56).— "No  victory  ever  so  electrified  the 
nation  as  the  news  of  this  peace.  The  ship  that  bore  the  glad  intelligence 
reached  New  York  on  Saturday  evening,  February  llth,  an  hour  after  dark."  .  . 
"  In  half  an  hour  after,  Broadway  was  one  living  sea  of  shouting,  rejoicing  peo 
ple.  '  Peace  I  peace  I  peace !  '  was  the  deep,  harmonious,  universal  anthem. 
The  whole  spectacle  was  enlivened  by  a  sudden  inspiration.  Somebody  came 
with  a  torch;  the  bright  idea  passed  into  a  thousand  brains.  In  a  few  minutes 
thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  people  were  marching  about  with  candles, 
lamps,  torches— making  the  jubilant  street  appear  like  a  gay  and  gorgeous  pro 
cession.  The  whole  night  Broadway  sang  its  song  of  peace;  and  the  next  day, 
Sunday,  all  the  churches  sent  up  hymns  of  thanksgiving  for  the  joyous  tidings." 
— S.  G,  Goodrich. 


1817.]  MONROE'S  ADMINISTRATION.  135 


SECTION    VII. 

From  the  beginning  of  Monroes  Administration  to  the 

close  of  Piercers :  1 8 1 7  to  1 85  7. 

1.  MONROE'S  ADMINISTRATION. — James  Monroe,  of  Vir 
ginia,  Madison's  successor  in  the  presidency,  was  inaugu 
rated  on  the  4th  of  March,  1817  ;  and  his  administration 
commenced   under  very  favorable    circumstances.      We 
were   at  peace  with  all  foreign  powers ;  our  commerce 
rode  every  sea ;  and  the  strife  at  home,  between  the  two 
great  political  parties,  Democrats  and  Federalists,  had 
entirely  ceased.     (Read  topic  224,  Appendix,  p.  81.) 

2.  Toward  the  close  of  1817,  the  Seminoles  (sem'-i-ndlz) 
of  Florida,  joined  by  other  Indians,  commenced  depreda 
tions   on  the  frontier  settlements   of  Georgia.     At  first 
Gen.    Gaines,    and,    afterward,   Gen.   Jackson,   was    sent 
against  them.     Being  convinced  that  the   Indians    had 
been  instigated  to  hostilities  by  persons  in  Florida,  Jack 
son  marched  into  that  province,  though,  at  the  time,  it 
belonged  to  Spain;  seized  the  fort   at  St.  Mark's;  exe 
cuted  two  instigators  of  the  war,  both  British  subjects ; 
and  sent  the  authorities  of  Pensacola  to  Havana.  (Note  1.) 

3.  This  having  led  to  difficulties  between  the  govern 
ments  of  Spain  and  the  United  States,  a  treaty  was  finally 
made  in  1819,  by  which  Florida  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  but  Spain  did  not  surrender  possession  of  the  ter 
ritory  before  1821.     The  Mississippi  Territory,  embracing 

1.  When  was  Monroe  inaugurated  ?     Condition  of  the  country  at  that  time  ? 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  troubles  in  Florida. 

3.  State  how  Florida  came  into  the  pos^es^ion  of  the  United  States.    Where 
is  St.  Marks  ?  (p.  174.)    What  is  said  of  the  Slate  of  Mississippi  ? 

NOTE.— "  Shortly  after  his  inauguration,  Monroe,  imitating  the  example  of 
Washington,  set  out  on  a  tour  through  the  Eastern  States.  His  declaration  of 
principles  in  his  inaugural  address  had  been  highly  satisfactory  to  the  Federal 
ists,  and  at  Boston  he  was  received  with  most  elaborate  pomp.  Embittered  and 
hot-tempered  leaders  of  parties,  who  for  the  last  seven  years  had  hardly  deigned 
to  speak  to  each  other,  or  even  to  walk  on  the  same  side  of  the  street,  met  now 
with  smiling  faces,  vying  in  extravagance  of  republican  loyalty.  The  'era  of 
good  feeling '  having  thus  begun,  the  way  was  rapidly  paved  for  that  complete 
amalgamation  of  parties  which  took  place  a  few  years  after."— HUdreth's  Hist. 

u,  m. 


136  MONROE'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is IT. 

the  present  states  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  was  di 
vided  in  1817,  and  the  western  portion  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  State  of  Mississippi.  (App.,  p.  71,  topic  109.) 

4.  Illinois,  which,  up  to  1800,  was  a  part  of  the  North 
west  Territory  ;  and  then,  till  1809,  formed  with  Indiana 
the  Indiana  Territory  ;  and  subsequently,  by  itself,  was 
the  Illinois  Territory  ;  became  a  state  in  1818.     Alabama 
was  admitted  in  1819.     In  1820,  Maine,  which  had  up  to 
that  time  been  a  district  of  Massachusetts,  was  organized 
as  a  state,  and  admitted  into  the  Union.     (P.  190,  T  6.) 

5.  The  most  important  event  during  Monroe's  admin 
istration  was  the  controversy  preceding  the  admission  of 
Missouri  into  the  Union.     The  states  of  the  North  op 
posed  its  admission  as  a  slave-state,  while  those  of  the 
South  favored  such  admission.     (App.,  p.  71,  topic  116.) 

6.  In  Congress  the  debate  was  long  and  violent ;  but 

O  O  " 

at  length,  in  1820,  a  bill,  known  as  the  "Missouri  Com 
promise,"  was  passed,  by  which  it  was  declared  that,  with 
the  exception  of  Missouri,  slavery  should  be  prohibited 
in  the  territory  of  the  United  States  north  of  the  parallel 
36°  30',  and  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Under  this  com 
promise,  Missouri,  with  a  constitution  permitting  slavery, 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1821*  (Page  151,  •[  57.) 

7.  An  important  event  of  Monroe's  administration  was 
the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the  South  Ameri 
can  republics.     In  his  annual  message  of  1823,  Monroe 
declared  that  the  American  continents  "  are  henceforth 
not  to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future  colonization  by 
any  European  power."     This  is  known  as  the  "  Monroe 
Doctrine." 

4.  What  is  said  of  Illinois?    Of  Alabama?    Of  Maine? 

5.  What  was  the  most   important  event  during  Monroe's  administration  T 
How  were  the  states  divided  ? 

6.  When  was  the  Missouri  Compromise  Act  passed?    What  declaration  was 
made  in  the  act  ?    When  was  Missouri  admitted  into  the  Union  ? 

7.  What  other  important  event  of  Monroe's  administration  ia  mentioned? 
What  is  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ? 


Read  topic  213,  Appendix,  p.  77. 


1825.]          JOHN  Q.  ADAMS'S  ADMINISTRATION.  137 

8.  In  the  summer  of  1824,  Lafayette  arrived  on  a  visit 
to   this   country,  as  a   guest    of  the    nation.      His   tour 
through  the  states  was  everywhere  signalized  by  tokens 
of  respect  from  a  grateful  people.*  In  the  fall  of  the  same 
year,  the  election  for  president  took  place ;  but,  in  conse-» 
quence  of  there  being  four  candidates,  and  no  one  receiv 
ing  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes,  the  election  went  to 
the  House   of  Representatives,  by  whom  (in  1825)  John 
Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was  chosen. 

9.  JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS'S  ADMINISTRATION. — The  in 
auguration  of  Adams  took  place  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1825.     His  administration  of  four  years  was  one  of  peace, 
and  under  it  the  nation  made  rapid  increase  in  population 
and  wealth.    (Read  Note  2,  end  of  Section.) 

10.  On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  American  Independ 
ence,  July  the  4th,  1826,  occurred  the  deaths  of  the   two 
venerable  ex-presidents,  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jeffer- 
Bon.     When  it  is  recollected  that  Adams  and  Jefferson 
were  members  of  the   committee  to  prepare  the  Decla 
ration  of  Independence,  that  both  had  been  foreign  min 
isters,  vice-presidents,  and  presidents,  the  coincidence  in 

*    their  deaths  is  indeed  remarkable. 

11.  The  subject  of  domestic  manufactures  engaged  a 
large  share  of  the  president's  attention.     In  1828  a  tariff 
law  was  passed,  based  upon  the  principle  of  protecting 
home  manufactures  by  imposing  heavy  duties  upon  im 
ported  articles  of  the  same  kind.     This  policy,  known  as 
the  American  System,  had  its  friends  and  opponents  then 
as  it  has  now. 

12.  Toward  the  close  of  the  presidential  term,  the  con- 

8.  What  is  said  of  Lafayette  ?    State  how  John  Quincy  Adams  was  elected 
president. 

9.  When  was  Adams  inaugurated  ?    What  is  said  of  his  administration  ? 

10.  When  did  Jefferson  and  John  Adams  die'r    What  coincidence  in  their 
lives  and  deaths  occurred  ?    What  took  place  on  the  4th  of  July,  just  five  years 
lifter  ?    Ans.  The  deatn  of  James  Monroe. 

11.  What  can  you  state  of  the  tariff  policy  known  as  the  American  system? 


*  Head  Note  3— Lafayette,  the  Guest  of  the  Nation— end  of  Section. 


138  JACKSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1829. 

test  for  the  succession  was  carried  on  with  great  bitter 
ness  of  party  feeling.  Adams  was  a  candidate  for  a  sec 
ond  term,  but  was  defeated  by  Andrew  Jackson,  of 
Tennessee.  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  then 
Vice-President,  having  been  elected  four  years  before,  was 
again  chosen  to  that  office.  (Read  topic  221,  Ap.,  p.  80.) 

13.  JACKSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Jackson's   inaugura 
tion  took  place  on  the  4th  of  March,  1829,  and  he  at  once 
commenced  a  series  of  vigorous  measures,  which  he  car 
ried  out  for  eight  years.     The  practice  of  removing  office 
holders  and  appointing  political  friends  of  the  president, 
was  begun  by  Jackson.     (Read  topic  236,  App.  p.  85.) 

14.  In  his  first  annual  message  to  Congress,  the  new 
president  took  ground  against  the  renewal  of  the  charter 
of  the  United  States  Bank.     Notwithstanding  the  objec 
tion,  Congress,  in  1832,  passed  a  bill  to  re-charter  it,  but 
Jackson  vetoed  the  bill,  and  the  bank  consequently  ceased 
to  be  a  national  institution  when  the  charter  expired. 

15.  In  1832  the  northwest  frontier  suffered  from  Indian 
hostilities.     Black  Hawk,  the  most  noted  of  the  savages, 
and  from  whom  the  contest  that  followed  took  its  name, 
was  taken  prisoner.     The  Indians  finally  gave  up  a  large 
tract  of  territory  and  removed  further  west. 

16.  The  tariff  law  of  1828  caused  dissatisfaction  among 
the  people  of  the   cotton-growing  states ;   and  though,  in 
1832,  an  act  was  passed  removing  some  of  the  duties  on 
foreign  goods,  the  feeling  was  greatly  increased,     A  con 
vention  in  South  Carolina  declared  the  tariff  acts  uncon 
stitutional,  and  therefore  null ;  and  proclaimed  that  if  any 

12.  What  is  stated  of  the  presidential  canvass  of  1828?    Give  the  result. 

1 3.  When  was  Jackson  inaugurated  ?     What  is  said  of  his  measures  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  practice  he  began  ? 

14.  What  is  stated  in  relation  to  the  United  States  Bank? 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  Black  Hawk  War. 

16.  What  is  said  of  the  tariff  act  of  1828?    Of  the  act  of  1832?    What  was 
done,  in  consequence,  in  South  Carolina  ? 

NoTE.—Durin?  Jackson's  term,  France,  after  a  long  and  troublesome  delay, 
paid  to  the  United  States  five  millions  of  dollare  for  injury  done  to  American 
commerce  by  the  French. 


1835.1 


JACKSON  S  ADMINISTRATION. 


139 


attempts  were  made  to  collect  the  duties,  the  state  would 
secede  from  the  Union.     (See  ^  5,  p.  158.) 

17.  Jackson  acted  with  promptness  and  firmness.     He 
sent  Gen.  Scott  to  Charleston,  and  issued  a  proclamation 
against  the  "  nullifiers."    A  "compromise  bill,"  providing 
for  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  duties,  was  offered  by 
Henry  Clay,  and  passed  by   Congress.     It  was  accepted 
by  Calhoun,  Hayne,  and  the  other  South  Carolina  leaders, 
and  thus  quiet  was  restored.* 

18.  Toward  the  close  of  1835,  the  Seminoles  became 
hostile,  in  consequence  of  an  attempt  to  remove  them  to 
lands  west  of  the  Missis 
sippi,  in  accordance  with 

a  treaty  which  ^  had  been 
made  with  some  of  the 
chiefs,  but  which  others 
did  not  consider  binding. 
Osceola  (os-e-o'-la/i),  their 
most  noted  chief,  having, 
in  his  opposition,  used 
threatening  language,  Gen. 
Thompson,  the  govern 
ment  agent,  put  him  in  irons ;  but  by  feigning  penitence 
and  making  promises,  he  soon  obtained  his  liberty. 

19.  On  the  28th  of  December,  Osceola,  resolved  upon 
vengeance,  approached  a  house  in  which  Thompson  and 
others  were  dining,  and,  making  a  sudden  attack,  killed 
five   of  the  party,  including  Thompson.      On  the   same 
day,  Major  Dade,  while  marching  with  more  than  a  hun 
dred  men  to  join  Gen.  Clinch,  at  Fort  Drane,  was   at- 

1  7.  Give  the  subsequent  history  of  the  attempt  at  "  Nullification." 

18.  What  troubles  commenced  in  1835  ?    How  was  Osceola  treated  ?    How 
did  he  regain  his  liberty  ? 

19.  How  was  Osceola  revenged  ?    How  was  he  revenged  at  Fort  Drane  ? 

*  "Henry  Clay  proposed  that  the  duties  upon  articles  imported  from  foreign  countries, 
and  not  coming  into  competition  with  similar  articles  n:ade  or  produced  within  the  United 
States,  be  abolished,  except  the  duties  upon  wines  and  silks,  and  that  those  be  reduced.  A 
bill  in  accordance  with  this  proposition  passed  both  Houses,  and  was  sigued  by  the  President 
(1833)."— Par  ton"  8  Lije  of Jad 


140  TAN  BUREN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 3 7. 

tacked,  and,  with  his  whole  force  except  four  men,  was 
massacred. . 

20.  A  number  of  battles  were  fought  during  the  follow- 
ing  year ;  but  in  none  could  the  Americans  claim  a  de 
cided  victory.      In   October,   1837,  Osceola  appeared  in 
the  American  camp  with  a  flag  of  truce,  when  Gen.  Jessup 
seized  the  chief,  and  sent  him  to  Fort  Moultrie.     Two 
months   later,   Col.  Taylor,    afterward    president   of  the 
United  States,  defeated  the  Indians  near  Lake  O-kee-cho'- 
bee,  in  the  most  desperate  battle  of  the  war ;  and  though 
they  continued  hostile  till  1642,  they  never  again  rallied 
in  large  force.      (Read  topic  222,  Appendix,  p.  80.) 

A  21.  VAN  BUREN'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Jackson  was  suc 
ceeded  in  the  presidency  by  Martin  Van-.Buren,  of  New 
York.  Van  Buren  served  only  one  term,  or  four  years, 
extending  from  the  4th  of  March,  1837,  to  the  4th  of 
March,  1841.  (See  App.,  p.  75,  topic  172.) 

22.  Soon  after  his  inauguration,  a  revolution  in  mone 
tary  affairs  took  place,  producing    great  distress  in  all 
branches  of  business  throughout  the  country.     Merchants 
failed,  commerce  and  manufactures  were  prostrated,  and 
the  crash  was  finally  consummated  by  the  suspension  of 
specie  payments  on  the  part  of  the  banks. 

23.  In  the  latter  part  of  1837  a  rebellion  broke  out  in 
Canada,  which  enlisted  the  sympathies  and  engaged  the 
active  co-operation  of  many  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
A  proclamation,  issued  by  the  president,  forbidding  inter 
ference  in  the  affairs  of  Canada,  together  with  the  decided 
measures  of  the  British  authorities,  had  the  effect  intend 
ed,  and  the  attempt  at  insurrection  was  suppressed. 

2O.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  the  battles  fought  in  LS36  ?  What  took  place 
in  October,  1837  ?  What  further  can  you  say  of  Osceola  ?  Am.  He  died  about 
three  months  after,  while  at  Fort  Moultrie.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of 
Okeechobee.  What  were  the  consequences  ? 

21.  Who  succeeded  Jackson  as  president?    When  was  he  inaugurated? 

22.  Give  an  account  of  the  revolution  in  monetary  affairs. 

23.  Give  an  account  of  the  insurrection  in  Cnnada. 

NOTE.— For  an  account  of  the  Mormons,  read  topic  223,  Appendix,  p.  80.) 


i84i.]  HAEBISON'S  AND  TYLER'S  ADMINISTRATIONS.      141 

24.  HARRISON'S  AND  TYLER'S  ADMINISTRATIONS.  —  Van 
Buren's  successor  in  office  was  William  Henry  Harrison, 
of  Ohio,  the  "  hero  of  Tippecanoe  and  the  Thames."     The 
cabinet  of  the  new  president  was  judiciously  chosen,  and 
the  people  anticipated  for  him  a  successful  administration  ; 
but,  on  the  4th  of  April,  1841,  just  one  month  after  his 
inauguration,  he  died  ;  and  the  vice-president,  John  Tyler, 
on  taking  the  oath  of  office  two  days  after,  became  presi 
dent.     (See  App.,  p.  68,  topic  69.) 

25.  In    1842    serious    difficulties    occurred    in   Rhode 
Island,  growing  out  of  a  movement  to  substitute  a  con 
stitution  extending  the  right  of  suffrage,  in  place  of  the 
charter  granted  by  Charles  II.,  in  1663,  and  which  had 
been  the  "  fundamental  law  of  the  land"  the  greater  part 
of  two  centuries.     The   "  suffrage  party"   attempted    to 
effect  the  change  without  regard   to   existing  laws,  even 
resorting  to  force  ;    but  the  legitimate  power,  prevailed. 
A  constitution,  the  one  under  which  the  state  is  now  gov 
erned,  was  soon  after  adopted.      (See  p.  31,  ^[  44.) 

26.  A  proposition  for  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the 
Union    caused    an    excited    discussion    throughout    the 

O 

country  during  the  closing  months  of  Tyler's  administra 
tion.  Those  who  objected  to  an  increase  of  the  slave- 
power  in  the  government,  opposed  the  proposition  ;  while 
those  who  favored  such  increase,  advocated  it.  Three 
days  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  the  presi 
dent  signed  a  bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the 
United  States.  (Florida  was  admitted  in  1845  :  Iowa  in 
1846.)* 

24.  Who  succeeded  Van  Buren  in  the  presidency?     When  was  Harrison 
inaugurated  ?    What  further  can  you  state  in  relation  to  Harrison  9    When  was 
Tyler  inaugurated  ? 

25.  Give  an  account  of  the  "Dorr  Rebellion"  in  Rhode  Island 

•  .*?:  WJS£t  ProP°*iti«n  caused  excited  discussion  ?    How  were  the  people  di- 
vided  ?    What  did  Tyler  do  on  the  1st  of  March  ? 

26,27.  Who  succeeded  Tyler  in  the  presidency?    When  was  Polk  man- 
gurated  ?    State  how  Texas  was  made  a  member  of  the  Union. 


i*o?ec  £PP"  Pn74'  t?pic  ^1,  for  Texas;  App.,  p.  66,  topic  54,  for  Florida  ;  and 
p.  191,  1  8,  as  well  as  App.,  p.  68,  topic  78,  for  Iowa. 


142     HARRISON'S  AND  TYLER'S  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


JMKXICO, 
CALIFORNIA, 

TKXAS    Sec. 


1845. 


FOLK'S   ADMINISTRATION. 


143 


27.  WAR  WITH  MEXICO, — FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION. — 
Tyler's  successor  in  office  was  James  K.  Polk,  who  was 
inaugurated  on  the  4th  of  March,  1845.      His  adminis 
tration  continued    during  only  one  term,  but  it  was  an 
eventful  one.     On  the  4th  of  July,  1845,  the  Legislature 
of  Texas  approved  the  "  annexation  bill"  passed  by  the 
United  States  Congress,   and,  by  this  act  of  approval, 
Texas  became  one  of  the  United  States. 

28.  Texas  had  been 
a  province  of  Mexico, 
but,  in  consequence 
of  the  arbitrary  pol 
icy  of  the   Mexican 
rulers,  the  Texans  re 
volted,  and,  in  1836, 
?et  up  a  government 
of  their  own.     The 
annexation  of  Texas 
to  the  United  States 
ted  to  a  war  with  Mex- 
tco ;  for  Mexico  still 
claimed  Texas   as  a 
part  of  her  own  ter 
ritory,   and    consid 
ered  the  act  of  an 
nexation  a  sufficient  cause  of  war.  (See  Note,  next  page.) 

29.  EVENTS  OF  1846. — For  the  protection  of  the  new 
state,  Gen.  Taylor  proceeded,  by  order  of  President  Polk, 

28.  What  can  you  state  of  the  previous  history  of  Texas  ?  To  what  did  the 
annexation  of  Texas  lead  ?  Why  did  Mexico  feel  injured  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (Maps,  pp.  143,  149.)  Into  what  waters  does  the  Rio 
Grande  flow  ?  The  Nueces  (nwa'-ses)  ?  What  conflicting  claims  to  territory  were 
made  ?  Ans.  The  United  States  claimed  the  Rio  Grande  as  their  boundary, 
while  the  Mexicans  asserted  that  the  western  limits  of  Texas  never  extended 
beyond  the  Nueces.  Where  is  Corpus  Christi  ?  Point  Isabel  ?  Matamoras  ? 
Saitillo  ?  Monterey  (Mexico)  ?  Monterey  (California)  ?  Buena  Vista  ?  Fort  Brown  ? 
Where  was  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  fought  ?  Of  Resaca  de  la  Palma  ?  Of  Bracito  ? 
Of  Sacramento  ?  Where  is  Tampico  ?  Leavenworth  ?  Santa  Fe  ?  New  Mexico  ? 
California  ?  Vera  Cruz  ?  Jalapa  ?  Puebla  ?  City  of  Mexico  ? 


144  FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1846. 

to  the  Rio  Grande  (re'-o  grahn'-da),  opposite  Mat-a-mo'- 
ras,  where  he  erected  a  fort,  which  was  afterward  named 
Fort  Brown.  Learning  that  the  Mexicans  were  assem 
bling  troops  at  a  point  higher  up  the  river,  Taylor  sent 
Capt.  Thornton,  with  sixty-three  dragoons,  to  reconnoi 
tre.  This  little  force  was  attacked  on  the  26th  of  April, 
1846,  and,  after  a  loss  of  sixteen  men,  was  compelled  to 
surrender. 

30.  The  Mexicans,  in  large  force,  having  crossed  the 
Rio  Grande,  for  the  purpose,  as  was  supposed,  of  moving 
against  Point  Isabel,  where  the  Americans  had  established 
a  depot  of  supplies,  Taylor  marched  to  the  relief  of  that 
place.    After  putting  the  Point  in  a  good  state  of  defence, 
he  set  out  on  his  return  to  the  river. 

31.  His  progress  was  disputed  at  Palo  Alto  (pah'-4d 
ahl'-to)  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  (ra-sah'-kah  da  lah  paJd'- 
mah)  by  Gen.  Arista  (ah-rees '-taJi) ;  but,  in  both  battles, 
the  Mexicans  were  defeated  with  severe  loss.    In  the  first, 
fought  on  the  8th  of  May,  the  Mexicans  numbered  six 
thousand   men,  while   the  Americans    consisted  of   but 
twenty-three  hundred.     The  loss  of  the  former  exceeded 
five  hundred.     That  of  the  latter  was  scarcely  fifty,  but 
among  their   mortally    wounded    was   the    brave   Major 
Ring'-gold. 

32.  The  battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma  took  place  on  the 
following  day,  May  9th.     The  action  was  commenced  on 
both  sides  by  the  artillery,  but  the  Mexican  guns,  well 
aimed  and  rapidly  discharged,  were  holding  the  Americans 
in  check,  when  Capt.  May  was  ordered  to  silence  them. 
At  the  head  of  his  dragoons  he  charged  with  great  fury, 

29.  What  order  did  Polk  (send  to  Taylor  t  Why  was  the  order  given  ?  Give 
an  account  of  the  misfortune  to  Thornton. 

SO.  Why  did  the  Mexicans  cross  the  Rio  Grande  ?    Taylor's  movements 
31,  32.  Battle  of  Palo  Alto.    Battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma. 

NOTE.— The  United  States,  by  the  annexation  of  Texas,  claimed  the  Rio 
Grande  as  their  boundary,  while  the  Mexicans  maintained  that  the  western 
limits  of  Texas  never  extended  beyond  the  Nueces  (noo-d' -cees) ;  consequently 
when  Taylor  crossed  the  latter  river  into  the  disputed  territory,  the  advance 
was  treated  by  the  Mexicans  as  the  actual  commencement  of  hostilities. 


1846.]  POLE'S   ADMINISTRATION.  145 

killed  or  dispersed  the  gunners,  and  captured   Gen.  La 
Vega  (lah  va'-gah).     (Read  Note  4,  end  of  Section.) 

33.  During  the  most  of  Taylor's  absence  from  the  fort 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  a  period  of  nearly  eight  days,  it  had 
been  subjected  to  a  bombardment  from  the  enemy's  bat 
teries   at  Matamoras.      The  garrison   made  a  successful 
defence,  though  their  heroic  commander,  Major  Brown, 
was  mortally  wounded  by  the  bursting  of  a  shell. 

34.  On  the  18th  of  May,  Taylor   took   possession  of 
Matamoras,  and  in  August  he  marched  to  attack  Monterey 
(mon-td-rd')j  a  city  strong  in  its  natural  defences,  and  then 
garrisoned  by  ten  thousand  troops  under  Gen.  Ampudia 
(am-poo'-de-ah).     After   a    series   of    assaults,   in    which 
Generals  Worth  and  Quitman  rendered  brilliant  service, 
Monterey  capitulated  on  the    24th   of  September,   and 
Taylor  agreed  to  an  armistice.     (Topic  216,  Ap.,  p.  78.) 

35.  Having  received  orders  from  Washington  directing 
him  to  renew  offensive  operations,  Taylor  sent  a  division 
of  his  army,  under  Gen.  Worth,  to  Saltillo  (sahl-teel'-yo). 
Here  Worth  was  joined  by  Gen.    Wool,  who,  with  an 
army  of  three   thousand  men,  had   marched    from   San 
An-to'-ni-o,  designing  to  penetrate  Chihuahua  (che-wati- 
wah),  but,  after  crossing  the  Rio   Grande,  had  been  or 
dered  to  abandon  the  design.     In  November,  Commodore 
Conner,  commanding  the  American  fleet  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  captured  Tampico  (tam-pe'-ko). 

36.  In  an  expedition  which  set  out  from  Leavenworth, 
Gen.  Kearny  (&ar'-rce)*entered  Santa  Fe  and  gained  pos 
session  of  the  whole  of  New  Mexico  without  opposition. 
After  organizing  a  government,  he  left  the  main  body  of 

33.  What,  meanwhile,  took  place  at  Fort  Brown  ? 

34.  What  city  did  Taylor  then  take  possession  of?    Against  what  city  did 
he  afterward  march  ?    Give  an  account  of  his  success  at.  Monterey. 

35.  By  whom  was  Saltillo  occupied?    What  march  had  Wool  performed? 
What  did  Wool  do  after  his  march  ?    What  can  you  say  of  the  capture  of  Tarn- 
pico? 

36.  Give  an  account  of  Kearny' a  successes.      *  Stephen  W.  Kearny. 


146  POLE'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 4 7. 

his  army  under  Col.  Don'-i-phan,  and  crossed  the  conti 
nent  to  California. 

37.  With  less  than  a  thousand  men,  Doniphan  start 
ing   from    Santa   Fe,   marched    more   than   a    thousand 
miles,  and   arrived  at  Saltillo.      During    the    march  he 
fought  two  battles,  and  was  victorious  in  both.     The  first 
was   at  Bracito    (brah-se '-to) ,  December  25th  ;    and  the 
second  was  at  the  Sacramento  (sak-rah-men'-to),  February 
28th,  1847. 

38.  Before  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  Captain  Fre 
mont'  was  sent  to  make  western  explorations.     After  suf 
fering  great  hardships,  he  made  his  way  into  California, 
then  a  department  of  Mexico.     Learning  that  Gen.  Cas'- 
tro,  the  governor  of  the  province,  was  mustering  a  force 
to  come  against  him,  he  took  a  position  on  a  mountain 
peak,  thirty  miles   east   of  Monterey,  where,  in  March, 
1846,  he  built  a  fort  and  hoisted  the  American  flag.     But 
the  governor  made  threats  instead  of  attacks. 

39.  Taking  a  northern  route,  Fremont  passed  through 
the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  but  was  overtaken  by  an 
order  from  Washington,  directing  him  to  protect  the  in 
terests  of  the  United  States  in  California.     Retracing  his 

O 

steps,  he  found  Castro  already  marching  against  the 
American  settlements  on  the  Sacramento.  The  settlers 
nocked  to  his  standard  with  such  alacrity,  that  he  soon 
found  himself  able  to  confront  the  Mexicans,  whom  he 
defeated  in  several  skirmishes,  and  finally  compelled  to 
retreat  toward  the  southern  part  of  the  province. 

40.  On  the  5th  of  July,  1846,  California  was  declared 
to  be  independent.     A  few  days  later,  Commodore  Slote, 

37.  Give  an  account  of  Doniphan's  successes. 

38.  On  what  expedition  had  Fremont  been  sent?    Give  an  account  of  his 
first  troubles  in  California. 

39.  Give  an  account  of  Fremont's  successes  in  California. 

40.  What  declaration  was  made  by  the  American  settlers  in  California? 
What  did  Commodore  Slote  do  ?     What  further  is  said  in  relation  to  Slote, 
Stockton,  Fremont,  and  Kearny  ? 


1847.]  FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION.  147 

commanding  the  Pacific  fleet,  having  received  informa 
tion  that  hostilities  had  commenced  on  the  Rio  Grande, 
took  possession  of  Monterey.  Toward  the  latter  part  of 
the  month,  Commodore  Stockton  superseded  Slote  in  com 
mand  ;  and,  with  Fremont's  co-operation,  in  a  few  months 
gained  possession  of  the  whole  of  California.  Kearny 
arrived  and  took  part  in  the  final  battle,  January  8th, 
1847.  (See  App.,  p.  66,  topic  55.) 

41.  EVENTS  OF  1847. — It  having  been  decided  by  the 
authorities  in  Washington,  that,  in  order  to  "  conquer  a 
peace,"  the  Mexican  capital  would  have  to  be  menaced, 
Gen.   Scott  was  sent  to  march  through  Mexico  against 

O  O 

the  capital.  This  plan  not  only  deprived  Taylor  of  a 
large  portion  of  his  best  troops,  but  it  gave  to  Scott  the 
chief  command  of  the  American  forces,  he  being  the 
senior  officer. 

42.  Taylor's  last  engagement  in  Mexico  was  the  battle 
of  Buena  Vista  (bwa-nah  vees'-tah),  fought  on  the  23d  of 
Feb.,  1847.     His  force  of  less  than  five  thousand  men  was 
attacked  by  one  nearly  four  times  as  large,  under  Gen.  Santa 
Anna  ;  but,  after  a  contest  which  lasted  from  morning  till 
night,  the  Mexicans  were  driven  in  disorder  from  the  field. 

43.  On  the  9th  of  March,  Scott   landed  his  army  of 
twelve  thousand  men    near  Yera  Cruz,  and,  on  the  22d, 
aided  by  the  fleet,  he   opened  so  destructive  a  fire  upon 
the  city  and  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa  (san  whahn 
da  ool-yo'-ah),  that,  on  the  27th,  both  places  were  com 
pelled  to  surrender. 

44.  The  march  toward  the  interior  was  commenced  on 
the  8th  of  April,  but,  at  the  mountain  pass  of  Cerro  Gordo 
(sar'-ro  gor'-do),  Scott  found  Santa  Anna  prepared  to  resist 


41.  What  plan  of  action  was  decided  upon  in  Washington  ?    How  did  this 
affect  Taylor  ? 

42.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 

43.  Give  an  account  of  Scott's  euccess  at  Vera  Cruz. 


148 


POLK' S  ADMINISTRATION. 


[1847. 


his  advance.     On  the  mornin 


of  the  18th,  a  daring  assault 
was  made  upon  the 
works  of  the  enemy, 
and,  before  noon, 
the  whole  were  in 
possession  of  the 
Americans.  Besides 
losing  their  artillery, 
the  Mexicans  had 
one  thousand  of  their 
number  killed  or 
wounded. 

45.  On  the  next 
day  the  Americans 
entered  Jalapa  (hah- 
lah'-pali) ;  further  on 
they  took,  Avithout 
opposition,  the 
strong  castle  of  Perote  (pd-ro'-td)  ;  and,  on  the  loth 
of  May,  they  occupied  the  ancient  and  populous  city  of 
Puebla  (poo-a'-blah).  Here  they  halted  nearly  three 
months  for  re-enforcements,  and  then  resumed  their 
march,  reaching  Ayotla  (ah-yot'-lah],  a  town  fifteen  miles 
from  the  city  of  Mexico. 

46.  Finding  that  the  direct  route  thence  was  strongly 
fortified,  and  anxious  to  spare  the  lives  of  his  men,  Scott 
turned  southward,  and  encamped  at  San  Augustin  (san 
aw- g us-teen'},  about  ten  miles  from  the  capital.  The  ap 
proaches  to  the  city  of  Mexico  thence  were  guarded  by 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— How  is  Vera  Cruz  situated  ?  What  fort  protects  the  city? 
On  the  national  road  from  Vera  Cr«z  to  Mexico,  what  towns  do  you  pass 
through  ?  In  what  direction  is  the  city  of  Mexico  from  San  Augustin  ?  From 
San  Antonio  ?  From  Contreras  ?  From  Churubusco  ?  From  Ch'apul  tepee  ? 

44.  Give  an  account  of  Scott's  march  to  and  success  at  Cerro  Gordo. 

45.  Give  an  account  of  Scott's  success  from  Cerro  Gordo  to  Ayotla. 

46.  What  route  did  Scott  take  from  Ayotla  ?    Why  did  he  change  hia  route  ? 
Where  did  he  encamp  ?    How,  thence,  were  the  approaches  to  the  city  of  Mexico 
guarded  ? 


1847.]  FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION.  149 

batteries  at  Contreras  (con-tra -ras)  and  San  Antonio,  and 
by  the  strong  forts  of  Churubusco  (choo-roo-boos'-ko)  and 
Chapultepec  (chah-pool-td-pek'}. 

47.  At  sunrise,  on  the  20th  of  August,  the  Americans 
attacked  Contreras,  and,  in  less  than  twenty  minutes,  car 
ried  the  batteries.     They  were  also  successful  at  San  An 
tonio.     On  the  same  day  Churubusco  was  attacked  :  the 
defence  was  obstinate,  and  the  conflict  bloody,  but,  at 
length,  the  Mexicans  were  driven  from  the  fort  and  com 
pelled  to  flee. 

48.  At  the  request  of  Santa  Anna,  an  armistice  was 
granted,  during  which   Scott  endeavored  to  bring  about 
a  peace ;  but  finding  that  the  Mexican  commander  was 
violating  the  truce  by  strengthening  his  defences,  he  or 
dered  Gen.  Worth  to  storm  the  Molino  del  Bey  (mo-le'- 
nd  del  ra),  an  outer  defence  of  Chapultepec.     The  attack 
was  made  on  the   8th  of  September,  and,  although  the 
Mexicans  defended   themselves   desperately,  inflicting   a 
loss  of  six  hundred  upon  their  assailants,  they  were  driven 
from  their  position. 

49.  Chapultepec  itself,  a  strongly  fortified  castle,  situ 
ated  on  a  lofty  hill,  was  yet  to  be  taken  before  the  capital 
could  be  reached.      Batteries  were  erected  to  bear  upon 
it :  from  these  a  fire  was  opened  which  made  breaches 
through  the  stone  wall  defences,  and,  on  the  13th  of  Sep 
tember,  the  place  was   carried  by  assault.     During  the 
night  Santa  Anna  and  his  army  fled  from  the  capital,  and, 
on  the  following  morning,  September  14th,  Scott  made  a 
triumphant  entry  into  it.     (Read  Note  5,  end  of  Section.) 

50.  The  Mexicans,  taking  advantage  of  the  weakness 
of  the  garrison  which  Scott  had  left  at  Puebla,  laid  siege 

47.  What  three  successes  did  the  Americans  have  in  one  day  ? 

48.  What  request  did  Santa  Anna  make  ?    How  did  Scott  endeavor  to  im 
prove  the  armistice  ?    Why  did  he  order  Worth  to  make  an  attack  ?    Give  an 
account  of  Worth's  success. 

49.  Give  an  account  of  the  success  against  Chapultepec.    What  were  the 
immediate  consequences  of  the  victory  ? 


150      TAYLOR'S  AND  FILLMORE'S  ADMINISTRATIONS.  [1848. 

to  the  place ;  and  Santa  Anna,  after  his  flight  from  the 
capital,  joined  the  besiegers.  Learning,  however,  that 
recruits  were  on  their  march  to  re-enforce  Scott,  he  at 
tacked  them,  but,  as  usual,  met  with  defeat,  and  the  siege 
of  Puebla  was  raised.  (App.,  p.  73,  topic  156.) 

51.  On  the    2d  of  February,  1848,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was   signed,    by   which   all   the   territory   north    of  the 
Rio  Grande,   together  with   the  whole  of  New  Mexico 
and  California,  was  relinquished  to  the  United  States. 
On  the  part  of  the   United   States,  it  was  agreed  that 
$15,000,000  should  be  paid  for  the  territory  acquired,  and 
that  debts  due  from  Mexico  to  American  citizens,  amount 
ing  to  $3,000,000,  should  be  assumed.     Peace  was  pro 
claimed  by  President  Polk,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1848.* 

52.  TAYLOR'S    AND    FILLMORE'S    ADMINISTRATIONS. — 
Polk's  successor  in  the  presidency  was  Gen.  Zachary  Tay 
lor,  the  hero  who  had  achieved  such  brilliant  victories  in 
the  war  with  Mexico.     His  inauguration  took  place  on 
the  5th  of  March,  1849,  the  4th  being  Sunday. 

53.  During  the   early  part  of  1848,  gold  began  to  be 
found  in  California  in  large  quantities.     The  news  at  once 
spread  with  wonderful   rapidity,  and  thousands  of  emi 
grants  from  all  parts  of  the  world  rushed  thither.     So 
rapidly  did  the  territory  become  populated,  that  in  the 
fall  of  1849,  there  was  a  sufficient  number  of  settlers  there 
to  constitute  a  state;  and  an  application  for  admission 
into  the  Union  was  consequently  made.     (P.  193,  ^[  13.) 

54.  As  the  constitution  which  California  had  adopted 

50.  What  took  place  at  Puebla  ?    Of  Santa  Anna's  last  defeat. 

51.  How  was  the  war  brought  to  a  close?    What  territory  did  the  United 
States  acquire?    What  did  the  United  States*  agree  to  do  in  return?    What 
States  were  added  to  the  Union  during  Folk's  administration  ?    Ans.  Texas, 
Iowa,  and  Wisconsin. 

52.  Who,  next  after  Polk,  was  president?    When  was  he  inaugurated  ? 

53.  What  excitement,  with  regard  to  California,  soon  broke  out?    What  is 
said  of  the  growth  of  California  ?    What  application  to  Congress  was  made  by 
the  Californians  ?  t 

*  The  treaty  was  made  by  commissioners  who  met  at  Guadeloupe  Hidalgo 
(gwah-dah-loo'-jw  he-dakl'-go),  a  small  town  about  four  miles  from  the  City  of 
Mexico  ;  but  the  boundary  between  the  two  countries  soon  became  a  subject  of 
dispute,  which  was  not  settled  till  1853,  when  the  United  States  purchased  the 


Progressive  IVTap,  N"o.  8. 


COUNTRY 

EAST  or  THE  MISSISSIPPI 


1850.]  PIERCE'S  ADMINISTRATION.  151 

excluded  slavery  from  her  territory,  a  violent  dispute  com 
menced  in  Congress,  and  throughout  the  United  States, 
which  continued  several  months,  the  friends  of  the  slave- 
power  opposing  the  admission  of  California  as  a  free  state. 
Before  the  dispute  was  settled,  Gen.  Taylor  died,  after  an 
administration  of  only  one  year,  four  months,  and  four 
days ;  and  the  vice-president,  Millard  Fillmore,  thereupon, 
became  president.  (See  App.,  p.  74,  topic  163.) 

55.  Other  questions,  growing  out  of  the  subject  of  sla 
very,  having  been  introduced  into  Congress,  five  acts  were 
passed  in  conformity  with  the  spirit  of  a  compromise  of 
fered  by  Henry  Clay.     These  provided  for  the  admission 
of  California  as  a  free  state ;  the  organization  of  territo 
rial  governments  for  New  Mexico  and  Utah  (yoo'-tah), 
without   mention  of  slavery;  the   establishment  of  the 
boundary  of  Texas ;  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade  in  the 
District  of  Columbia ;  and  the  surrender  to  their  masters 
of  slaves  escaping  to  free  states — this  last  bill  being  known 
as  the  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law."       (App.,  p.  64,  topic  32.) 

56.  PIEKCE'S  ADMINISTRATION. — During  the  administra 
tion  of  Eranklin  Pierce,  who  succeeded  to  the  presidency 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1853,  the  controversy  between  the 
slaveholding  and  non-slaveholding  sections  of  the  Union 
was  renewed,  the  one  being  in  favor  of  and  the  other  op 
posed  to  the  extension  of  slavery  into  the  territories  of  the 
United  States. 

57.  This  fresh  outbreak  had  its  origin  mainly  with  Con 
gress,  in  the  introduction  there  of  what  is  known  as  the 
"  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill."     By  the  "  Missouri  Compromise 

54.  What  dispute  of  national  importance  soon  occurred  ?    What  loss  did  the 
nation  sustain  at,  that  time  ?    Who,  then,  became  president  ? 

55.  Give  a  full  account  of  what  was  done  before  California  gained  admission 
to  the  Union  ?    Now,  repeat  the  provisions  of  the  five  acts.    By  what  name 
was  Mr.  Clay's  bill  known  ?    Ans.  The  Omnibus  Bill. 

56.  Who  succeeded  Fillmore  in  the  presidency?    When  was  Pierce  inau 
gurated  ?    How  did  the  slavery  question  in  another  shape  appear  ? 

57.  Origin  of  the  new  outbreak  ?    Give  the  history  of  the  trouble. 

Mesitta  Valley,  or,  as  it  is  called,  the  Oadsden  Purchase,  for  $10,000,000,  General 
Gadsden  having  been  the  agent  of  the  United  States  Government  in  the  nego 
tifttion. 


152  PIERCE'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 54. 

Bill,"  passed  in  1820,  slavery  was  prohibited  in  all  the 
territory  bought  of  France,  north  of  the  southern  bound 
ary  of  Missouri — Missouri  excepted.  By  the  "  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,"  which  Congress  passed  in  1854,  this  pro 
hibition  was  repealed,  arid  the  two  territories  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska  wrere  duly  organized.  (See  p.  136,  *[[  6.) 

58.  No  sooner  had  the  bill  passed  than  emigrants  from 
both  sec aons  of  the  Union  began  to  pour  into  Kansas, 
those  from  the  North  being  determined  to  make  it  a  free 
state,  while  those  from  the  South  were  equally  resolved 
the  other  way ;  and  with  such  undue  zeal  was  the  strife 
carried  on,  that  frequent  collisions  took  place,  in  which 
blood  was  sometimes  shed. 

59.  As  the  time  for  the  next  presidential  election  ap 
proached,  three  candidates  were  put  in  nomination.    James 
Buchanan  was  the  choice  of  the  Democratic  party ;  Mil- 
lard  Fillmore,  of  the  American;   and  John  0.  Fremont, 
of  the  organization  opposed  to  the  extension  of  slavery, 
known  as  the  Republican  party.     After  an  exciting  can 
vass,  during  which  the  repeal  of  the   "Compromise  of 
1820,"  the  troubles  in  Kansas,  and  the  "Fugitive  Slave 
Law,"   entered   largely  into  the    subjects  of  discussion, 
Buchanan  was  elected.      (See  p.  163,  ^[  23.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1817.  James  Monroe  was  inaugurated  president March  4 

Mississippi  was  admitted  into  the  Union Dec.  10. 

The  Seminoles  commenced  depredations. 

1818.  Jackson  went  against  the  Seminoles March. 

Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Union Dec.  3. 

1819.  Alabama  was  admitted  into  the  Union.. .  , Dec.  14. 

1820.  Maine  was  admitted  into  the  Union March  15. 

58.  (rive  an  account  of  the  strife  that  followed. 

59.  What  candidates  were  nominated  to  succeed  Pierce?    Give  an  account 
Of  the  canvass.    What  was  the  result  of  the  election  ? 

For  an  account  of  the  Rush  to  California  for  Gold,  read  Note  6,  end  of  Section. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION.  153 

1820.  The  "  Missouri  Compromise  Bill"  was  passed March  3. 

1821.  Spain  surrendered  Florida  to  the  United  States July  1. 

Missouri  was  admitted  into  the  Union Aug.  20. 

1824.  Lafayette  visited  the  United  States Aug.  15; 

1825.  John  Qnincy  Adams  was  inaugurated  president. . .  March  4 

1826.  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson  died July  4. 

1829.  Andrew  Jackson  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

1832.  The  Black  Hawk  War  occurred. 

South  Carolina  declared  the  doctrine  of  Nullification. Nov.  24. 

1835.  The  war  with  the  Seminoles  commenced Dec.  28. 

Seminoles  massacred  Thompson's  and  Dade's  party.  .Dec.  28. 

1836.  Arkansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union June  15. 

1837.  Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union Jan.  26. 

Martin  Van  Buren  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

Taylor  defeated  the  Indians  at  Okcechobee Dec.  25. 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  was  inaugurated  president .  March  4. 

The  death  of  President  Harrison  occurred April  4. 

John  Tyler  was  inaugurated  president April  6. 

1842.  The  war  with  the  Seminoles  terminated. 

The  Dorr  Rebellion  in  Rhode  Island  occurred. 
1845.  Tyler  signed  the  bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas. .  .March  1. 

Florida  was  admitted  into  the  Union March  3. 

James  K.  Polk  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

Texas  was  admitted  into  the  Union Dec.  29. 

1846-  The  Mexicans  captured  Thornton's  party April  26. 

The  Mexicans  bombarded  Fort  Brown May. 

Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Palo  Alto May  8. 

Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  ResacadelaPalma.  .May  9. 

Congress  declared  lt  war  existed  by  the  act  of  Mexico".May  11. 

Taylor  crossed  the  Rio  Grande  and  took  Matamoras .  May  18. 

Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Monterey Sept.  24. 

Doniphan  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Bracito Dec.  25. 

Iowa  was  admitted  info  the  Union Dec.  28. 

1847   Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Buena  Vista Feb.  23. 

Doniphan  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Sacramento Feb.  28. 

The  Mexicans  surrendered  Vera  Cruz  to  Scott March  27. 

Scott  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Cerro  Gordo April  18. 

Scott  took  Contreras  and  Churubusco Aug.  20. 

The  Americans  were  victorious  at  Molino  Del  Rey. .   Sept.  8. 

The  Americans  were  victorious  at  Chapultepec Sept.  13. 

Bcott  entered  the  city  of  Mexico Sept.  14 

7* 


154 


CHEONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 


1848.  A  treaty  was  made  between  the  U.  S.  and  Mexico. . .  Feb.  2. 
Wisconsin  was  admitted  into  the  Union May  29. 

1849.  Zachary  Taylor  was  inaugurated  president March  5, 

1850.  The  death  of  President  Taylor  occurred July  9. 

Millard  Fillmore  was  inaugurated  president Jury  10. 

California  was  admitted  into  the  Union Sept.  9. 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce  was  inaugurated  president March  4 

1854.  Congress  passed  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill May  31 


PRINCIPAL  BATTLES   OP  THE  WAR  WITH  MEXICO. 

(The  Americans  were  successful  in  every  battle.) 


DATES. 

1846. 
May8, 
May  9, 
Sept.  24, 
Dec.  25, 
1847. 
Feb.  23, 
Feb.  28. 
March  27, 
April  18, 

Aug.  20,  -I 

Sept.  8, 
Sept.  13, 
Oct.  9, 

BATTLES. 

COMMANDERS.                       FORCES  ENGAGED. 

American. 

Mexican. 

Amer'n 

Mex'n 

Palo  Alto  
Resaca  de  la  Palrra 
Monterey  
Bracito 

Taylor  
Taylor  
Taylor  
Doniphau.. 

Arista  
Arista  
Ampudia  

2,300 

2,200 
6,(>00 
500 

6,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 

Buena  Vista  
Sacramento  ..   .   .. 
Vera  Cruz  
Cerro  Gordo  
Contreras  
Churubnsco  
Molino  del  Rey.   . 
Chapultepec  
Iluamantla  

Taylor  
Doniphan 

Santa  Anna.... 
Trias  

4,700 
900 
12,000 
8.500 
4,000 
8,000 
3.500 
7,200 
500 

17,000 
4,000 
6,000 
12.000 
7.000 
25,000 
14,000 
25,000 
1,000 

Scott  
Scott  
Scott  
Scott  
Worth  
Scott  . 

Morales  77...  . 
Santa  Anna..  . 
Valencia  
Santa  Anna.  .  . 
Alvarez  
Bravo 

Lane  

Santa  Anna.... 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1.  Name  three  important  events  of  1817 152 

2.  What  events  happened  at  Pensacola  ? 127,  128,  135 

3.  Give  the  history  of  Florida 11, 12, 13, 14,  63,  98, 127, 128, 135,  IK. 

4.  What  history  can  you  give  of  the  State  of  Mississippi  1 135,  136 

5.  Give  the  early  history  of  Illinois 136 

6.  Give  the  early  history  of  Alabama 136 

7.  Give  the  early  history  of  Maine 27,  33, 136 

8.  State  what  you  can  of  the  early  history  of  Missouri 110,  136 

9.  Give  the  particulars  in  relation  to  the  admission  of  Missouri 136 

10.  State  all  you  can  in  relation  to  the  "  Monroe  Doctrine" 136 

11.  Give  an  account  of  Lafayette 78,  80,  96,  97, 137 

12.  How  was  John  Quincy  Adams  elected  president  ? 137 

13.  What  presidents  have  been  elected  by  the  House  1 109, 137 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS.  155 

PAGE 

14.  Which  three  ex-presidents  died  on  the  4th  of  July  ? (See  note  also.)      137 

15.  Name  ten  important  events  from  1818  to  1826 152,  153 

16.  What  can  you  state  of  the  tariff  law  of  1828  ? 137 

17.  Which  of  the  presidents  served  each  two  terms  ?  (See  Table,  end  o    history.) 

18.  Give  the  history  of  the  United  States  Banks 106, 130,  133 

19.  Give  an  account  of  the  Black  Hawk  War 138 

20.  Give  the  history  of  the  "  South  Carolina  Nullification" 137, 138, 139 

21.  Give  the  history  of  the  troubles  with  the  Seminoles 135,  139,  140 

22.  Name  seven  events  of  Jackson's  administration 138,  153 

23.  Write  an  account  of  Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 

24.  Name  three  events  that  occurred  in  Van  Buren's  term 140 

25.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Okeechobee 140 

26.  What  distress  was  produced  in  monetary  affairs  ? 140 

27.  What  account  can  you  give  of  the  Canadian  Eebellion  ? 140 

28.  Give  an  account  of  Harrison 114,  118,  119,  120,  141 

29.  Name  in  order  the  events  from  1836  to  1845 153 

30.  Give  the  history  of  Rhode  Island 31,  33,  68,  74,  79,  86,  87,  141 

31.  Name  four  important  events  of  1845 153 

32.  What  dispute  was  there  in  relation  to  Texas  ? 141 

33.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  war  with  Mexico  ? 143 

34.  Name,  in  order,  nine  important  events  of  1846 153 

35.  Give  the  history  of  Fort  Brown 143,  144,  145 

86.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  144, 154 

87.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma 144,  145,  154 

38.  What  city  did  Taylor  soon  after  get  possession  of? 145 

89.  What  were  Taylor's  other  successes  during  1846  ? 145 

40.  What  did  General  Wool  accomplish  during  the  war  ? 145 

41.  What  service  did  Com.  Conner  render  during  the  war  ? 145, 147 

42.  What  service  did  General  Kearny  render  during  the  war  ? 145,«147 

43.  Give  a  full  account  of  Doniphan's  expedition 145,  146,  154 

44.  Give  an  account  of  Fremont's  movements  and  successes 146,  147 

45.  What  did  Com.  Slote  accomplish  ? 146,  147 

46.  What  plan  "  to  conquer  a  peace"  was  decided  upon  ? 147 

47.  Give  an  account  of  Taylor's  successes  during  1847  147, 154 

48.  Of  Scott's  success  against  Vera  Cruz  and  its  fortress 147 

49.  Of  his  march  to  and  success  at  Cerro  Gordo 147,  148 

50.  Of  his  march  from  Cerro  Gordo  to  Ayotla 148 

51.  Of  his  march  from  Ayotla  to  San  Augustin 148 

52.  Of  his  march  and  successes  during  August,  1847 148,  149 

53.  What  can  you  state  of  the  armistice  granted  by  Scott  ? 149 

?A.  Give  an  account  of  the  conflict  at  the  Molino  del  Rey 149 

65.  Of  further  operations  and  Scott's  final  success 149 

56.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Puebla 149, 150 

57.  What  were  the  closing  acts  of  the  war  ? 150 

58.  Name  eight  important  events  of  1847 153 

59.  Write  an  account  of  General  Taylor 140,  143, 144,  145-150 

60.  Give  the  early  history  of  California 150,  151 

61.  Give  the  history  of  the  "  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill" 151, 152 

62.  State  what  you  can  of  Kansas 110, 151,  152, 157 

63.  Name  eight  events  that  occurred  from  1848  to  1854  . .  154 


155a  NOTES. 


1.  The  Execution  of  Arbutlmot  and  Ambrister  (p.  135,  If  2). 
— "  Such  \yas  the  tragedy  enacted  at  St.  Mark's,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1818." 
The  executions  produced  intense  indignation  in  England,  where  they  "  subse 
quently  became  the  subject  of  parliamentary  inquiry.    Commentaries  that  might 
have  been  anticipated  were  made  in  debate.     Out  of  doors,  excitement  seemed 
to  rise  higher  and  higher.     Stocks  experienced  a  slight  fall,  under  an  apprehen 
sion  of  war  with  the  United  States.     The  newspapers  kept  up  their  fire.    Little 
acquainted  with  the  true  character  of  the  transaction,  they  gave  vent  to  angry 
declamation ;  they  fiercely  denounced  the  government  of  the  United  States ;  and 
tyrant,  ruffian,  murderer,  were  among  the  epithets  applied  to  the  commanding 
general.    Jackson  was  exhibited  iu  placards  through  the  streets  of  London. 
The  journals,  without  any  distinction  of  party,  swelled  the  general  chorus. 
But  in  the  midst  of  this  din  of  passion  the  ministry  stood  firm.    At  a  later  day 
of  my  mission,  Lord  Castlereagh  said  to  me  that  a  war  might  have  been  pro 
duced  on  this  occasion,  '  if  the  ministry  had  but  held  up  a  finger.'     On  so  slender  a 
thread  do  public  affairs  sometimes  hang ! " — Rush's  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London. 

2.  John  Quiiicy  Adams  (p.  137).— "Though  Mr.  Adams  did  not  live 
by  many  years  as  long  as  his  father,  yet  he  was  a  man  of  remarkably  robust  frame 
and  excellent  constitution.     A  lady,  when  he  was  first  made  President,  com 
plained  to  a  member  of  Congress,  that  she  could  not  see  the  chief  magistrate. 
'  Madam,'  said  he,  '  you  have  only  to  go  down  to  the  Potomac  bridge  any  morn 
ing  about  day-light,  and  you  may  see  him  swimming  in  the  river.'    After  Mr. 
Adarns  was  seventy  years  of  age,  that  continued  to  be  his  habit;  and,  it  was 
said,  he  often  swam  across  the  Potomac  where  it  is  more  than  a  mile  wide." 
Shortly  after  the  close  of  his  presidential  term,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from 
his  native  State  (Massachusetts),  and  held  the  position,  through  repeated  elections, 
till  his  death.     "On  the  21st  of  February,  1848,  while  in  attendance  as  a  mem- 
ber  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  he  underwent  his  death-stroke  in  attempt 
ing  to  give  utterance  to  an  emotion.     He  sunk  forward  in  his  seat  senseless,  in 
a  fit  of  mortal  paralysis.    A  crowd  of  members  rushed  to  his  help,  and  he  was 
lifted  up  and  borne  off  through  the  middle  aisle  of  the  House,  and  taken  into 
the  Speaker's  room.     Almost  inanimate,  he  is  said  to  have  uttered  the  few  words, 
'  This  is  the  last  of  earth.'    If  he  could  have  expired  when,  as  well  as  where, 
he  wished,  it  would  have  been  the  next  day,  the  22d  of  February,  the  anniver 
sary  of  Washington's  birthday,  instead  of  living  till  the  evening  of  the  23d."— 
Ingersoll's  Second  War  ivith  Great  Britain. 

3.  Lafayette,  the  Guest  of  the  Nation  (p.  137,  H  8).— "His  recep 
tion  at  New  York  was  sublime  and  brilliant  in  the  extreme.     From  New  York  he 
proceeded  on  a  tour  throughout  the  United  States.    Everywhere  he  was  received 
aud  honored  as  'the  Nation's  Guest.'    For  more  than  a  year  his  journey  was  a 
complete  pageant.     The  people  appeared  delirious  with  joy,  and  with  anxiety  to 
hail  him,  grasp  him  by  the  hand,  and  shower  attentions  and  honors  upon  him. 
The  gratitude  and  love  of  all  persons,  of  every  age,  sex,  and  condition,  seemed 
hardly  to  be  restrained  within  bounds  of  propriety.    As  he  passed  through  the 
country,  every  city,  village,  and  hamlet  poured  out  its  inhabitants  en  masse  to 
meet  him.     Celebrations,  processions,  dinners,  illuminations,  bon-fires,  parties, 
balls,  serenades,  and  rejoicings  of  every  description,  attended  his  way,  from  the 
moment  he  set  foot  on  the  American  soil,  until  his  embarkation  to  return  to  his 
native  France.     In  June,  1825,  he  visited  Boston;  and,  on  the  17th  day  of  that 
month,  it  being  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  he  participated  in 
'the  ceremony  of  laying  the  corner-stone  of  the  monument  of  that  event,  on 

Bunker  (Breed's)  Hill.     Daniel  Webster  was  the  orator  .of  the  day A  new 

frigate,  the  Brandywine,  named  in  honor  of  the  gallant  exploits  of  Lafayette  at 


NOTES.  155b 

the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  was  provided  by  Congress  to  coiivey  him  to  France.  It 
was  deemed  appropriate  that  he  should  take  final  leave  of  the  nation  at  the  seat 
of  Government  in  Washington.  Multitudes  of  citizens  ana  strangers  assembled 
in  the  President's  house,  where  an  address  was  made  by  the  President,  to  which 
Lafayette  made  a  fitting  and  feeling  response.  As  the  last  sentence  of  the  fare 
well  was  pronounced,  Lafayette  advanced  aud  took  President  Adams  in  his  arms, 
while  tears  poured  down  his  venerable  cheeks." — W.  H.  Seward's  Life  of  J.  Q. 
Adams. 

4.  The  Mexican  Battery  Captured  by  <  aptaitt  May  (p.  144, 
Tf  32). — "  The  battle  had  lasted  some  two  hours  with  great  fury  on  both  sides, 
and  many  heroic  deeds  had  been  done,  when  it  became  evident  that  victory  could 
not  be  completed  by  the  Americans  without  capturing  the  enemy's  batteries. 
General  Taylor  sent  for  Captain  May,  and  told  him  he  must  take  that  battery 
with  his  squadron  of  dragoons,  if  he  lost  every  man.    May  instantly  placed  him 
self  at  the  head  of  his  men,  aud  setting  off  at  full  speed,  with  cheers  and  shouts, 
dashed  into  the  defile,  where  he  was  greeted  with  a  discharge  of  grape  and 
bullets  which  nearly  annihilated  his  first  and  second  platoons;  but  he  was  seen, 
unhurt,  darting  like  lightning   through   this   murderous   hail-storm,  and  in  a' 
second  he  and  his  men  drove  away  or  cut  to  pieces  the  artillerists.    The  speed  of 
his  horses  was  so  great,  however,  that  they  passed  over  the  battery,  and  were 
halted  in  its  rear.    There,  turning,  he  charged  back,  and  was  just  in  time  to 
rescue  a  Mexican  general  officer,  who  would  not  leave  his  guns,  and  was  parry 
ing  the  strokes  of  one  of  the  dragoons.     The  officer  handed  his  sword  to  May, 
announced  himself  as  General  La  Vega,  and  gave  his  parole." — Frost's  History  of 
America. 

5.  Scott's  March  through  Mexico  (p.  147-150).— "There  are  but 
two  passages  in  modern  history  which  present  parallels  to  the  march  of  Scott 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico.    These  are  the  first  conquest  of  Mexico 
by  Cortez,  and  the  other  is  the  campaign  of  Napoleon  in  Egypt.    Each  of  these 
has  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  sacond  conquest  of  Mexico  by  Scott.    Is  there 
one  who  delights  in  the  sound  of  glorious  victory,  and  will  not  say  that  Scott's 
•fictories  were  complete,  and  his  actions  honorable  ?    Is  there  one  whose  heart  is 
pained  with  every  sound  of  Avar,  and  will  not  say  that  he  performed  the  painful 
duties  of  war  with  the  strictest  regard  to  the  claims  of  humanity,  and  with  the 
utmost  solicitude  for  the  return  of  peace  ?  "—Mansfield's  Life  of  Scott. 

6.  The  It  ti  Nil  for  Gold  (p.  150,  1[  53).— "An  agent  of  the  United  States 
Government,  who  visited  California  about  three  months  alter  the.  first  discovery 
of  gold  there,  reported  that,  '  San  Francisco  was  deserted  of  nearly  all  its  male 
inhabitants,  and  even  females  were  very  scarce.    The  mills  in  the  vicinity  were 
idle,  the  fields  were  open  to  cattle,  the  house*  were  vacant,  and  the  farms  going 
to  waste.    At  Sutter's,  where  the  discovery  was  made,  there  was  much  life  and 
bustle.    Flour  was  selling  at  thirty-six  dollars  a  barrel  (it  sold  afterwards  at  a 
hundred),  and  Captain  Sutter  was  carefully  gathering  his  crop  of  wheat,  esti 
mated  at  forty  thousand  bushels.    The  Captain  had  two  mechanics  in  his  employ, 
to  each  of  whom  he  gave  ten  dollars  a  day.    A  two-story  house,  within  the  fort, 
was  rented  as  a  hotel  at  five  hundred  dollars  a  month.     At  a  place  about  twenty- 
five  miles  up  the  American  fork  of  the  Sacramento  river,  there  was   a  mining 
camp  in  full  operation.     Canvas  tents  and  arbors  of  bushes  covered  the  hill-side. 
There  was  a  store,  and  several  shanties  were  used  as  boarding-houses.     The  sun 
poured  down  its  rays  with  intense  heat  upon  two  hundred  miners  working  for 
gold,  some  using  tin  pans,  some  baskets,  and  some  rude  cradles.'  " — Tuthill's  His* 
tory  of  California. 


156 


LINCOLN  S  ADMINISTKATION. 


1857.]  BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  157 


SECTION 

Prom  the  'beginning  of  Buchanan's  Administration  in 
1857,  to  the  present  time. 

1.  THE  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR. — BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRA 
TION. — The  inauguration  of  Buchanan  took  place  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1857.     During  his  administration  of  four 
years,  three  states — all  free — were   added  to  the  Union. 
Minnesota  was  admitted  in  1858  ;  Oregon,  in  1859;  and 
Kansas,  in  1861.     (Note,  p.  157,  p.  192,  and  App.,  p.  72.) 

2.  The  slavery  question  continued  to  be  the  prominent 
topic  of  discussion  ;  and  an  event,  which  occurred  in  the 
fall   of    1859,    and    which    created    intense    excitement 
throughout  the  country,  not  only  gave  increased  impulse 
to  the  discus-sion,  but  greatly  aggravated  the  feeling  then 
prevailing  at  the  South  against  the  North.     This  was 
<'  John  Brown's  Raid."     (Read  topic  217,  App.,  p.  78.) 

3.  Brown's  object  was  the  liberation  of  slaves.     With 
that  in  view,  he  and  twenty-one  associates  seized  the  ar 
senal  at   Harper's  Ferry,   for  the  purpose  of  making  it 
a    rendezvous  ;    but  the  movement  was  a  total  failure. 
Those  engaged  in  it  were  overpowered  by  state  and  na 
tional  troops,  thirteen  of  their  number  were  killed,  two  es 
caped,  and  the  rest,  including  Brown,  were  tried  and  hung. 

4.  As  Buchanan's  term  of  office  drew  toward  its  close, 

1 .  When  was  Buchanan  inaugurated  ?    What  states  were  added  to  the  Union  ? 

2.  What  subject  continued  to  be  generally  discussed? 
JJ,  3.  Give  an  account  of  John  Brown's  raid. 

4.  Wiiat  is  said  of  the  presidential  canvass  of  1800  ?    What  was  the  result  ? 

NOTE.—"  How  far  Louisiana  extended  westward  when  it  wapcededby  France 
to  Spain,  history  offers  no  means  of  determining.  *  *  *  In  the  absence  of  all 
light  on  the  subject  from  history,  we  are  forced  to  regard  the  boundaries  indi 
cated  by  nature,  namely,  the  highlands  separating  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
from  those  flowing  into  the  Pacific  or  the  California!)  Gulf,  as  the  true  western 
boundaries  of  the  Louisiana  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  France  in  1803."— 
Grcenhow's  History  of  Oregon  and  California. 

During  the  negotiations  for  the  cession  of  Florida,  in  1818,  "Don  Onis,  the 
Spanish  Minister  at  Washington,  offered  to  agree  to  the  Sabine  and  a  due  north 
Jine  to  the  Missouri,  and  the  course  of  that  river  to  its  head.  The  American 
claim  to  extend  to  the  Pacific  he  pronounced  a  novelty  BOW  heard  of  for  the  first 
U.  & 


158  BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is GO. 

no  less  than  four  candidates  were  nominated  to  succeed 
him.  After  an  exciting  canvass,  in  which  the  slavery 
question  was  the  all-absorbing  one,  the  election  resulted 
in  favor  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  candidate  of  the  Re 
publican  party. 

5.  When  it  became  known  that  the  party  opposed  to 
the  further  extension  of  slavery  had  been  successful,  and 
that  Lincoln  would  be  the  next  president,  public  meetings 
were  held  in  South  Carolina  to  bring  about  a  secession 
of  that  state  from  the  Union ;  and,  on   the   20th  of  De 
cember,  1860,  an  ordinance  of  secession  was  passed  by  a 
state  convention  held  in  Charleston,     (p.  139,  ^f  16.) 

6.  Six  days  after,   Major  Anderson,    commanding   at 
Fort  Moultrie,  withdrew  his  force  of  but  eighty  men  from 
that  fort,  and  established  himself  at  Fort  Sumter,  a  place 
of  greater  security.     This  being  regarded  by  the  South 
Carolinians  as  a  hostile  act,  they  at  once  seized  the  cus 
tom-house   at   Charleston,  as  well  as  other  property  be 
longing  to  the  general  government,  and  began  to  make 
preparations  to  drive  Anderson  from  his  new  position. 

7.  EVENTS  OF  1861. — The  steamer,  Star  of  the  West, 
sent  'from  New  York  with  supplies  and  re-enforcements 
for  Fort  Sumter,  arrived   oif  Charleston,  January  10th, 
1861  ;    but,  being   fired   upon  by  batteries  which   had 
been  erected  and  manned  by  authority  of  South  Caro 
lina,   she   was   compelled   to    put   back.      During    this 
month,  January,  five  of   the  slave  states,— Mississippi, 
Florida,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Louisiana,— following  the 
lead  of  South  Carolina,  passed  secession  ordinances;  and 
on  the  1st  of  February,  Texas  did  the  same. 

5    Whati^m^diatTeflfect  did  the  election  have  in  South  Carolina  ?      What 

SUI7.e  What  plan  for  the  relief  of  Fort  Sumter  did  the 
Which  states  passed  secession  ordinances  in  January, 
lowed  next  ? 


i86i.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTKATION.  159 

8.  On  the  4th  of  February,  a  congress,  composed  of 
delegates  from   all   these   states,  except  Texas,  met   at 
Montgomery ;  and,  four   days    after,   organized    a  gov 
ernment   by  the    adoption  of  a  "Provisional  Constitu 
tion,"  assuming  the  title  of  the  "  Confederate  States  of 
America."     On  the  9th,  this  congress  elected  Jefferson 
Davis  "  President  of  the  Confederacy  ;  "  and,  on  the  18th, 
Texas  being  then  represented,  he  was  duly  inaugurated. 

9.  Forts,    arsenals,    navy-yards,    custom-houses,    and 
other  property  belonging  to  the   general    government, 
within  the  boundaries  of  the  Confederate  states,were  seized 
by  state  authority  for  the  Confederacy.       Fort  Pickens, 
near  Pensacola,  which  had  been  saved  by  Lieutenant  Slem- 
mer,  with  Fort  Sumter,  and  the  forts  at  the  southern  ex 
tremity  of  Florida,  alone  remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
United  States. 

10.  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. — In  this  distracted  and 
sad  condition  were  the  affairs  of  the  country  when  Lin 
coln,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1861,  entered  upon  the  office 
of  president.      His   inauguration   took   place    "  amid    a 
greater  display  of  military  force  than   had  ever  before 
been  witnessed  on  such  an  occasion." 

11.  The  president,  in  his  inaugural  address,  announced 
that  he  had  "  no  purpose  to  interfere  with  the  institution 
of  slavery"  where  it  existed ;  further  stating  that,  in  his 
opinion,  he  had  "  no  right  to  do  so."     But  this  assurance 
had  no  effect  whatever  upon  the  Southern  leaders.      Re 
garding  their  duty  to  the  general  government  as  second 
ary  to  the  obligation  they  owed  to  their  respective  states. 


at  M""'*"m«y,  ">  Fobnmry.      How  Is  Montgomery 

,^^/1^^^?  °f  Ll'eUtenan t  81emmer? 

»»'"-"»•» to'l  ?     What  is  said  of  the  occasion  ? 

Wh 7ii •  i«  B»M  nt-^duI  1I'incoln  mak«  ?  What  did  ho  further  state  ? 
dntv  ?  Wh«f  -r?  efte0t  'm>d«Fort  ?  How  did  the  Southern  leaders  regard  their 
auty  t  What  military  preparations  did  they  make  ? 


160  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [isei. 

they  organized  an  army,  and  ordered  Gen.  Beauregard 
(bo -re-yard)  to  reduce  Fort  Sumter. 

12.  Accordingly,  on  the  morning  of  the  12th  of  April, 
the  first  shot  was  fired  upon  the  fort.     After  a  bombard 
ment  of  thirty-four  hours,  the  defence  being  but  feeble 
in  consequence  of  the  smallness  of  the  garrison  and  the 
poor  supply  of  ammunition,  Anderson  was  compelled  to 
capitulate.     On   the   following  day,   April   14th,  he  de 
parted  with  his  command,  and  sailed  for  New  York. 

13.  The  news  of  this  event  produced  an  almost  uncon 
trollable  excitement  throughout  the  country  ;    and  the 
president's  proclamation,  issued  on  the  15th,  calling  for 
troops,  was  responded  to  at  once  by  all  the  free  states.    A 
Massachusetts  regiment,  while  on  its  way  to  defend  the 
national  capital,  was  attacked,  April  19th,  in  the  streets 
of  Baltimore,  by  a  mob  of  Southern  sympathizers.     Two 
of  the  soldiers  were  killed,  and  a  number  wounded. 

14.  Lincoln's   proclamation   was    followed,   two    days 
after,  by  one  from  Davis,  offering  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal  to  all  persons,  who,  in  private  armed  vessels, 
would  prey  upon  the  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
This  was  followed,  April  19th,  by  another  proclamation 
from  Lincoln,  declaring  the  ports  of  the  Confederate  states 
in  a  state  of  blockade. 

15.  With  the  exception  of  Delaware,  not  one  of  the 
slave  states   arrayed  itself  promptly  and  decidedly  on 
the  sid«5  of  the  Union.     Before  June,  Virginia,  Arkansas, 
Tennessee,   and   North   Carolina,   passed    secession   ordi 
nances,     Virginians  seized  the  armory  at  Harper's  Ferry 

1*;.  Give  an  account  of  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter. 

13.  What  effect  did  the  news  produce?  What  call  did  President  Lincoln 
make?  How  was  the  call  responded  to?  Give  an  account  of  the  attack  upon 
the  Massachusetts  regiment.  What  event  took  place  just  eighty-six  years  be 
fore  ?  (p.  P»9.1 

1  4-  What  nroclamation  did  Davis  put  forth  ?  By  what  action,  on  the  part  oi 
Lincoln,  was  Davis's  proclamation  followed  ? 

1 5.  Which  states  besides  those  already  named  passed  secession  ordinances  ? 
WTiat  seizures  did  the  Virginians  make  ? 


1861.] 


LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


161 


and  the  navy-yard  at  Norfolk,  both  places  having  been 
abandoned  by  the  Union  officers  in  .charge  after  a  large 
part  of  the  property  contained  therein  had  been  destroyed. 

16.  It  can  hardly  be  said  that  the  national  government 
made  any  offensive  movement  before  the  24th  of  May. 
Then  Gen.  Scott,  commanding  the 

Union  army,  sent  troops  into  Vir 
ginia  ;  and  Arlington  Heights,  oppo 
site  Washington,  as  well  as  the  town 
of  Alexandria,  were  occupied.  Some 
days  after,  June  10th,  a  force,  sent 
by  Gen.  Butler,  commanding  at  For 
tress  Monroe,  was  severely  repulsed 
in  an  attack  upon  the  Confederate 
works  at  Big  Bethel. 

17.  The  Confederate  army,  to  the  number  of  about  one 
hundred  thousand  men,  occupied  a  line  through  Virginia, 
from  Harper's  Ferry  to  Norfolk ;  their  strongest  position 
being  on  the  road  from  Washington 

to  Richmond,  at  a  place  called  Ma- 
nassas  Junction.  Richmond  was 
then  the  capital  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy,  the  transfer  from 
Montgomery  having  been  decided 
upon  in  May. 

18.  About  the  middle  of  July,  a 
large   army,    commanded    by   Gen. 

McDowell,   marched  to   attack  the  Confederates,  under 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (Map,  p.  156.)  How  is  Baltimore  situated?  Norfolk? 
Harper  s  Ferry ?  Washington?  Alexandria?  Fortress  Monroe  ?  Big  Bethel? 
Richmond?  Where  is  Manassas  Junction  ?  Arlington  Heights  ?  Bull  Run  ?  Ed 
ward's  Ferry  ?  Cedar  Mt.  ?  Ball's  Blufl'? 

16.  What  movements  were  made  on  the  24th  of  May?  Give  an  account  of 
the  Battle  of  Big  Bethel. 

then?'  What  Une  of  defence  dld  the  Confederates  occupy  ?  What  was  Richmond 

/«  *  **'  ^hen  did  tlie  battle  of  Centreville  occur  ?  How  is  Centreville  situated  T 
(Map,  p.  156.)  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run. 


162  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [isei. 

Beauregard,  at  Manassas  Junction.  On  the  18th  a  conflict 
took  place  near  Centreville.  On  the  21st  occurred  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  a  desperate  conflict,  in  which  more 
than  forty  thousand  men  were  engaged.  At  length  the 
Confederates,  being  largely  re-enforced,  prevailed ;  and  the 
Union  troops,  panic-stricken,  fled  in  disorder  toward 
Washington.  The  Union  loss  reached  nearly  three  thou 
sand  men,  while  that  of  the  Confederates  did  not  much 
exceed  half  that  number. 

19.  On  the  following  day,  July  22d,  Gen.  McClellan 
was  called  to  take  command  of  the  forces  around  Wash 
ington,  known  as  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     He  had  just 
closed  with  credit  a  campaign  in  West  Virginia,  during 
which  the  Confederates  were  routed  at  Philippi  (fl-lip'-pi), 
Rich  Mountain,  and  other  places.     Congress,  which  com 
menced  an  extra  session  on  the  4th  of  July,  appropriated 
five  hundred   million   dollars    for  carrying   on   the  war, 
and  voted  to  raise  five  hundred  thousand  troops. 

20.  In  the  mean  time  efforts  had  been  made  by  the  Se 
cessionists  to  take  Missouri  out  of  the  Union.     In  this, 
however,  they  failed,  mainly  through  the  prompt  action 
of  Gen.  Lyon,  who  captured  their  camp  near  St.  Louis, 
defeated  them  at  Booneville  on  the  17th  of  June,  and 
thus  frustrated  the  designs  of  the  disloyal  governor. 

21.  On  the  5th  of  July  a  division  of  his  troops,  under 
Col.  (afterward  Gen.)  Sigel  (se'-gel],  made  a  gallant  fight 
at  Carthage;  but  on  the   10th  of  August,  having  been 
confronted  by  a  vastly  superior  force,  and  fearing  that  a 
retrograde  movement  would  be  fatal  to  the  cause,  Lyon 


1 9.  To  what  position  was  McClellan  called  ?     What  can  you  state  of  hU 
previous  successes  ?    What  was  done  by  Congress  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS,  -(p.  165.)    Where  is  St.  Louis  ?    Booneville  ?    Carthage  T 
Wilson's  Creek  ?    Springfield  ?    Belmont  ?    New  Orleans  ?    Cairo  ?   Lexington  ? 

20.  What  had  been  the  aim  of  secessionists  in  Missouri  ?    What  successes 
did  Gen.  Lyon  have  at  St.  Louis  ?    At  Booneville  ? 

21.  What  account  can  you  give  of  the  battle  of  Carthage  ?    Of  the  battle  of 
Wilson's  Creek  or  Springfield  ? 


i86i.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTEATION.  163 

made  an  unsuccessful  attack  upon  the  Confederate  force 
at  Wilson's  Creek,  near  Springfield,  and  was  killed. 

22.  In  a  little  more  than  a  month  afterward,  Col.  Mul 
ligan,  commanding  twenty-five  hundred  men  at  Lexing 
ton,  Missouri,  was  attacked  by  a  Confederate  force  at 
least  five  times  as  large,  and,  after  a  contest  of  four  days, 
was  compelled  to  surrender,  September  20th. 

23.  Gen.   Fremont,  then  in  command  of  the  Western 
Department,  left  St.  Louis  for  Jefferson  City,  and  thence 
marched  against  Price,  who  was  retreating  in  a  southerly 
direction.      The   pursuit  was    continued   only  as   far   as 
Springfield,  when  Fremont,  in  compliance  with  orders, 
turned  the  command  over  to  Gen.  Hunter,  who  held  it 
until  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Halleck.      (See  p.  146,  f  40.) 

24.  In  October,  Gen.  Stone  was  in  command  of  a  large 
Union  force  on  the  Potomac,  in  Maryland.     A  division 
of  this  force,  having  crossed  the  river  to  Ball's  Bluff  to 
make  a  reconnoissance,  was  disastrously  defeated,  on  the 
21st,  and  its  commander,  Col.  Baker,  killed.     In  an  attack 
upon  the  Confederate  works  at  Belmont,  Missouri,  Nov. 
7th,  Gen.  Grant  wac  at  first   successful,  but  the  enemy 
having  been  re-enforced,  he  retired  to  his  boats. 

25.  Two  coast  expeditions — one  to  North  Carolina,  and 
the  other  to  South  Carolina — were  completely  successful. 
In  the  first,  Com.  Stringham  (string'-am)  and  Gen.  But 
ler,  commanding  a  naval  and  military  force,  captured  the 
Confederate  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet.     In  the  second,  Com. 
Du-pont',  with  a  fleet  of  about  fifty  vessels,  captured  the 


22.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Lexington. 

23.  Who,  at  the  time,  was  in  the  chief  command  of  the  Union  forces  a>  the 
West.    Give  an  account  of  the  pursuit  made  by  Fremont.    Who  superseded 
Fremont  in  the  command  ?    Who  succeeded  Hunter  ? 

24.  Where  was  Gen.  Stone  in  command?     Give  an  account  of  the  disaster 
at  Ball's  Bluff.    By  what  name  is  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff  also  known  ?    Ans. 
Edwards'  Ferry.     Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Belmont  ? 

25.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  the  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet. 
Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  against  the  forts  at  Port  Royal  harbor.    What 
change  in  commanders  was  made  ? 


164  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

forts  at  Port  Royal  entrance.  In  the  mean  time,  Gen. 
Scott,  in  consequence  of  physical  infirmities,  resigned  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  United  States,  and  McClellan 
was  appointed  in  his  place.  (App.,  p.  73,  topic  156.) 

26.  On  the  sea  an  event  occurred  in  November,  which 
produced  great  excitement  both  in  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.     Capt.  Wilkes  (icilks),  in  command  of  the 
frigate  San  Jacinto  (sanja-sin'-to),  intercepted  an  English 
steamer,  and  took  from  her  Messrs.  Mason  and  Sli-dell', 
Confederate  commissioners  to  Europe ;  but  as  the  seizure 
was   contrary  to  the  rights  of  neutral  vessels,  and  the 
British  government  resented  the  act,  the  two  prisoners 
were  given  up. 

27.  This  affair  tended  to  make  still  less  amicable  the 
relations  which,  at  the  time,  existed  between  the  United 
States  and  England  ;  for  before  the  last  of  the  States  that 
passed  secession  ordinances  had   joined  the  Confederacy, 
Queen  Victoria  (May  13th)  acknowledged  the  South  as  a 
belligerent  power;  and  France,  soon  after,  did  the  same. 

28.  The  Confederates  fitted  out  a  number  of  privateers, 
one  of  the   most  successful   being  the   steamer  Sumter, 
Capt.   Semmes    (semz),  which   ran  the  blockade  of  New 
Orleans  on  the  last  day  of  June.     She  captured  a  number 
of  vessels,  and  then,  crossing  the  Atlantic,  entered  the 
bay  of  Gibraltar.      Here   she   was    found    by  a  United 
States  gunboat,  and,  being  unable  to  escape,  was  sold- 
Her  crew  went  to  England,  where  a  faster  steamer  was 
in  process  of  construction.     This  vessel  the  Confederates 
obtained,  and  named  the  Alabama.      (See  p.  181,  ^  80.) 

29.  During  the  year  1861,  the  Federal  government  in 
creased  its  navy,  from  less  than  fifty,  to  about  two  hun- 


26.  Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  Mason  and  Slidell. 

27.  What  unfriendly  acts  did  England  and  France  perform  ? 

28.  Give  an  account  of  the  career  of  the  Sumter. 

29.  What  addition  was  made  to  the  Union  navy  in  1861  ?    What  is  said  of 
the  blockade  ?    Of  specie  payments  ?    Of  the  circulating  medium  ?    Of  gold  ? 


LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


165 


r  ;  uum_Loui^^j2i^^x/w/r' 
UNION  6ITY\  \J\f 

\NASHVILLE® 

MU^FREESBOHOc 


F.ASANTHILLO     olsPANDECOR 
ATPni-Tnrnrc;nV-<\ 


166  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTBATION.  [is 02. 

dred  vessels.  This  whole  force  was  required  in  block 
ading  Southern  ports ;  and,  as  it  was  increased  in  the 
three  succeeding  years,  the  blockade  became  more  effec 
tive.  A  general  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  the 
banks  of  the  North  having  taken  place,  specie  circulation 
soon  gave  way  to  that  of  paper,  and  gold  became  an  ar 
ticle  of  merchandise  commanding  a  high  premium. 

30.  EVENTS    OF    1862.— At  Cairo    (ka'-ro)   the  Union 
troops  established  a  base  of  operations,  Gen.  Grant  being 
in  command.     From  a  point   on  the  Mississippi,  a  few 
miles  below  Cairo,  the  whole  river  to  its  mouth  was  in 
possession  of  the   Confederates,  and  great  preparations 
were  made  by  both  parties,  one  to  retain  and  the  other 
to  gain  the  mastery  of  the  river. 

31.  The  Confederates  had  also  a  line  of  defences  from 
the  Mississippi  to  Cumberland  Gap,  with  strong  positions 
at  Columbus,  Bowling  Green,  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donel- 
son,  and  near  Mill  Spring.     In  January,  1862,  Gen.  Buell 
was  in  command  of  a  Federal  department,  with  his  head 
quarters  at  Louisville.      A   division  of  his  army,  under 
Gen.  Geo.  H.  Thomas,  gained  a  brilliant  victory  at  Mill 
Spring,  Jan.  19th,  the  defeated  party  escaping  further  loss 
by  crossing  the  Cumberland. 

32.  In  February,   Commodore   Foote,   commanding  a 
fleet  of  gunboats,  sailed  up  the  Tennessee,  and,  on  the 
6th,  reduced  Fort  Henry.     Bowling  Green  was  soon  after 
abandoned.     On  the  16th,  Gen.  Grant,  with  the  co-opera 
tion  of  the  fleet,  effected  the  important  capture  of  Fort 


MAP  QUESTIONS.— (p.  174.)  Where  is  Cumberland  Gap  ?  Mill  Spring  ?  Louis 
ville?  Roanoke  Island ?  Elizabeth  City ?  Columbus?  (p.  165.)  Bowling  Green ? 
Fort  Henry  ?  Fort  Donelson  ?  Nashville  ?  Pea  Ridge  ?  New  Madrid  ?  Island 
No.  10? 

30.  At  what  western  place  did  the  Union  troops  establish  a  base  of  opera 
tions  ?    How  much  of  the  Mississippi  did  the  Confederates  hold  ?    What  efforts 
were  made  by  both  parties  ? 

31.  What  line  of  defences  did  the  Confederates  have?    Where  were  their 
strong  positions  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Mill  Spring. 

32.  Of  the  capture  of  Fort  Henry.    Of  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson. 


1862.] 


LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


167 


Donelson,  on  the  Cumberland,  with  about  ten  thousand 
prisoners.  The  Confederates  thereupon  evacuated  Colum 
bus  and  Nashville. 

33.  An  important  success  meanwhile  attended  the  ef 
forts  of  the  Unionists  on  the  Atlantic  coast.     A  land  and 
naval   expedition,   sailing 

from  Hampton  Roads,  un 
der  Gen.  Burnside  and 
Com.  Goldsborough,  cap 
tured  Roanoke  Island, 
Feb.  8th.  This  success 
was  followed  by  the  de 
struction  of  the  Confed 
erate  flotilla  at  Elizabeth 
City,  by  the  capture  of 
that  and  other  places,  and 
by  a  victory  gained  by 
Burnside  at  Newbern. 
An  expedition,  fitted  out 
at  Port  Royal,  captured  Fort  Pulaski  (pu-las'-Jce). 

34.  Two   important   events    occurred    on   the   8th    of 
March.     Gen.   Curtis,  ably  seconded  by  Sigel,  defeated 
the  Confederates,  under  Gen.  Yan  Dorn,  at  Pea  Ridge, 
Arkansas,  after  three  days'  hard  fighting ;  and  the  ram 
Virginia,  steaming  out  from  Norfolk  to  Hampton  Roads, 
destroyed  the  United  States  sloop-of-vvar  Cumberland  and 
the  frigate  Congress.     (See  p.  170,  T  45.) 

35.  This  vessel,  formerly  the  Merrimac,  which  had  been 
sunk  at  Norfolk  'by  the  Union  commander  there  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war,  had  been  subsequently  raised  by 


PART  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA  AND  GEORGIA. 


33.  Where  is  Hampton  Eoads?    (Map.  p.  156.)    Give  an  account  of  the  ex 
pedition  under  Burnside  and  Goldsborough.     Of  the  expedition  against  Fort 
Pulaski.    What  city  does  Fort  Pulaski  defend  ?  (Map.  p.  167.) 

34.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge.    Of  the  destruction  effected 
by  the  ram  Virginia. 

35.  Give  the  previous  history  of  the  ram  Virginia. 


168  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 62. 

the  Confederates,  cut  down  almost  to  the  water's  edge, 
covered  with  a  plating  of  iron,  and  named  the  Virginia. 

36.  The  night  of  the  8th  set  in,  and  it  was  anticipated 
that  next  day  all  the  national  vessels  in  the  vicinity  of 
Fortress  Monroe  would  be  destroyed.     But,  during  the 
night,  the  Monitor,  a  neAvly  invented  floating  batteryr 
commanded  by  Lieut.  Worden   (tour -den),  arrived  from 
New  York,  and,  on  the  following  day,  encountered  the 
Virginia.     After  a  contest  of  several  hours,  the  latter,  in 
a  disabled  condition,  retreated  to  Norfolk. 

37.  The  Union  forces  at  the  West,  under  Gen.  Pope, 
were  victorious  in  March,  taking  New  Madrid.     Again 
they  were  victorious,  on  the  7th  of  April,  co-operating 
with  Foote's  gunboat  fleet  in  the  capture  of  Island  No.  10, 
with  six  thousand  prisoners.     The  gunboats  then  descend 
ed  the  Mississippi,  defeating  the  Confederate  fleet  near 
Fort  Pillow.     On  the  6th  of  June,  Commodore  Davis, 
Foote's   successor,  gained   a   victory  over   the   fleet   at 
Memphis,  the  town  in  consequence  falling  into  his  hands. 

38.  Gen.  Grant,  after  his  victory  at  Fort   Donelson. 
proceeded  up  the  Tennessee.     On  the  morning  of  the  6th 
of  April,  his  army,  encamped  at  Shiloh  (shl'-lo),  near 
Pittsburg  Landing,  was  suddenly  attacked  by  Gen.  A.  S. 
Johnston's  army ;  and,  after  a  contest,  which  raged  till 
near  nightfall,  the  Union  troops  were  driven  to  the  river, 
where  the  gunboats  aided  them  to  keep  the  Confederates 
in  check.     Johnston  was  killed. 

39.  The  arrival  of  re-enforcements  under  Buell,  enabled 
Grant  to  assume  the  offensive  on  the  following  day,  and 

36.  What  was  anticipated  for  the  9th  of  March  ?    What  happened  during  the 
night  ?    Give  an  account  of  what  followed. 

37.  What  was  the  Union  success  at  New  Madrid?    At  Island  No.  10?    At 
Fort  Pillow?    At  Memphis  ? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (p.  1(55.)  Into  what  river  does  the  Tennessee  flow  ?  Name 
four  States  in  which  the  Tennessee  runs.  Where  is  Pittsburg  Landing?  What 
battle  was  fought  there ?  Am.  Shiloh.  Where  is  Corinth?  Huntsville?  luka! 
Cincinnati?  (p.  174.)  Frankfort?  Richmond  (Kentucky)? 

38.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  day's  contest  at  Shiloh. 


1862.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  169 

the  Confederates,  commanded  by  Beauregard,  were  driven 
toward  Corinth  (kor'-inth).  The  forces  engaged  in  this 
battle,  on  both  sides,  numbered  more  than  a  hundred 
thousand  men ;  and  the  losses  were  severe,  being  not  less 
than  twenty  thousand. 

V  40.  Gen.  Ilalleck  arrived  soon  after,  and  took  command 
in  person  of  Grant's  victorious  army.  lie  at  once  com 
menced  an  advance  upon  Corinth,  slowly  progressing 
every  day  for  nearly  two  months,  when,  May  30th,  the 
place  was  found  deserted.  A  body  of  troops,  under  Gen. 
Mitchell,  detached  from  Buell's  army,  meanwhile  marched 
from  Nashville  as  far  as  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

41.  In  Louisiana  the  Union  cause  met  with  a  success 
of  great  importance.     This  was  the  capture  of  New  Or 
leans,  on  the  25th  of  April.     The  Union  fleet,  commanded 
by  Far'-ra-gut  and  Porter,  ascended  the  Mississippi,  bom 
barding  and  then  running  past  two  forts.     The  city  was 
reached,  and  Gen.  Butler  taking  formal  possession,  placed 
it  under  martial  law. 

42.  Ilalleck,  having  been  called  to  Washington,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief,  Grant  was  left  in  command  at  Corinth. 
Gen.  Rosecrans  (roz'-krants),  with  a  division  of  Grant's 
army,  gained  a  victory  at  I-u'-ka,  September  19th;  and, 
October  4.th,  he  was  again  victorious,  repulsing  more  than 
thirty  thousand  Confederates  who  made  an  attack  upon 
his  defences  at  Corinth 

43.  The  Confederates  were   active   in  Tennessee   and 
Kentucky  during  the  summer,  Gen.  Bragg  being  in  com 
mand  with  a  large  army.     A  part  of  this  force,   under 
Gen.  Smith,  defeated  a  body  of  Unionists  at  Richmond, 

39.  Give  an  account  of  the  second  day's  contest  at  Shiloh. 

40.  Who,  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  took  command  of  Grant's  army?    Give 
an  account  of  Halleck's  operations.     Of  Mitchell's  operations. 

41.  Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  New  Orleans. 

42.  To  what  position  was  Ilalleck  transferred?    Who  was  left  in  command 
of  the  Western  troopa  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  luka.  Of  tH»  battle 
of  Corinth 

8 


170  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1862. 


marched  thence  to  Frankfort,  and  threatened  Cincinnati. 
Bragg  advanced  almost  to  Louisville,  but,  watched  and 
foiled  by  Buell,  he  retreated  southward,  meeting  witli  a 
repulse  at  Perryville.  BuelPs  command  was  afterward 
transferred  to  Rosecrans. 

44.  Early  in    March,  McClellan   ordered   an   advance 
toward  Richmond.     A  new  organization  of  military  de 
partments  assigned   Fremont  to  West  Virginia  and  East 
Tennessee,  Banks  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  McDowell 
to  the  Rappahannock,  and  McClellan  to  the  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     On  the  23d  of  March,  Gen. 
Shields,  commanding  a  detachment  of  Gen.  Banks's  divi 
sion,  gained  a  victory  at  Winchester. 

45.  At  Alexandria,  McClellan  embarked  his  troops  for 
Fortress  Monroe,  whence,  April  4th,  he  commenced  his 

march  up  the  peninsula  bet  ween  the 
York  and  James  rivers.  Compel 
ling  the  enemy  to  retreat  from  York- 
town,  after  a  month's  sie^e,  he 
gained  a  victory  at  Williamsburg, 
May  5th  ;  and  then  pushed  on  to 
within  seven  miles  of  the  Confed 
erate  capital.  Meanwhile,  General 
Wool,  proceeding  from  Fortress 

Monroe,  took  possession  of  Norfolk,  and  the  Confederates 

destroyed  their  iron-clad  vessel,  Virginia. 

46.  At  Fair  Oaks,  McClellan's  army  was  attacked  on 

43  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Richmond,  Kentucky.  Of  Bragg's  ad 
vance  and  defeat  at  Perryville.  Where  is  Perryville  ?  (p.  174.)  What  advantage 
did  Brags?  gain  during  his  northward  inarch  ?  Ans.  He  captured  Munibrdsville. 
By  whom  was  Buell  succeeded  in  command  ? 

44.  What  new  disposition  of  military  commanders  was  made?    What  oc 
curred  at  Winchester? 

MAP  QUESTIONS. -(Map,  p.  156.)  Where  is  Alexandria  ?  Fortress  Monroe  ? 
Norfolk?  Into  what  water  does  the  York  River  flow?  Into  what  the  James 
River?  Where  is  Yorktown  ?  Williamsburg?  Strasburg?  (p.  17-1.)  Front 
Royal  ?  Cedar  Mt.  ?  Chantilly  ?  Fair  Oaks  ?  (Map.  p.  170.) 

45.  At  what  place  did  McClellan  embark  his  troops  ?    From  what  place  did 
he  commence  his  Peninsula  Campaign  ?    What  peninsula  is  alluded  to?     What 
was  done  at  Yorktown  ?  At  Williamsburg  ?  At  Norfolk  ?  With  the  ram  Virginia  ? 


1862.3  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  171 

the  31st  of  May,  and  the  battle  was  resumed  the  follow 
ing  day.  It  was  a  bloody  though  indecisive  contest.  Gen. 
Joseph  E.  Johnston,  the  Confederate  general-in-chief,  hav 
ing  been  severely  wounded  in  the  battle,  was  relieved 
from  active  duty  and  Gen.  Lee  became  his  successor. 

47.  Banks's  division,  at  the  time,  was  at  Stras'-burg,  and 
this  force  the  Confederates  formed  the  plan  of  capturing ; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  resistance  which  they  met  at 
Front  Royal,  Banks  became  aware  of  their  purpose,  and 
made  a  rapid  retreat  to  the  Potomac.     Their  pursuing 
general,  T.  J.  Jackson,  known  as  Stonewall  Jackson,  was 
unsuccessfully  pursued  by  Fremont,  and  then  joined  Lee.* 

48.  Believing  that  the  force  at  his  disposal  was  not 
sufficient  to  protect  his  lines,  McClellan  transferred  his 
base  of  operations  to  the  James  River ;  but,  while  this 
movement  was  in  progress,  the  Confederates  fell  upon  the 
Union  troops,  June  25th,  and  a  series  of  destructive  bat 
tles  took  place,  lasting  through  seven  days.     The  con 
tending  armies  numbered  together  not  less  than  two  hun 
dred  thousand  men,  and  the  joint  looses  thirty  thousand. 

)C|9.  Late  in  June,  President  Lincoln  ordered  the  forces 
OT  Fremont,  Banks,  and  McDowell,  to  be  consolidated, 
and  gave  the  command  to  Gen.  Pope.  Lee  soon  began 
to  menace  Washington  ;  and,  at  Cedar  Mountain,  August 
9th,  his  advance,  under  Jackson,  gained  an  advantage  in 
a  conflict  with  Banks's  division. 

50.   The  Confederates,  in  full  force,  advanced,  and  from 
the   23d  of  August  to  the  beginning  of  the  following 

46.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks.    By  what  name  is  that 
battle  also  known  ?    Am.  Seven  Pines.     What  did  the  Confederate  cavalry  ac 
complish  ?    Ans.  Gen.  Stuart  passed  north  from  Richmond  entirely  round  the 
Union  army.    What  change  was  made  in  the  Confederate  commanders  ? 

47.  Give  an  account  of  Banks's  retreat  and  escape.    What  pursuit  was  made 
by  Fremont  ? 

48.  What  transfer  of  base  did  McClellan  make  ?    Why  did  he  do  so  ?    What 
battles  followed  ?    How  strong  were  the  two  armies,  and  what  were  their  losses  ? 

49.  What  consolidation  of  forces  was  made?    What  movement  did  Lee 
make  ?    What  occurred  at  Cedar  Mt.  ? 


*  "  This  exploit,  (the  Valley  Campaign)  of  General  Jackson,  was  undoubtedly  one  of  th« 
pest  brilliant  ot  the  war."— Tenney. 


172  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


month  the  struggle  between  the  two  great  armies  was 
desperate.  In  that  part  of  the  struggle  known  as  the 
Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  Pope  was  defeated.  In  its 
closing  part,  at  Chan'-til-ly,  though  losing  Stevens  and 
Kearny,*two  of  his  best  generals,  he  was  more  fortunate. 

51.  Lee,  instead  of  marching  to  attack  the  fortifications 
of  Washington,  crossed  the  Potomac  into  Maryland,  where 
he  was  pursued  by  McClellan,  who  had  been  ordered  from 
the  James.     At  South  Mountain,  September  14th,  the  na 
tional  forces  were  victorious ;  but  this  success  was  more 
than  counterbalanced,  a  few  hours  later,  by  the  loss  of 
Harper's  Ferry  with  its  munitions  of  war  and  large  gar 
rison. 

52.  On  the  17th,  the  great  battle  of  Antietam  (an-ter- 
tarri)  was  fought.     Lee  was  defeated,  his  loss  in  the  battle 
and  during  the  campaign  being  not  less  than  twenty-five 
thousand  men.     On  the  night  of  the  18th,  he  withdrew 
his  forces  across  the  Potomac,  into  Virginia. 

53.  After  remaining  in  Maryland  till  the  latter  part  of 
October,  McClellan  crossed  the  Potomac,  but,  in  Novem 
ber,  was  superseded  in  the  command  by  Burnside.     Led 
by  their  new  commander,  the  army  crossed  the  Rappa- 
hannock,  the   design  being  to  march  against  Richmond 
by  the  route  from  Fredericksburg.     Fredericksburg  was 
taken,  December  12th;  but,  after  a  disastrous  attempt  to 
carry  the  works  behind  the  city,  the  river  was  recrossed. 

54.  EVENTS   OF   1863. — On  the   1st  of  January,  1863, 
President  Lincoln  issued  his  memorable  proclamation,  de 
claring  forever  free  the  slaves  in  the  states  at  war  with 

50.  Give  an  account  of  the  strn^le  between  Lee  and  Pope.  *Philip  Kearny. 

51.  What  movement  did  Lee  then  make?  By  whom  was  he  pursued?  What 
occurred  at  South  Mountain?   At  Harper's  Ferry?    Where  is  Sonth  Mountain? 
(p.  156.) 

52.  Where  is  Antietam  C.  ?  (Map,  p.  174.)    Give  an  account  of  the  battle 
fought  there.     What  movement  did  Lee  make  after  the  battle. 

53.  By  whom  was  McClellan  superseded  in  command  ?  Where  is  Fredericks- 
bur^  ?    (p.  12fi.)    Name  four  rivers  that  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bay.    Give  an  ac 
count  of  Burnside's  march,  repulse,  and  retreat. 


1863.]  LINCOL^S   ADMINISTRATION.  173 


the  general  government,  excepting  in  certain  designated 
parts  occupied  by  national  troops.  On  the  same  day  Gal'- 
ves-ton  was  taken,  and  the  naval  force  before  the  place 
was  captured,  destroyed,  or  dispersed  by  the  Confederates. 

55.  The  close  of  1862    witnessed  a  fierce   struggle   at 
Iriur'-frees-bo-ro    between    the    armies  of  llosecrans    and 
Bragg.     On  the  2d  of  January,  1863,  victory  decided  for 
the  national  cause.       Nine  days  after,  the  Confederates 
lost  Arkansas  Post,  which  was  taken  by  a  land  and  naval 
force,    commanded    by   Gen.    McClernand    and    Admiral 
Porter. 

56.  Burnside  having,  at  his  own  request,  been  relieved 
of  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  was  suc 
ceeded  by  Gen.  Hooker,  who,  toward  the  latter  part  of 
April,  crossed  the  Rappahannock,  and,  encountering  Lee 
on  the  2d  and  3d  of  May  at  Chancellorsville,  was  worsted, 
losing    more  than    eleven    thousand    men,  in   killed   and 
wounded.     He  then  recrossed  the  river. 

57.  On   the   9th  of  June,  Lee,  whose  army  numbered 
nearly  a  hundred  thousand  men,  began  a  northward  move 
ment;  and  Hooker  followed  the  invaders  into  Maryland, 
where,  on  the  28th  of  June,  his  command  was  transferred 
to  Gen.  Meade.     At  Gettysburg  (get'-tiz-burg),  on  the  1st, 
2d,  and  3d  of  July,  one  of  the  most  important,  as  well  as 
Bevere  and  decisive,  conflicts  of  the  Avar  took  place.     Lee 
was  finally  defeated,  and,  his  army  reduced  one-third,  he 
made  a  rapid  retreat. 

54.  What  can  you  state  of  Lincoln's  memorable  proclamation  ?    Of  affairs  at 
Galveston,  January  1st,  1863? 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (p.  165.)  Where  is  Galveston?  Murfreesboro  ?  Arkansas 
Post?  Vicksburg?  Port  Gibson?  Port  Hudson  ?  Into  what  water  does  the 
Red  River  flow  ?  Name  four  towns  on  that  river. 

55.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro.     Of  the  capture  of  Ar 
kansas  Post. 

56.  Who  succeeded  Burnside  in  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ? 
Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chaiiceliorsville.     Where  is  Chancellorsville  / 
(Map,  p.  156.) 

57-  What  movement  did  Lee  be^in  on  the  9th  of  June  ?  By  whom  was  h^ 
followed?  What  change  in  commanders  waa  made?  Give  an  account  of  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg.  Where  is  Gettysburg  ?  (Map,  p.  156.) 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  PRESIDENTS,  &o. 


The  following  series  of  questions,  with  slight  modifications, 
be  used  in  connection  with  the  administration  of  each  of  the  presi 
dents.  The  pupils  should  be  required  to  prepare  written  exercises, 
numbering  the  answers  to  correspond  with  the  questions ;  or,  if  the 
teacher  prefer,  the  exercises  may  be  prepared  in  narrative  form, 
the  facts  being  related  in  chronological  order. 

The  answers  may  be  gleaned  from  the  tables  at  the  end  of  the 
History,  from  the  Chronological  Recapitulations,  or  from  the  topic 
matter  at  the  end  of  the  book.  It  may  also  be  necessary  to  consult 
the  text. 

1.  Who  was  the  first  president  of  the  United  States  T 

2.  When  did  Washington  become  president  ? 

3.  In  what  city  did  his  inauguration  take  place? 

4.  Was  he  elected  a  second  time  to  the  office  ? 

5.  What  was  The  length  of  his  administration  ? 

6.  When  did  his  administration  begin  and  end? 

7.  Who  was  vice-president  of  the  United  States  during  the  same  time  ? 

8.  When  and  where  was  Washington  born  ?     (Table,  p.  50.) 

9.  Give  an  account  of  Washington  previous  to  his  election  to  the  presidency. 

10.  How  many  and  what  States  belonged  to   the  Union  when  Washington 

became  president?    (Appendix,  p.  11.) 

11.  How  many  States  were  admitted  to  the  Union  while  he  was  president? 

(See,  also,  Appendix,  p.  11.) 

12.  Give  the  names  of  those  States,  with  the  date  of  their  admission. 

13.  What  territory,  if  any,  was  added  to  the  possessions  of  the  United  States 

while  Washington  was  president  ?    (In  other  cases,  see  Introduction.) 

14.  What  war,  if  any,  in  which  this  country  was  a  party,   occurred   while 

Washington  was  president  ? 

15.  Name,  in  chronological  order,  all  the  important  events  of  Washington's 

administration. 

16.  By  whom  was  Washington  succeeded  in  the  presidency  ? 

ADDITIONAL  QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  many  presidents  of  the  United  States  have  there  been  ? 

2.  Give  their  names  in  the  order  of  their  succession,  beginning  at  the  first. 

3.  Name  them  in  the  reverse  order,  beginning  with  the  last  and  ending  with 

the  first. 

4.  Name  the  presidents  who  served  one  term  each. 

5.  Name  those  who  served  less  than  one  term  each. 

6.  Which  president  served  more  than  one  term  of  four  years,  but  not  quite 

two  terms?    (See  Note,  Appendix,  p.  11.) 

7.  Name  the  presidents  who  served  two  full  terms  eacn. 

8.  Name  the  presidents  who  died  while  in  office. 

9.  Name  the  vice-presidents  who,  by  the  death  of  their  predecessor)*,  became 

presidents. 

10.  Which  of  the  presidents,  not  being  elected  in  the  usual  way,  were  elected 
by  the  House  of  Representatives  ?    (See  pages  109,  137.) 


1863.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  175 


58.  It  was  the  chief  object  of  Gen.  Grant,  the  com 
mander  of  the  national  forces  in  the  Southwest,  to  open 
the  Mississippi,  his  first  point  of  attack  being  Vicksburg. 
Near  Port  Gibson,  May  1st,  he  gained  a  decided  victory. 
Others  followed,  and  finally,  on  the  4th  of  July,  the  Con 
federate  commander,  Pemberton,  surrendered  Vicksburg. 

59.  The  commander  at  Port  Hudson,  on  learning  the 
fate  of  Vicksburg,  likewise   surrendered ;  and  thus  was 
the  Mississippi  opened.     The  surrender  of  this  last  place 
held  by  the  Confederates  on  the  river  was  made  to  Banks, 
Butler's  successor.     The  colored  troops  in  Banks's  army 
were  commended  for  their  bravery  in  the  assaults  which 
had  been  made  on  the  place. 

60.  After  his  victory  at  Murfreesboro,  Rosecrans  had 
no  important  contest  with  the  Confederates  until  he  was 
attacked  by  Bragg,  near  Chick-a-mau'-ga  Creek,  Septem 
ber    19th   and   20th;   and,  but   for   the    stand   made  by 
Thomas,  his  army  would  have  been  totally  routed. 

61.  He  then  fell  bi^k  to  Chat-ta-noo'-ga.     The  timely 
arrival  of  Hooker  and  Grant,  the  latter  of  whom  took 
the  command,  enabled  the  Union  army  to  gain  a  decided 
victory,  November  25th,  after  a  three  days'  conflict ;  and 
Bragg  was  driven  back  into  Georgia.   The  killed,  wounded, 
and  prisoners,  on  both  sides,  numbered  not  less  than  fif 
teen  .thousand. 

62.  At  Knoxville,  November  29th,  Burnside  repulsed 
Longstreet.     In  Missouri  and  Kansas  guerrilla  bands,  co 
operating  with  the  regular  Confederate  forces,  continued  to 
plunder  and  destroy.     A  bold  raid  was  made  into  Indiana 

58.  What  was  the  chief  object  of  Gen.  Grant  ?    Give  an  account  of  his  suc- 


59.  What  success  did  Banks  afterward  achieve  ?    What  is  said  of  the  col 
ored  troops  ? 

60.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  ?    Where  is  Chickamau^a  ? 
(Map,  p.  174.)  Chattanooga  ?  Knoxville  ? 

61 .  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chattanooga 

What  occurred  in  Missouri  and  Kansa.T 


176  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

and  Ohio,  by  the  partisan  ranger  Gen.  Morgan.  He  was 
pursued  day  and  night,  for  a  distance  of  nearly  seven 
hundred  miles,  and  his  band  finally  killed,  captured,  or 
scattered.  He  was  among  the  prisoners. 

63.  By  virtue  of  authority  vested  in  him,  the  president 
ordered  a  draft  of  three  hundred  thousand  men  to  re 
cruit  the  army.     Great  opposition  to  the  measure  was  at 
once  excited,  which  culminated  in  a  riot  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  commencing  July  13th,  and  lasting  four  days.     Be 
fore  the  outbreak  was  quelled,  a  number  of  buildings  were 
sacked  and  burned,  and  the  most  fiendish  acts  were  com 
mitted,  particularly  against  the  colored  population. 

64.  The  navy  of  the  United  States  was  employed  in 
various  service   during  the  year,   and  was  very  active. 
The  blockade  of  the  Confederate  ports  became  so  effective 
as  to  be  fully  respected  by  the  nations  of  Europe ;  but 
Wilmington,  on  account  of  its  wide  and  numerous  inlets, 
was  quite  successful  in  maintaining  an  intercourse  with 
Nassau  (nas-saw1)  and  other  Britis^  ports. 

65.  The  people  in  the  western  co  antics  of  Virginia  were, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  war,  opposed  to  secession ;  and 
they  took  early  measures  not  only  to  effect  a  separation 
of  their  part  of  the  state  from  the  other  section  of  Vir 
ginia,  but  to  gain  admission  as  a  state  into  the  Union. 
Their  efforts  were  crowned  with  success,  and  West  Vir 
ginia  was  admitted  in  1863. 

66.  EVENTS  OF   1864. — Gen.  Wm.  T.  Sherman,  in  Feb 
ruary,  1864,  made  a  successful  expedition  into  Mississippi; 
but  this  success   was  more  than  counterbalanced  by  a 


63.  Give  an  account  of  the  riot  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

64.  What  is  said  of  the  service  of  the  navy?    Of  the  blockade  in  general? 
Of  the  hlockade  of  Wilmington  ? 

65.  Give  the  history  of  the  formation  of  West  Virginia.    What  aid  did  the 
Union  cause  receive  from  private  associations?    Ans.  The  Sanitary  Commis-= 
sion  and  the  Christian  Commission  rendered  important  aid  to  the  wounded  OB 
the  battle-fields  and  to  the  sick  and  wounded  in  the  hospitals. 

66-  Where  is  Olustee  ?  (Map,  p.  174.)    What  occurred  there  ? 


1864.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  177 

disastrous  defeat  which  the  Union   forces   sustained  at 
O-lus'-tee,  Florida,  on  the  20th  of  the  same  month. 

67.  An  expedition  against  Shreveport,  Louisiana,  con 
ducted  by  Gen.  Banks  with  the  co-operation  of  Porter's 
fleet,  met  with  a  series  of  disasters  that  ended  in  the 
failure  of  the  movement.     The  loss,  in  men  and  material, 
was  heavy ;  and  the  vessels,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  in 
the  Red  River,  were  only  saved  from  capture  or  destruc 
tion  by  the  construction  of  a  dam  across  the  river,  by 
which  the  boats  were  enabled  to  go  over  the  falls. 

68.  The  absence  of  troops  to  aid  Banks  in  the  Red 
River    expedition,    emboldened  the   Confederates   under 
Gen.  Forrest  to  make  a  raid  into  the  western  part  of  Ten 
nessee  and  Kentucky.     Union  City  was  captured.     An 
attack  upon  Fort  Pillow,  April  12th,  was  bravely  resisted, 
but  at  last  the  place  was  carried  by  assault,  and  three 
hundred  of  its   defenders,  mostly  colored  troops,  were 
massacred. 

69.  The  services  which  Gen.  Grant  had  rendered  the 
country,  added  to  his  peculiar  fitness  to  command  large 
armies,  induced  the  president  to  name  him  for  the  posi 
tion  of  Lieutenant- General,  and  the  nomination  was  con 
firmed  by  the  Senate  on  the  3d  of  March.     Vast  prepa 
rations  were  at   once  begun  for   two    campaigns  —  one 
against  Richmond,  by  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  the 
other  against  At-lan'-ta,  to  be  conducted  by  Gen.  Wm.  T. 
Sherman. 

70.  Sherman,  with   an    army  of  a  hundred  thousand 

67.  Where  is  Shreveport  ?  (Map,  p.  165.)    Give  an  account  of  the  Red  River 
expedition.    What  fort  was  captured?    Ans.  De  Russy.    What  battles  were 
foujrht  ?    Ans.  Cane  River,  Mansfield,  and  Pleasant  Hill. 

68.  What  temp\ed  Forrest  to  make  a  raid  '<    What  success  did  he  have  at 
Union  City  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  "  Fort  Pillow  massacre." 

69.  To  what  position  was  Gen.  Grant  promoted  ?  Why  was  he  so  promoted  ? 
What  preparations  were  at  puce  hesrun  ? 

70.  From  what  place  did  Sherman  advance  ?    By  whom  was  his  progress 
disputed  ?    What  were  his  successes  over  Johnston  ?    By  whom  was  Johnston 
superseded  in  command?    Wliy  was  he  so  superseded?    Where  is  Atlanta? 
(Map,  p.  174.) 


178  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  LI  864. 


men,  advanced  from  Chattanooga  early  in  May,  his  pro 
gress  being  disputed  by  Gen.  Jos.  E.  Johnston,  but  in 
vain.  He  won  battles,  outflanked  his  opponent,  and  by 
the  middle  of  July  reached  the  vicinity  of  Atlanta.  John 
ston's  "  retreating  policy"  being  condemned  by  the  Con 
federates,  he  was  superseded  in  the  command  by  Gen. 
Hood. 

71.  From  the  20th  to  the   28th  of  July,  Hood  made 
three  furious  assaults   upon  the  Union    lines,  but  each 
time  he  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.     Sherman  sent 
cavalry  expeditions  to  cut  the  railroads  by   which  the 
Confederates   received    supplies.      Gen.    Stoneman,   com 
manding  one  of  these,  was  defeated  and  captured.     Mov 
ing  with  nearly  the  whole  of  his  arm  y  westward  around 
Atlanta,  Sherman   defeated  a  large    division  of  Hood's 
army  at  Jonesboro,  and  compelled  the  Confederate  com 
mander  to  abandon  Atlanta. 

72.  Though  Gen.  Meade  commanded  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,   Gen.   Grant  had  his    headquarters  with    that 
army,  and  planned  all  the  military  movements.     On  the 
4th  of  May,  Meade  crossed  the  Rap-id-an'.     On  the  fol 
lowing  day  he  encountered    Lee    in    a    terrific  contest, 
known  as  the  Battle  of  the  Wilderness,  which  raged  for 
two  days.     On  the  7th  the  Confederates  withdrew  toward 
Richmond. 

73.  Near  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Lee  made  a  stand. 
Fighting  occurred  on  the  9th  ;  and,  from  that  time  till 
toward  the  middle  of  June,  the  struggle  between  the  two 

MAP  QUESTIONS.— (p.  156.)  Inlo  what  river  does  the  Rapidan  flow?  North 
Anna?  Monocacy?  Cedar  Creek?  Where  is  Spottsylvania  C.  II.?  Appomattox 
C.  H.  ?  Piedmont?  (p.  174.)  Chambcrsbiini: ?  Fisher's  Hill?  Petersburg? 

71.  What  took  place  from  the  20th  to  the  28th  of  July  ?    What  expeditions 
did  Sherman  send  ?    What  misfortune  befell  Stoneman  ?    How,  at  last,  did  Sher 
man  srain  Atlanta?    Where  is  Jonesboro  ?  (p.  174.) 

72.  Where  were  Grant's  headquarters  ?     What  control  did  Grant  exercise 
over  army  movements  ?    When  did  Meade  cross  the  Rapidan  ?    State  what  oc 
curred  on  the  following  day.    What  occurred  on  the  7th. 

73.  What  occurred  on  the  <)th  ?    What  is  said  of  the  succeeding  straggle? 
What  battles  are  mentioned  ?   What  co-operation  did  Butler  give  ? 

8* 


1864.]  LINCOLN'S"  ADMINISTRATION.  179 

armies  was  more  or  less  severe.  The  battles  of  Spottsyl- 
vania,  North  Anna,  and  Cold  Harbor  were  particularly 
desperate  and  bloody.  Butler,  co-operating  with  Meade, 
sailed  from  Fortress  Monroe,  and  secured  a  position  on 
the  south  side  of  the  James,  thus  favoring  a  movement 
by  which  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  transferred,  June 
14th,  to  that  side  of  the  river. 

74.  Petersburg  was  at  once  besieged.     On  the  30th  of 
July  a  mine  was  exploded  under  one  of  the  strongest  of 
the  works   before    that    city,  so  that   a   storming   party 
might  rush  through  the  gap  thus  formed,  and  the  place 
be  captured.     The  assault  was  made,  but  it  resulted  in 
disastrous   failure.     Other  conflicts   took  place  between 
the  armies  of  Meade  and  Lee,  yet   at  the  close  of  the 
year,  the  Confederates   still  held  Petersburg  and  Rich 
mond. 

75.  A    large    force,    intended    for    co-operation   with 
Meade's   army,  was   in   the    Shenandoah   Valley,  under 
Sigel ;  but,  after  meeting  a  defeat  at  Newmarket,  Sigel 
was  superseded  by  Gen.  Hunter.     Hunter  gained  a  vic 
tory  at  Pied'-mont,  June  5th,  and  then  marched  upon 
Lynchburg,    but    finding    the    Confederate    force    there 
strengthened   by   recent    arrivals   from   Lee's    army,   he 
withdrew  into  West  Virginia.     The  Valley  being  thus 
open,   Lee  detached  twenty  thousand  men,  under  Gen. 
Early,  to  invade  Maryland. 

76.  With  overwhelming  numbers  Early  defeated  Gen. 
Wallace  at  the  Mo-noc'-a-cy  River,  July  9th ;  and,  after 
threatening  Baltimore  and  Washington,  he  recrossed  the 
Potomac,  loaded  with  plunder.     A  body  of  the  Confeder- 

74.  What  place  was  beseged?    Where  was  a  mine  made  ?    Give  an  account 
of  the  assault  y    What  is  said  of  other  conflicts  ? 

75.  Where  did  Sigel  have  a  force  to  co-operate  with  Meade's  army  ?    What 
befell  Sigel?    By  whom  was  Sigel  superseded  in  command  ?    What  success  did 
Hunter  have  ?    What  were  Hunter's  subsequent  movements  ?    How  did  the 
Confederates  take  advantage  of  Hunter's  absence  ? 

76.  Give  an  account  ofthe  battle  of  Monocacv  ?    What  movements  did  Early 
then  make  ?  What  occurred  at  Chambersburg  ?   what  success  did  Averill  have  ? 


180  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 64. 

ate  cavalry  which  afterward  advanced  into  Pennsylvania 
and  set  fire  to  Chambersburg,  while  retreating  was  over 
taken  by  Gen.  A'-ver-ill  and  defeated. 

77.  Grant  hurried  off  troops  for  the  defence  of  Wash 
ington,  and  a  strong  force  was  organized   for  Sheridan^ 
who  relieved  Hunter  from  command.     On  the  19th  of 
September,    Sheridan   attacked    and    routed   Early   near 
Winchester;  and,  three  days   after,  at  Fisher's  Hill,  he 
met  and  routed  him  again.     Just  a  month  after  his  victory 
at  Winchester,  his  troops,  then  at  Cedar  Creek,  were  sud 
denly  attacked  and  driven  from  the  field,  he,  at  the  time, 
being  absent.     Arriving  at  this  critical  time,  he  arranged 
his  lines,  repulsed  an  attack,  assailed  in  return,  and,  for 
the  third  time,  routed  Early's  army. 

78.  Leaving   Thomas    in   Tennessee    to   watch    Hood, 
Sherman  destroyed  Atlanta,  and,  on  the  15th  of  Novem 
ber,  commenced  his  memorable  march  to  the  sea-coast. 
Advancing  through  Georgia  and  living  upon  the  country, 
he  occupied  the  state  capital  and  other  large  towns ;  car 
ried  Fort  McAllister  by  assault ;  and,  on  the  morning  of 
the  21st  of  December,  entered  the  city  of  Savannah. 

79.  In  the  mean  time  Hood  advanced  into  Tennessee, 
while  Thomas  fell  back  toward  Nashville.     Coming  up  at 
Franklin,  November  30th,  with  the  main  part  of  the  Union 
army,  Hood  made  an    assault,  but  was   repulsed ;    and 
Thomas  then  brought  his  troops  together  at  Nashville. 
Hood  formed  a  plan  to  dislodge  his  opponent,  but,  before 
he  could  put  it  into  execution,  Thomas  attacked  him,  on 
the  morning  of  the   15th  of  December,  and,  in  a  battle 

77.  Who  succeeded  Hunter  in  command?    What  occurred  at  Winchester  ? 
At  Fisher's  Hill  ?     Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek. 

78.  What  did  Sherman  do  with  Atlanta?    What  did  Sherman  then  do? 
Through  what  state  did  he  march  ?    What  fort  did  he  capture  ?    What  city  did 
he  enter  ?    Where  is  Fort  McAllister  ?     (Map,  p.  167.) 

79.  What  movement  did  Hood  meanwhile  make?  How  did  Thomas  act? 
Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Franklin.  Who  commanded  the  Union  troops 
In  that  battle  ?  Am.  Gen.  Schofield.  Where  is  Franklin  ?  Give  an  account  o! 
the  battle  of  Nashville. 


1865.]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  181 

lasting  two  days,  defeated  and  drove  him  from  the  field. 
Hood  fled  into  Alabama. 

80.  The  Confederates,  by  means  of  English-built  priva 
teers,  sailing   under  the   Confederate  flag,   succeeded  in 
destroying   a  large  number  of  American   merchantmen. 
Semmes,  in  the  Alabama,  resumed  his  career  of  destruc> 
lion,  luring  vessels  by  hoisting  the  British  flag ;  but  the 
Alabama  was  at  last  met,  June  19,   by   the    Kearsarge 
(ke'-ar-sarj),  Capt.  Winslow,  and,  after  a  short   contest, 
was  sunk,*    (See  p.  187,  1  101,  102.) 

81.  Of  all  the  achievements  of  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States  during  the  war,  none  were  more  brilliant 
than  that  of  Admiral  Far'-ra-gut  in  Mobile  Bay,  on  the  5th 
of  August.     He  succeeded  in  passing  Forts  Morgan  and 
Gaines  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  and  then  gaining  a 
complete  victory  over  the  Confederate  fleet.     The  two 
forts  were  afterward  captured. 

82.  EVENTS  OF   1865,  AND   CLOSE   OF  THE  WAR. — The 
active  operations  of  1865   began  with  the   reduction  of 
Fort  Fisher,  the  main  defence  of  Wilmington.     This  was 
accomplished  on  the  15th  of  January,  by  eight  thousand 
men  under  Gen.  Terry,  aided  by  Admiral  Porter's  fleet. 
About  a  month  before,  Butler  had  made  a  demonstration 
against  the  fort,  but  deeming  the  works  too  strong  to  be 
carried  hy  his  force,  returned  tp  Fortress  Monroe.     Wil 
mington  was  occupied  by  the  Federal  troops  on  the  22d 
of  February. 

83.  Sherman   having   halted   at    Savannah   only  long 

80.  By  what  means  were  the  Confederates  enabled  to  destroy  American 
merchantmen?    What  course  did  Semmes  pursue?    What  was  the  fate  of  the 
Alabama  ? 

81.  How  is  Farragut's  success  in  Mobiie  Bay  spoken  of?    What  was  his 
achievement  ?    Where  is  Mobile  Bay  ?  (p.  165.)    Fort  Morgan  ? 

82.  Where  did  the  operations  of  18t55  begin  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  suc 
cess  achieved  by  Terry  and  Porter.    What  attempt  had  been  previously  made  to 
reduce  the  fort  ?    Where  is  Fort  Fisher  ?  (p.  174.) 

83.  When  did  Sherman  move  from  Savannah  ?    How  did  he  compel  the  Con 
federates  to  evacuate  Charleston  ?    Give  the  account  of  his  subsequent  progress 
and  successes. 

*  This  contest  took  place  off  the  port  of  Cherbourg  (Kher'-'bonrg),  Prance.  Semmes  and 
forty  of  his  crew  were  picked  up  by  a  British  vessel,  and,  without  authority  from  Winslow, 
were  taken  to  England. 


182  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1865, 

enough  to  refit  his  army,  was  again  in  motion  by  the  1st 
of  February.  On  the  17th  he  captured  Columbia,  com 
pelling  the  Confederates,  by  this  achievement,  to  evacuate 
Charleston.  He  entered  North  Carolina,  fought  and  de 
feated  Gen.  Hardee  on  the  16th  of  March,  and,  four  days 
later,  gained  a  victory  over  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston. 

81,  On  the  29th  of  March  the  final  movement  of  the 
national  forces,  which  Gen.  Grant  had  gathered  around 
Richmond,  commenced;  and,  after  ten  days'  marching 
and  fighting,  the  campaign  was  ended.  On  the  3d  of 
April,  both  Petersburg  and  Richmond  were  occupied  by 
the  nation's  victorious  troops.  The  retreating  troops  were 
hotly  pursued  by  Sheridan,  and,  on  the  9th,  Lee,  over 
taken  and  surrounded,  surrendered  to  Grant  near  Appo- 
mattox  Court  House.  From  this  period  the  history  of 
the  war  is  but  a  record  of  national  successes  in  the  sur 
render  of  the  several  remaining  Confederate  commanders. 

85.  The  hearts  of  the  loyal  people  were  throbbing  with 
joy  because  of  the  triumph  so  long  struggled  for,  but  this 
feeling  was  suddenly  turned  into  mourning.     In  less  than 
a  week  after  Lee's  surrender,  and  only  forty  days  after 
he  had  entered  upon  his  second  term  of  office,  President 
Lincoln  was  assassinated  by  a  desperado  acting  in  sym 
pathy  with  the  Confederate  cause.     He  died  on  the  fol 
lowing  morning,  April  15th.      (App.,  p.  69,  topic  94.) 

86.  JOHNSON'S    ADMINISTRATION. — The   vice-president, 
Andrew  Johnson  of  Tennessee,  thereupon  became  presi 
dent,  retaining  the  cabinet   of  his  predecessor.     The  as 
sassin  of  the  lamented  president  eluded  pursuit  until  the 
26th,  when,  having  been  tracked  to  his  hiding-place  and 
refusing  to  surrender,  he  was  shot.     Jefferson  Davis,  after 

84.  When  did  the  final  movement  of  the  national  forces  commence?     Giva 
an  account  of  the  ten  days'  campaign.    When,  where,  and  to  whom  did  Lee  «ur- 
rendei  ?    To  whom  did  Johnston  surrender?    Ana.  Sherman. 

85.  How  were  the  people's  rejoicings  turned  into  sorrow  ?    When  did  Pres 
ident  Lincoln  die? 

86.  Who.   then,  hecame  president?    What  was  the  fate  of  the  person  who 
shot  Lincoln  ?    What  is  said  of  Jefferson  Davis  ? 


Progressive  IVTap,  No.  4. 


THE  COUNTRY 
WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

AT1  THK  CLOSE  OP 

THE  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR 


Long  from  80  Washington 


1805.]  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTEATION.  183 

abandoning  Richmond,  fled  to  Georgia,  where  he  was 
captured.  He  was  then  conveyed  a  prisoner  to  Fortress 
Monroe ;  but,  after  a  long  confinement,  was  released  (1867). 

87.  On  the  29th  of  April,  President  Johnson  issued  a 
proclamation  removing  restrictions  on  commerce  in  the 
South  ;  and,  a  month  later,  he  addressed  a  proclamation 
of  amnesty  to  all  those  who  had  been  concerned  in  the 
late  war,  excepting  certain  specified  classes  of  persons, 
A  resolution   of  Congress,  proposing  an  amendment  to 
the  Constitution  abolishing  slavery,  having  been  approved 
by  three-fourths  of  the  states,  slavery  was  declared  consti 
tutionally  abolished  on  the  18th  of  December. 

88.  The  national  debt,  at  the  close  of  1865,  amounted 
to  about  two  billions  seven  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 
To  raise  the  enormous  sums  required  during  the  war,  the 
government  had  offered  loans  which  were  freely  taken ; 
the  duty  on  importations  was  increased ;  taxes  were  im 
posed  on  incomes  and  manufactures  ;  and  revenue  stamps 
were  required  to  be  placed  upon  bonds  and  other  docu 
ments. 

89.  In  March,  1865,  Congress  passed  an  act  known  as 
the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill.     By  the  term  freedmen  were 
meant  all  the  colored  people  of  the  South,  who,  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  late  war,  were  slaves  ;  but  who  had 
afterward  been  declared   free    by  proclamation   of   the 
president.      The  bill  had   for  its  object  the  supervision 
and  relief  of  freedmen  and  loyal  refugees.     A  second  bill, 
amending  and   continuing  in    force    the    first,   although 
vetoed  by  the  president,  was  passed  in  July,  1866. 


87.  What  proclamation  in  relation  to  commerce  did  Johnson  issue?    What 
other  proclamation  did  he  issue  ?    What  was  done  in  relation  to  the  abolition 
of  slavery  ? 

88.  What  did  the  national  debt  amount  to  at  the  close  of  1865  ?    How  had 
the  government  procured  money  during  the  war  ? 

89.  When  was  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill  passed?    Who  were  meant  by 
the  term  freedmen?    What  was  the  object  of  the  Bill?    What  is  said  of  the 
second  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill  ? 


184  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION,  user, 

90.  It  soon  became,  evident  that  Congress  and  President 
Johnson  were  at  variance  on  the  subject  of  "  Reconstruct 
ing  the  Union,"  the  former  being  opposed  to  the  resto 
ration  of  the  late  Confederate  states  to  their  former  politi 
cal  standing,  until  certain  guarantees  of  protection  should 
be  extended  to  the  colored  population,  and  other  condi 
tions  complied  with  by  the  states.     A  Reconstruction  Act 
was,  however,  passed  by  Congress,  notwithstanding  the 
veto  of  the  President,  March  2d,  1867,  and  two  Supple 
mentary  Reconstruction  Acts  were  also  passed,  in  like 
manner. 

91.  In  March  of  the  same  year  a  bill  to  regulate  the 
tenure  of  certain  civil  offices  was  passed  over  the  presi 
dent's  veto.     By  this  bill  it  was  declared  that   persons 
holding  any  civil  office,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con 
sent  of  the  Senate,  should  be  entitled  to  hold  such  office 
until  a  successor  should  be,  in  like  manner,  appointed  and 
qualified.     This  bill,  known  as  the  Tenure-of- Office  Bill, 
has  since  been  essentially  modified.  * 

92.  During  the  year  1867,  Nebraska  was  admitted  into 
the  Union,  and  the  territorial  possessions  of  the  United 
States  were  very  much  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  Alas'- 
ka,  formerly  known  as  Russian  America.     This  vast  tract 
of  land  was  purchased  of  Russia,  the  price  agreed  to  be 
paid  being  $7,200,000,  in  gold.      (App.,  p.  75,  topic  179.) 

93.  In  August,  1867,  the  president  suspended  Mr.  Stan- 
ton,  the  secretary  of  war,  from  office,  because,  "  upon  im 
portant  questions,  the  views  of  the  secretary  differed  from 
his   own."     Gen.  Grant  was  appointed  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  the  office.     In  December,  the  president  notified 

90.  WhJV*  soon  became  evident  as  between  Congress  and  the  president? 
What  position  did  Congress  take?    What  is  said  of  the  Reconstruction  Bill  ? 
Of  the  two  Supplementary  Acts  ? 

91.  State  what  yon  can  in  relation  to  the  Tenure-of-Office  Bill. 

92.  What  is  said  of  the  admission  of  Nebraska  ?    What  is  said  of  Alaska  ? 

93.  Fronr  what  office  was  Mr.  Stan  ton  suspended  ?    By  whom  was  the  sus 
pension  mads  ?    Why  was  it  made  ?    What  course,  in  relation  to  the  matter, 


1868.]  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  185 

the  Senate  of  the  change  he  had  made,  and  of  his  reasons 
for  so  doing.  The  Senate  having  duly  considered  the 
reasons,  passed  a  resolution  of  non-concurrence  in  the 
suspension  ;  and,  thereupon,  January  13th,  1868,  Mr.  Stan- 
ton  resumed  the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  secretary  of  war. 
94-  On  the  21st  of  February,  the  president  sent  a  mes 
sage  to  the  Senate,  declaring  that  he  had  removed  Mr.  Stan- 
ton  from  office,  and  had  placed  Gen.  Lorenzo  Thomas  in 
his  stead  until  a  successor  should  be  appointed.  This  pro 
duced  great  excitement  in  both  houses  of  Congress.  The 
Senate  passed  a  resolution  notifying  the  President  "that, 
under  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  he 
had  no  power  to  remove  the  secretary  of  war  and  desig 
nate  any  other  officer  to  perform  the  duties  of  that  office. " 

95.  On  the  24th,  a  resolution,  impeaching  President 
Johnson  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  was  adopted 
by  the  House  of  Representatives.      In  accordance  there 
with,  nine  articles  of  impeachment,  prepared  by  a  com 
mittee  of  the  House,  wrere,  on  the  2d  of  March,  adopted  ; 
and  seven  managers  were  thereupon  selected  from  among 
the  members  of  the  House,  to  conduct  the  impeachment 
before  the  Senate. 

96.  Two  more  articles  of  impeachment  having  been 
added,  in  which  the  president  was  charged  with  declaring 
that  Congress,  as  then  constituted,  was  an  illegal  body, 
the  trial  was  begun  on  the  30th  of  March.      On  the  16th 
of  May  a  verdict  of  acquittal  was  declared  on  the  eleventh 
article ;  and,  ten  days  after,  a  like  verdict  was  rendered 
on  two  other  articles,  when  the  Senate,  as  a  court,  ad 
journed.     On  the  same  day,  May  26th,  Mr.  Stanton  re 
signed  his  position  as  secretary  of  war.  (Ap.,p.  69,  top.  88.) 

did  the  president  afterward  take  ?    What  course  and  action  did  the  Senate  take  ? 
What  course  did  Mr.  Stanton  take  ? 

94.  What  course  did  the  president  take  in  the  following  February  ?   What 
was  the  effect  in  Congress  ?    What  resolution  did  the  Senate  pass  ? 

95.  What  resolution  was  afterward  adopted  by  the  House  of  Representatives  ? 
What  subsequent  action  was  taken  by  the  House  ? 


186  GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 72. 

97.  GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION. — The  presidential  elec 
tion  in  the  fall  of  1868  resulted  in  the  choice  of  General 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois.     Though  Virginia,  Missis 
sippi,  and  Texas  did  not  participate  in  the  election,  not 
having  complied  with  the  "reconstruction"  requirements 
of  Congress,  Grant  received  a  decided  majority  of  the 
electoral  votes  of  all  the  states.     His  inauguration  tool 
place  on  the  4th  of  March,  1869. 

98.  During  the  first  year  of  his  administration  the  three 
states — Virginia,  Mississippi,  and  Texas — were  restored 
to  representation  in  Congress,  and  thus  the  "  Reconstruc 
tion  of  the  Union"  was  fully  accomplished.     The  number 
of  states  now  (1874)  composing  the  Union  is  thirty-seven, 
besides  ten  territories  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

99.  The   Fifteenth   Amendment   to   the   Constitution, 
guaranteeing   to   all   citizens  of  the  United  States   the 
right    of  suffrage,    without   regard   to    "race,    color,  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude,"  having  been  proposed 
by  Congress  and  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  states, 
was  declared  adopted,  March  30,  1870.     The  Fourteenth 
Amendment,  guaranteeing  equal  rights  to  all  persons  born 
or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  had  been  adopted  nearly 
two  years  before  (July  28,  1868).     (App.,  pp.  39,  40,  41.) 

100.  In  October  of  1871,  the  most   destructive  fire  in 
the  history  of  this  country  occurred   at  Chicago,  about 
eighteen   thousand  buildings  being  consumed.*  Scarcely 
less  destructive  to  property,  and  far  more  so  to  human  life, 
were  the  forest  fires  that,  during  the  same  month,  raged 
in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and   Minnesota.      A  little  more 
than  a  year   after,  the    election  for  president    occurred, 
Grant  being  the  successful  candidate.     His  inauguration, 
for  a  second  term,  took  place  on  the  4th  of  March,  1873. 

97.  Who  succeeded  Johnson  in  the  presidency  ?    What  states  did  not  vote? 
Whv  nor.  ?    When  was  Grant  inaugurated  ? 

98.  How  was  the  "  lleco  as  traction   of  the  Union"   at  last  accomplished? 

*  NOTE  —In  a  little  more  than  a  year  after  the  Chicago  fire,  a  fire  occurred  in. 
Boston  (Nov.  9th,  10th,  1872),  which  ladl  waste  ft5  acres,  destroying  776  build- 
in"^  and  causing  a  total  loss,  in  houses  and  merchandise,  of  about  $75,000,000. 


1873.]  GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION.  187 

101.  The  depredations  committed  by  the  Alabama  and 
other  English-built  privateers  during  the  Great  Civil  War 
(pages  164,  181),  were  a  cause   of  much  ill-feeling  on  the 
part  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  against  the  Brit 
ish  Government,   and   while  the  latter  refused  to  make 
any  reparation,  the  feeling  continued.     At  length  repre 
sentatives  of  the  respective  governments   met   in  Wash 
ington,  and  concluded  a  treaty  (1871),  with  a  view  to  the 
settlement  of  "  all  causes  of  difference  between  the  two 
countries." 

102.  A  tribunal  consisting  of  five  arbitrators  (one  from 
each  of  the  countries :  the  United  States,  Great  Britain, 
Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Brazil),  acting  under  the  provi 
sions   of   the  treaty,  assembled  in  Geneva,  Switzerland, 
not  long  after,  where  they  examined  and   decided  all  the 
claims  submitted  to  them,   and  finally  (Sept.  14,  18*72) 
awarded  the  sum  of  fifteen  million  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars  in  gold  to  be  paid  by  Great  Britain  to  the  United 
States  for  the  satisfaction  of  all  the  claims,  "  known  as 
the  Alabama  Claims,  growing  out  of  the  acts  committed 
by  the  several  vessels."     That  amount  was  accordingly 
paid  a  year  later  (Sept.  1873). 

103.  THE  NATION'S  CENTENNIAL. — The  year  1876,  the 
centennial  of  American  independence,  was  one  of  great 
rejoicing  throughout  the  Union.     The  important  events 
of  the  Revolution  that  occurred  a  hundred  years  before, 
prominently  that  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
were  duly  commemorated ;  but  the  great  occurrence  of 
the  year  was   the  exhibition    known    as   the  "  World's 
Fair."     For  the  purposes  of  this  exhibition,  nearly  two 
hundred   buildings    were    erected    in    Fairmount   Park, 
Philadelphia,  the  six  principal  ones  covering  more  than 
sixty  acres.     In  these  were  gathered  products — natural 

101  s  1O2.  State  how  the  Alabama  claims  were  settled. 
103.  What  gave  special  importance  to  the  year  1870?    State  what  you  can 
of  the  "  World's  Fair."    Of  the  admission  of  Colorado. 


188  GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [is 76. 

and  manufactured — of  nearly  every  country  of  the  globe, 
as  well  as  specimens  designed  to  illustrate  the  progress 
of  each  nation  in  science,  art,  and  education.  During 
the  six  months  in  which  the  exhibition  was  open,  nearly 
ten  millions  of  persons  visited  it.  The  admission  of 
Colorado,  "  the  Centennial  State,"  into  the  Union  was 
also  an  important  event  of  the  year. 

104.  ELECTION   OF   HAYES  TO  THE  PRESIDENCY. — As 
Grant's  second  term  of  office  drew  towards  its  close,  the 
two  great  political  parties  made  their  nominations.     The 
candidate  of  the  Democrats   for  president   was   Samuel 
J.  Tilden,  of  New  York;  that  of  the  Republicans  was 
Eutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio.     The  election  took  place 
(Nov.   7th,   1876),   but,    in  consequence  of  disputes  re 
specting  the  electoral  votes,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  some 
of  the  States,  particularly  of  Florida,  Louisiana,  Oregon, 
and  South  Carolina,  the  result  was  in  doubt.     One  hun 
dred  and  eighty-five  votes  were  necessary  to  a  choice. 
Tilden  had  one  hundred  and  eighty-four,  without  those 
of  the  four  States  named. 

105.  How  should  the  votes  be  counted  ?     As  the  con 
stitution  did  not  clearly  provide  a  method,  a  Commission, 
composed  of  five  Senators,  five  Representatives,  and  five 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  was  formed  by  Congress 
to  decide  certain  questions  at  issue,  both  parties  agreeing 
to  abide  by  the  result.*     Intense  excitement  prevailed 
in  Congress  and  all  parts  of  the  country,  but  the  de 
cisions  of  the  Commission,  which  gave  to  Mr.  Hayes  a 
majority  of  the  votes,  calmed  the  feeling,  and  the  Presi- 


104.  What  were  the  difficulties  in  the  presidential  election  of  that  year  ? 

105.  State  fully  how  the  difficulties  were  overcome. 


*  To  understand  the  process  by  which  the  election  oT  a  president  is  effected  under  the 
Constitution,  the  learner  is  referred  to  the  "Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution," 
Appendix,  p.  25. 


1877.] 


HAYES  S    ADMINISTRATION. 


189 


dent  of  the  Senate,  in  the  presence  of  both  Houses  of 
Congress  assembled  in  joint  convention,  declared  him 
to  be  the  president  elect.  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New 
York,  by  the  same  declaration,  became  the  vice-president 
(March  2,  1877). 

106.  HAYES'S   ADMINISTRATION. — The   oath   of  office 
was  taken  in  the  president's  mansion,  commonly  known 
as  the  "  White  House,"  by  Mr. 

Hayes,  on  Saturday  evening, 
March  3d,  1877,  a  few  persons 
only  being  present.  The  oath 
was  administered  by  the  Chief 
Justice  of  the  United  States. 
The  inaugural  ceremonies  took 
place  on  Monday  (the  5th)  in 
the  open  air,  at  the  east  front  of 
the  Capitol,  in  the  presence  of 
many  thousand  persons.  The 
new  president  had  been  a  com 
mander  in  the  Union  army 
during  the  great  civil  war,  in  which  conflict  he  had  ren* 
dered  gallant  and  distinguished  service  and  been  four 
times  wounded.  He  had  also  been  governor  of  Ohio. 
His  inaugural  address,  breathing  the  spirit  of  concilia 
tion,  was  satisfactory  to  all  parts  of  the  Union — the 
South  as  well  as  the  North,  the  East  as  well  as  the 
West. 

107.  During  this  administration  the  dispute  respecting 
the  right  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  catch  fish 
off  the  coast  of  British- American  provinces  was  settled 
for  a  term  of  years.     It  will  be  recollected  that  a  treaty 

106.  When  and  where  did  Hayes  take  the  oath  of  office  ?    State  what  you 
can  of  the  inaugural  ceremonies.    What  do  you  know  of  Hayes's  previous  his 
tory  ? 

107.  Give  an  account  of  the  fishery  dispute  and  settlement. 


RUTHERFORD   B.    HAYES. 


190  HAYES'S  ADMINISTRATION.  [1879, 

was  made  at  Washington,  in  1871,  having  for  its  object 
the  settlement  of  "  all  causes  of  difference  "  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  (T  101,  p.  187).  Under 
this  treaty  three  commissioners  met  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  and,  by  a  majority-vote,  decided  that  the  United 
States  should  pay  five  and  a  half  million  dollars  for  the 
fishery  right,  or  "  privilege,"  as  it  was  termed,  but  this 
favor  was  to  be  only  for  a  period  of  twelve  years.  The 
award  was  not  regarded  as  equitable  by  the  people  and 
government  of  the  United  States,  but  the  amount  was 
duly  paid  (1878).  (See  1 117,  p.  98.) 

108.  During  the  summer  of  1877  a  memorable  railroad 
.  strike  occurred.     It  began  in  Maryland  by  the  firemen 

and  brakemen  of  a  freight  train,  in  opposition  to  a  reduc 
tion  of  their  wages,  and  extended  into  Pennsylvania  and 
other  States.  The  strikers  not  only  refused  to  work,  but 
they  stopped  the  trains  from  running.  The  strike,  in 
some  places,  became  a  riot,  and  many  lives  were  destroyed 
in  addition  to  a  vast  amount  of  property.  At  length, 
after  a  period  of  three  weeks,  by  the  aid  of  State  and 
national  troops,  order  was  restored,  and  the  trains  began 
to  run  with  regularity. 

109.  When  the  great  civil  war  broke  out  the  country 
was  in  a  very  prosperous  condition ;  but  soon  the  banks, 
as  well   as  the  general  government,  were  compelled  to 
stop  the  payment  of  gold  and   silver,  paying,   instead, 
paper  money,  mostly  "  greenbacks."     This  act,  known 
as  the  "  suspension  of  specie  payments,"   continued  till 
the  first  of  January,  1879,  when  the  banks  and   govern 
ment  resumed  specie  payments,  and  gold  and  silver  once 
more  came  into  common  use.     (See  If  88,  p.  183.) 

108.  Give  an  account  of  the  railroad  strike  of  1877. 

109.  What  is  stated  of  specie  payments  ? 

*  The  right  to  fish  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland  and  in  other  waters  of  the 
British  American  provinces,  conceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  1783, 
was,  the  British  authorities  maintained,  annulled  by  the  war  of  1812.  By  the  treaty 
made  in  1818,  in  consideration  of  certain  concessions  made  to  the  Unitecf  States,  our 
government  gave  up  all  claim  to  fish  within  three  marine  miles  of  the  British 
American  coasts. 


1880.]  HAYES'S  ADMINISTRATION.  191 

110.  Not  the  least  important  event  of  this  administra 
tion  was  the  making  of  a  treaty  with  China  (1880).    The 
people  of  California  and  other  parts  of  the  West  had,  in 
many  ways,  expressed  their  opposition  to  the  system  by 
which  large  numbers  of  Chinese    laborers  were  brought 
to  our  Pacific  coast.     They  asserted  that,  in  consequence 
of  this,  labor  in  certain  departments  of  business  was  be 
coming  so  cheapened  as  to   compel  the  American  work 
men  to  abandon  such  departments.     The  treaty,  arranged 
by  a  commission  sent  to  Chin  a, 

practically  leaves  the  subject 
of  regulating  the  immigration 
to  the  decision  and  control  of 
the  United  States. 

111.  During  the  summer  of 
1880  preparations  were  begun 
for   the   twenty-fourth    presi 
dential  election.     The  Repub 
licans    nominated    James    A. 
Garfield  of  Ohio  :  the  Demo 
crats  presented  as  their  candi 
date  the  distinguished  soldier,       JAMES  A.   GARFIELD. 
General  Hancock.*     The  can 
vass  was  exceedingly  spirited,  being  marked  by  immense 
meetings  of  the  people  and  by  great  torchlight  proces 
sions.     The  result  was  in  favor  of  the  Republicans;  and, 
on  the  4th  of  March  following,  the  inauguration  of  Gar- 
field  took   place.      Chester   A.    Arthur,    of  New  York, 
who  had  been  elected  vice-president,  took  his  place  as 
President  of  the  Senate. 

110.  What  is  said  of  the  Chinese  treaty  of  1880  ? 

111.  Give  an  account  of  the  presidential  contest  of  that  year. 


*  Winfleld  Scott  Hancock  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1824.  He  received  his  mili 
tary  education  at  \\  est  Point,  and  won  distinction  and  promotion  for  meritorious 
deeds  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  His  record  made  in  the  great  Civil  War  is  highly 
creditable.  He  held  important  commands  in  several  battles,  and  for  his  conduct  at 
Gettysburg,  in  which  conflict  he  was  severely  wounded,  he  was  awarded  the  thanks 
of  Congress. 


192  GAKFIELD'S  AND  ARTHUR'S  ADMINISTRATIONS.  [1881. 


112.  GARFIELD'S  AND  ARTHUR'S  ADMINISTRATIONS. — 
The  new  president  had  risen  from  a  very  humble  position 
in  life.     In  his  boyhood  he   drove  the  horses  before  the 
plough  on  his  father's  farm.     Later,  when  not   earning 
money  in  his  neighbors'  hay  fields,  he  was  doing  so  by 
chopping  wrood,  or  by  driving  horses  on  the  canal.     He 
loved  books,  and  his  great  ambition  was  to  get  an  educa 
tion.     At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  a  school  teacher,  at 
twenty-four  a  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek,  at  twenty- 
seven  a  college  president,  at  twenty-eight  a  state  senator, 
at  thirty-one    a  general  in  the  army,   at  thirty-three   a 
member  of  Congress. 

113.  His  administration  began  well.     He  had  been  in 
office  less  than  four  months,    and   was    about  to   leave 
Washington  to  visit  the  Eastern   States,   when,  at   the 

railroad  depot,  he  was  shot 
down  by  an  assassin  (July  2, 
1881).  With  little  delay  he 
was  conveyed  to  the  White 
House,  and  there3  during  two 
months,  was  tenderly  cared 
for.  Then,  with  the  hope 
that  a  change  of  air  would 
benefit  him,  he  was  removed 
to  Long  Branch,  a  summer 
resort  in  New  Jersey  over 
looking  the  Atlantic.  It  was 
in  vain,  for  on  the  19th  of 
September  he  died.  Never 

was  there  a  sorrow  so  universal  as  that  which  followed. 
To  the  grief-stricken  people  of  America  came  words  oi 
sympathy  from  every  part  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
vice-president,  Chester  A.  Arthur,  on  taking  the  oath  ot 
office,  became  president  (Sept.  20). 

112.  What  is  said  of  Garfield's  life  before  he  became  president? 

113,  State  what  you  can  of  his  administration  and  death. 


CHESTER   A.    ARTHUR. 


TERRITORIAL   GROWTH   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.    199 


TERRITORIAL   GROWTH 

OF   THE 

UNITED     STATES. 

1.  ORIGINAL  TERRITORY. — The   territory   of  the   Re 
public,  at  the  close  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  was 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Mississippi  River, 
the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Such  were  the 
limits  conceded  by  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain  (Septem 
ber  3,   1783)  ;    but  from  the  region  lying  within  them, 
the  Spanish   province  of  Florida  must  be   excluded,  as 
well  as  that  part  of  the  present  State  of  Louisiana  which 
lies  east  of  the  Mississippi,  in  defining  the  original  domain 
of  the  United  States.     Out   of  that  domain  many  new 
States  have  been  formed,  and  to  it  large  accessions  of  new 
territory  have  been  made. 

2.  VERMONT. — This  was  the  first  of  the  new  States.     It 
was  formed  from  territory  which  had  been  claimed  by 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  the  former  founding  its 
claim  on  the  grants  made  by  Charles  II.  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  the  latter  on  the  colonial  charter  which  it  received 
at  the  commencement  of  its  existence.     New  Hampshire 
was  the  most  active  in  the  settlement  of  the  territory, 
her  governor,  during  a  period  of  eight  years  (from  1760 
to  1768),  having  made  more  than  a  hundred  township 
grants  within  its  limits. 

3.  These,  with  other  grants  subsequently  made,  were  af 
terward  known  as  the  "  New  Hampshire  Grants."  Before 
the  Revolution,  however,  New  York  succeeded  in  obtain 
ing  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  territory,  through  a  de- 

1.  What  territory  belonged  to  the  United  States  when  they  began  their  ex» 
ietence  as  a  nation  ?    To  what  nation  did  Florida  then  belong  ? 

2,  3.  Give  the  early  history  of  Vermont.    When  admitted  ? 


200    TERRITORIAL   GROWTH   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

cision  of  the  king,  to  which  the  governor  of  New  Hamp 
shire  assented.  But  the  settlers  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  sway  under  which  they  were  thus  abitrarily  placed, 
and  continued  their  resistance  until  1791,  when,  New 
York  having  relinquished  her  claim  on  the  payment  to 
her  of  $30,000,  Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union, 
making  the  number  of  States  fourteen. 

4.  THE  NORTHWEST  TERRITORY. — The  western  portion 
of  several  of  the  thirteen  original  States  extended  to  the 
Mississippi  River :  their  colonial  charters,  indeed,  named 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  as  their  eastern  boundary,  and  the 
South  Sea  (the  Pacific)  as  their  western  ;  but  these  limits 
were  restricted  by  the  treaty  of  1783.      One  after  an 
other,  these  States  surrendered  their  western  territories 
to  the  general  government,  and,  in  1787,  the  region  north 
of  the  Ohio  River  was  organized  under  the  name  of  the 
Northwest    Territory.      From   this   territory   five    States 
have  been  successively  formed:    Ohio,  in  1802;  Indiana^ 
in  1816  ;  Illinois,  in  1818  ;  Michigan,  in  1837  ;  and  Wis 
consin,  in  1848.     (Read  topic  237,  App.  p.  85.) 

5.  THE  SOUTHWEST  TERRITORY. — The  region  south  of 
the  Ohio,  although  never  organized  under  one  territorial 
government,  was  generally  known  as  the  Southwest  Ter 
ritory.     From  it  have  been  formed  four   States:    Ken 
tucky  (previously  a  part  of  Virginia),  in  1792  ;    Tennessee, 
(previously  a  part  of  North  Carolina),  in  1796  ;  Missis 
sippi,  in  1817;  and  Alabama,  in  1819  (both  the  latter 
being  previously  a  part  of  Georgia). 

6.  MAINE.— Maine,  in   1783,  was  a  district   of  Massa 
chusetts,  having  been  purchased  in  1677  from  the  heirs 

4    What  were  the  original  boundarios  of  the  Northwest  Territory  ?    Give  the 
previous  history  of  that  territory.     What  Slates  have  been  formed  from  that 

6  5 !'  What  was  the  Southwest  Territory  ?    What  States  have  been  formed  from 

6.  Was  Maine  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  ?    Was  Vermont  ?    Give  the 
•arly  history  of  Maine. 


TERRITORIAL   GROWTH   OF  THE    UKITED   STATES.   201 

of  Gorges  and  Mason.  Thus  it  remained  till  1820,  when  it 
was  organized  and  admitted  as  a  State,  in  conformity 
with  the  formally  expressed  will  of  its  inhabitants. 

7.  THE  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE. — Though  the  Spaniards, 
under  De  Soto,  were  the  first  to  discover  the  Mississippi 
River,  they  made  no  attempts  to  explore  it.     This  was 
first  accomplished  by  the  French,  who  traversed  its  en 
tire  length,  and  occupied  certain  portions  of  its  valley  on 
both  sides,  giving  to  the  whole  region  the  name  of  Louis 
iana,  in  honor  of  their  king,  Louis  XIV.     At  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  war  (1763),  France  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  all  her  American  possessions  east  of  the  Missis 
sippi  and  north  of  the  Iberville  River,  having,  in  the  pre 
ceding  year,  ceded  to  Spain  all  her  possessions  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  south  of  the  Iberville. 

8.  The  latter  territory  was  retroceded  to  France  in  1800, 
and,  three  years  later  (1803),  was  purchased  by  the  United 
States  for  $15,000,000.     From  this  vast  region,  which  ex 
tended  from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
besides  the  State  of  Louisiana  (admitted  in  1812),  have 
been  formed    Missouri   (1821),  Arkansas  (1836),    Iowa 
(1846),    Minnesota    (1858),    Kansas    (1861),    Nebraska 
(1867),  Colorado  (1876),  and  the  territories  of  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  Dakota.,  with  a  reservation  for  the  Indians, 
known  as  the  Indian  Territory  *     (See  note,  p.  157.) 

9.  FLORIDA. — This  was  a  Spanish  province  up  to  1763, 
when  it  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  exchange  for  Cuba, 
which  the  English  had  recently  taken  from  Spain.     By 
the  treaty  of  1783  this  province  was  given  back  to  Spain, 
to  which  it  continued  to  belong  till  1819,  when  it  was 

7.  Who  discovered  the  Mississippi?    Who  explored  it  ?    What  else  did  the 
French  do  ?     To  what  extent  ol  territory  did  the  French  give  the  name  of  Louis 
iana  ?    How  did  they  dispose  of  the  part  west  of  the  Mississippi  ?    The  part  east  ? 

8.  How  did  we   acquire  the  part  west  ?    What  btates  and  Territories  have 


been  formed  from  the  part  bought  of  France  ? 

9.  Give  the  early  history  of  Florida.     How  did  we  acqui 


ire  it? 


«  Except  the  part  of  Minnesota  post  of  the  Mississippi  ;  and  the  small  part  of  Kausai 
and  the  larger  ones  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming  acquired  from  Mexico  m  1818. 


202   TERRITORIAL   GROWTH   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

ceded  to  the  United  States,  on  condition  that  the  latter 
country  would  pay  the  claims  of  American  citizens  against 
Spain,  to  the  amount  of  $5,000,000.  Owing,  however,  to 
a  delay  on  the  part  of  Spain  to  ratify  the  treaty,  the  title 
to  the  territory  was  not  acquired  by  the  United  States 
till  182U 

10.  OREGON. — The   entire   region   west   of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  extending  from  latitude  42°  to  about  54°,  was 
long  known  as  Oregon.     It  was  claimed  by  the  United 
States,  because,  among  other  reasons,  its  principal  river 
had  been  discovered  by  Captain  Gray,  of  the  ship  Co 
lumbia,  of  Boston,  in  1792,  and  because,  during  the  ad 
ministration  of  Jefferson,  it   was   explored  by  Captains 
Lewis  and   Clark,  who  commanded  an  overland  expedi 
tion  sent  out  by  the  United  States  government.     If,  pre 
vious  to  1819,  Spain  had  possessed  any  title  to  this  region, 
she  abandoned  it  in  that  year ;  since,  by  a  clause  in  the 
treaty  ceding  Florida,  she  relinquished  all  her  "  rights, 
claims,  and  pretensions"  to  such  territory. 

11.  Great  Britain  also  claimed  Oregon  until  1846,  when, 
by  treaty,  the  boundary  line  between  the  possessions  of 
the  two  nations  was  fixed  at  the  49th  parallel,  thus  set 
tling  a  controversy  which  had  lasted  several  years,  and 
which,  at  one  time,  threatened  to  produce  a  war  between 
the  two  countries.     The  region  thus  finally  yielded  to  the 
United  States  was  first  organized  as  a  territory,  under 
the  name  of  Oregon,  but  now  includes  the  State  of  Ore 
gon  (admitted  in  1859),  and  the  territories  of  Washing 
ton  and  Idaho. 

12.  TEXAS. — This  State  was  once  a  part  of  the  Re- 

10.  What  region  was  long  known  as  Oregon  ?  What  gave  the  United  States  a 
right  to  claim  it  ?    How  did  the  United  States  get  a  title  from  Spain  ? 

11.  What  troubles  did  the  United  States  have  in  relation  to  the  ownership  of 
Oregon?    How  were  the  troubles  settled  ?    What  are  the  present  divisions  of 
Oregon  ? 

1 2.  Give  the  early  history  of  Texas.    How  and  when  was  it  acquired  by  the 
United  States  ? 


TERRITORIAL   GROWTH   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  203 

public  of  Mexico,  but,  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the 
Mexican  rulers,  the  people  revolted,  arid,  in  1836,  set  up 
an  independent  government.  In  1845  Texas  was  annexed 
to  the  United  States. 

13.  CALIFORNIA,  ETC. — The  war  with  Mexico  gave  to 
the  United  States  a  vast  region  between  Texas  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean,   which   had   previously   belonged    to    the 
Mexican  Republic,     The  conquest  of  this  region  having 
been  effected  during  the  war,  its  possession  was  confirmed 
by  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,  made  in  1848,  as 
well  as  by  a  subsequent  treaty,  known  as  the  "  Gadsden 
Treaty,"  made  in  1853.     (See  note  p.  150.) 

14.  By   the    terms    of    the    first   treaty,    the    United 
States   agreed    to    pay   to    Mexico   $15,000,000,  and   to 
assume    debts    due   from    her   to    American    citizens   to 
the  amount  of  $3,000,000.     By  the  terms  of  the  second 
treaty,    the   United    States   paid   an    additional  sum  of 
$10,000,000,  in  order  to  secure  a  more  southerly  bound 
ary.     From  the  region  thus  acquired  from  Mexico  have 
been  formed  the  States  of  California  (1850)  and  Nevada 
(1864),  and  the  territories  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and 
Utah. 

15.  ALASKA. — The  territory  of  Alaska,  formerly  known 
as  Russian  America,  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Russia  in  1867  for  $7,200,000.     The  name  of  Alaska  hav 
ing  been  given  to  it  in  the  treaty,  it  has  since  retained  it. 

16.  Thus  has  the  national  domain  increased  from  time 
to   time,    spreading   from    one    ocean   to  the   other,  and 
gradually  enfolding  within  its  embrace  every  district  of 
country  that  lay  as  an  obstacle  to  the  mighty  march  of  its 
destiny.     That  "league  of  love"  which  first  only  clasped 

13, 14.  What  territory  did  we  acquire  from  Mexico?    How  was  it  acquired? 
What  States  and  territories  have  been  formed  from  it? 

15.  By  what  name  was  Alaska  formerly  known?   How  did  we  acquire  the 
territory? 

1 6.  State  how  and  to  what  extent  the  national  domain  has  been  increased. 


204  CIVIL   PROGRESS   OF   THE   NATION. 

within  its  folds  an  empire  of  thirteen  sister  States,  with 
an  area  of  800,000  square  miles,  has  been  found  suffi 
ciently  expansive  to  permit  the  embrace  of  a  vast  realm, 
of  thirty-eight  States  and  ten  Territories,  including  alto 
gether  an  area  of  more  than  3,000,000  square  miles. 


CIVIL  PEOGEESS  OF  THE  NATION. 

1.  CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATIONS     POPULATION. — 
The  first  Census — that  of  1790  showed  a  total  population 
in  the  thirteen  States,  and   the  territory  on  each  side  of 
the   Ohio  River,   of  less  than  four  millions  (3,921,326). 
In  the  Northwest  Territory  the  population  was  so  small 
that  no  return  was  made.     In  the  territory  south  of  the 
Ohio,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  only  about  37,000. 
The  city  of  Philadelphia,  then  the  largest   city  of  the 
Union,  contained   only  a  population   of  43.525,  that  of 
New  York  being  more  than  10,000  less  (33,131) ;  Cincin 
nati,  settled  in  1788,  was  but  a  small  hamlet  (in  1805,  its 
population  was  only  500) ;  Boston  contained  only  about 
18,000;  and  New  Orleans,  then  a  French  settlement,  less 
than  8,000.     The  great  western  cities  of  the  present  day 
were  scarcely  dreamed  of. 

2.  The  population  of  the  Union,  as  shown  by  the  cen 
sus  of  1870,  is  nearly  forty  millions  (38,558,371).     There 
are   fourteen   cities,    the  population    of    each    of  which 
exceeds  100,000,  and  seven  in  which  the  population  is  in 
excess  of  250,000.     The  Metropolis  contains  nearly  one 
million  of  inhabitants,  having  grown,  during  our  national 
existence,    to    that    astonishing    figure    from    the    small 

1.  What  was  the  population  of  the  United  States  in  1790?    What  was  then 
the  population  of  Philadelphia?  of  New  York  ?  of  Boston  ? 

2.  What  was  the  population  of  the  United  States  in  1870?    What  is  said  of 
fourteen  cities?    Of  seven?    New  York?    Cincinnati?    Chicago?    St.  Louis? 


CIYIL   PROGRESS   OF  THE   KATIOtf.  205 

number  before  mentioned ;  while  Cincinnati  has  grown 
from  500  in  1805,  to  more  than  216,000.  Chicago, 
which,  in  1831,  contained  only  about  a  dozen  families, 
before  the  great  fire  of  1871  had  a  population  of  298,000. 
St.  Louis,  a  small  trading-village  in  1803,  when  it  came 
under  the  United  States  Government,  now  contains  about 
313,000  people,  and  is  the  fourth  city  of  the  Union,  being 
exceeded  only  by  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Brooklyn. 

3.  COMMERCE. — The  commercial  progress  of  the  coun 
try  has  kept  pace  with  the  vast  increase  in  its  population, 
and  the  amazing  growth  of  its  cities.     In  1790,  the  total 
exports  from  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  amounted 
to  about  twenty  millions  of  dollars,  and  the  imports  some 
what  less;  in  1870,  the  amount  of  exports  was  over  five 
hundred  millions  ;  and  the  imports  amounted  to  about 
six  millions  more  than  the   exports.     About  two-thirds 
of  all  the   imports   of  the  United  States  arrive  in  New 
York,  and  about  forty  per  cent,  of  all  the  exports  are 
shipped  from  that  port. 

4.  The  tonnage  of  the  United  States  has  increased  from 
274,377,  in  1790,  to  4,253,149,  in  1870;  while  the  number 
of  American  vessels  (registered  or  enrolled)  has  increased 
during  the  same  period  to  29,015,  of  which  about  3,500 
were  steam-vessels.     This  is  considerably  less  than   the 
number  reported  previous  to  the  Civil  War,  the  total  ton 
nage  in,  1862-3,  being  more  than  5,000,000.     The  vast 
increase  in  population  on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  along   the    great  navigable  rivers,  has    led   to  the 
establishment  of  an  inland  and  domestic  trade,  of  greater 
proportions  than  the  foreign  commerce,  immense  as  that 
is.     The  chief  items  of  this  trade  are  coal  and  lumber; 
but  the  cereals  also  constitute  a  considerable  part. 

3.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  the  commercial  progress  of  the  country? 

4.  What,  in  relation  to  the  increase  in  tonnage? 

9 


206  CIVIL   PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION". 

5.  MANUFACTURES.— During  the   Colonial  period,  the 
manufacturing  industry  of  the  American  people  was  re 
pressed  by  penal  statutes,  the  selfish  policy  of  the  British 
government  dictating  agricultural  pursuits  for  the  pur 
pose  of  benefiting  the  commerce  of  the  mother-country. 
Hence,  a  free   market  was  opened  to  all  the  agricultural 
products,  including  the   raw  materials  of  manufacture; 
and   sometimes   bounties  were   offered   to  stimulate  still 
further   their   production.       This   policy   was    peculiarly 
fitted  to  increase  the  prosperity  of  the  Southern  Colonies, 
while  those  of  the  North  were  scarcely  able  to  subsist. 

6.  When,  therefore,  the  nation  commenced  its  exist 
ence,  the  manufacturing  interests  were  of  little  import 
ance,  indeed,  they  had  scarcely  commenced  to  be  devel 
oped.     Before  the  war  of  1812,  nothing  was  accomplished 
on  a  great  scale  in  this  direction  ;    the  embargo,  how 
ever,  gave  a  great  stimulus  to  this  interest.     Since  that 
period,  an  amazing  expansion  has  been  reached  in  every 
department  of  manufactures,  but   especially  in  those  of 
cottons,  woollens,  and  iron, — the  three  great  staples,  in 
the  first  of  which  this  country  is  now  exceeded  by  Great 
Britain  alone.     The  principal  seats  of  this  manufacture 
are  in  the  New  England  States,  Pennsylvania,  arid  New 
York. 

7.  The  general  use  of  furnaces,  stoves,  etc.,  for  heating 
purposes,  the  innumerable  applications  of  machinery,  as  a 
substitute  for  human  labor,  and  for  the  propulsion  of  land- 
carriages,  as  well  as  for  the  purposes  of  navigation,  ren 
der  the  iron  manufacture  of  great  importance    in   this 
country,   and,   accordingly,  it    has   developed    into  vast 
proportions.     Its  kindred  department — mining — has,  of 
course,  kept  equal  pace  with  it. 

5,  6.  How  was  the  manufacturing  industry  of  the  colonies  repressed?    What 
further  is  stated  in  respect  to  manufactures? 
7.  What  is  stated  of  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  of  mining? 


CIVIL   PROGRESS   OF   THE   NATION.  207 

8.  SHIP-BUILDING. — The  first  vessel  built  in  New  England 
was  built  in  Medford,  Massachusetts,  for  Governor  Win- 
throp.     She  was   launched   on  the  fourth  of,  July,  1631, 
and  was   called    the    "  Blessing   of  the  Bay," — a  name 
which  indicated,  in  anticipation,  the  great  benefits  which 
that  section  of  our  country  was  to  experience  from  this 
department  of  industry.     Up  to  the  commencement  of 
the  Civil  War  (1861)  this  branch  of  labor  was  among  the 
most  flourishing  in  the  country;    but  the  operations  of 
Confederate  cruisers,  aided,  as  they  were,  by  British  in 
fluence  and  support,  had  the  effect  to  paralyze  this,  as 
well  as  every  other  branch  of  industry  dependent  upon 
navigation.     (Read  topic  238,  App.  p.  85.) 

9.  PRINTING  AND  BOOK-PUBLISHING. — Under   our  sys 
tem  of  free  government  and  free  schools,  the  various  pur 
suits  connected  with  the  printing  and  publication  of  news 
papers,  books,  etc.,  have    reached  a  condition  of  great 
activity  and  extent.    The  wide-spread  demand  for  informa 
tion  has  stimulated  the  application  of  science  and  art  in 
this  branch  of  industry  to  the  highest  degree.     The  pro 
cesses  in  use  for  the  purpose,  a  century  ago,  would  be  at  the 
present  time  comparatively  valueless.     One  of  the  earliest 
inventions  for  improving  the  old  printing-press  was  the 
Columbian  press,  invented  by  George  Clymer  of  Phila 
delphia,  in  1818  ;  and  more  recently  the  powerful  cylinder 
presses  constructed  by  Richard  M.  Hoe,  of  iSTew  York, 
have  rendered  it  possible  to  keep  pace  with  the  daily  de 
mand  for  newspapers   and  books.     By  the  cylinder  press 
worked  by  steam,  in  connection  with  the  stereotype  pro 
cess,  as  many  as  40,000  impressions  of  a  newspaper  can 
be  taken  in  an  hour. 

10.  AGRICULTURE. — This,   the  leading  pursuit   of  our 

8.  What  history  can  you  cive  of  phip-b'uilding? 

9.  State  what  you  can  of  printing  and  book-publishing. 

1 0.  What  is  the  leading  pursuit  of  our  country?    By  what  means  has  agricul 
ture  made  rapid  strides? 


208  CIVIL  PROGRESS   OF  THE  NATION. 

country  during  its  entire  history,  has  made  vast  and  rapid 
strides,  both  in  processes  and  results,  since  the  commence 
ment  of  our  national  union.  The  great  demand  for  labor 
has  furnished  very  strong  inducements  for  the  invention 
and  use  of  labor-saving  machinery  and  implements,  and 
the  ingenuity  of  the  American  people  has  been  strikingly 
illustrated  by  its  innumerable  achievements  in  this  direc 
tion.  Of  these  the  cultivator,  the  mowing-machine,  the 
reaper,  the  horse-rake,  the  threshing-machine,  etc.,  are 
examples.  Steam  has  been  applied  to  the  working  of 
many  of  these  implements;  and,  in  this  way,  the  work  of 
one  man  is  often  made  more  effective  than  that  of  a  hun 
dred  a  century  ago. 

11.  In  the  northern  sections  of  the  country,  the  chief 
staples  are  the  cereal  grains,  maize,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar 
ley,  etc.,  together  with  potatoes  and  hay.    In  the  South, 
cotton,  rice,  sugar,  and  tobacco  take  the  lead.     The  in 
crease  in  the  production  of  these  various  articles  since  the 
formation  of  our  government  has  been  amazing.     In  1790, 
the  cotton  raised  amounted  to  less  than  250,000  pounds  ; 
while  in  1860,  just  previous  to  the  great  Civil  War,  the 
quantity  cultivated  reached  the  extraordinary  amount  of 
more  than  2,000,000,000  pounds,or  nearly  4,000,000  of  bales. 
In  1870,  the  crop  amounted  to  a  little  over  one  billion 
and  three-quarters  of  pounds  (1,767,000,000  Ibs.)     Missis 
sippi  occupies  the  first  place  as  a  cotton-growing  State.* 

12.  CANALS. — In  1827,  Edward  Everett  thus  spoke  of 
the  internal  improvements  of  that  period  :  "  A  system  of 
internal  improvements  has  been  commenced,  which  will 
have  the  effect,  when  a  little  further  developed,  of  crowd 
ing  within  a  few  years  the  progress  of  generations.     Al 
ready  Lake   Champlain   from  the  north,   and  Lake  Erie 

*  The  invention  of  the  cotton-gin  by  Eli  Whitney,  in  1792,  gave  so  vast  an  impulse 
to  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  that  the  event  constitutes  an  epoch  in  the  history  of 
rtie  country. 

1 1 .  Staples  in  the  northern  sections  ?    Southern  ?    Cotton  ? 

12.  Repeat,  in  substance,  what  Everett  stated  In  1827. 


CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION.  209 

from  the  west,  have  been  connected  with  Albany.  The 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays  have  been  united.  A 
canal  is  nearly  finished  in  the  upper  part  of  New  Jersey, 
from  the  Delaware  to  the  Hudson,  by  which  coal  is  al 
ready  dispatched  to  our  market.  Another  route  is  laid 
out,  across  the  same  state,  to  connect  New  York  by  a 
railroad  with  Philadelphia.  A  water  communication 
has  been  opened,  by  canals,  half-way  from  Philadelphia 
to  Pittsburgh.  Considerable  progress  is  made,  both  on  the 
railroad  and  the  canal,  which  are  to  unite  both  Baltimore 
and  Washington  with  the  Ohio  River.  A  canal  of  sixty 
miles  in  length  is  open,  from  Cincinnati  to  Dayton,  in  the 
State  of  Ohio  ;  and  another,  of  more  than  three  hundred 
miles  in  extent,  to  connect  Lake  Erie  with  the  Ohio,  is 
two-thirds  completed." 

13.  The  various  enterprises  here  alluded  to  have  all  been 
completed.  The  Grand  Erie  Canal,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  was  opened  in  1824,  but  not  entirely  completed 
till  1825.  This  magnificent  public  improvement  owed  its 
success  to  the  genius  of  De  Witt  Clinton,*  and  contrib 
uted  in  a  very  great  degree  to  make  New  York  City 
what  it  is  at  present — the  great  emporium  of  the  country. 
It  is  363  miles  in  length,  and  was  first  estimated  to  cost 
$5,000,000.  Since  its  completion,  in  1825,  it  has  been 
considerably  enlarged.  The  total  length  of  canals  in  the 
United  States,  in  1854,  was  nearly  5,000  miles;  but  since 
that  period  few  undertakings  of  this  kind,  of  any  magni 
tude,  have  been  commenced,  their  use  as  a  means  of  com 
munication  having  been  superseded  by  the  construction  of 
railroads.  Extensive  river  improvements"  have  also  been 
accomplished  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

13.  What  is  stated  of  the  Grand  Erie  Canal?  Of  canals  in  the  United 
States? 

*  De  Witt  Clinton  was  born  in  March,  1769,  and  was  the  son  of  General  James  Clinton, 
of  Orange  County,  New  York.  He  was  mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York  ten  years;  and 
was  elected  governor  of  the  State  in  1817,  and  again  in  1820  and  1826.  His  death  occurred 
in  February,  1828. 


210  CIVIL   PROGRESS   OF  THE   NATION". 

14.  RAILROADS. — The  first  great  internal- improvement 
in  this  country  was  the  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  Turn 
pike,  which  was  completed  near  the  close  of  the  last  cen 
tury.      The   Cumberland  Road,  subsequently  called  the 
GKEAT  NATIONAL  ROAD,  had  its  origin  in  an  appropriation 
of  $30,000  by  Congress,  in  1806,  for  the  construction  of  a 
road  over  the  Alleghany  mountains,  from  Cumberland,  in 
Maryland,  to  the  Ohio  River.     Other  appropriations  for 
the  construction  of  this  road  were  made  from  time  to 
time;  and  in  1820  it  had  been  completed  to  Wheeling,  at 
an  expense  of  $1,700,000.     Subsequently  it  was  extended 
to  Springfield,  Ohio,  and  partially  undertaken  in  Indiana 
and  Illinois ;  but  being  superseded  by  railways,  it  was 
never  completed  to  the  extent  at  one  time  contemplated. 

15.  The  first  railroads  constructed  in  the  United  States 
were  the  Quincy  Railroad,  used  to  transport  granite  from 
the  quarries  of   Quincy,  Massachusetts   (1826), 'and  the 
Mauch  Chunk  Railroad,  for  the  conveyance  of  coal  from 
the  mines  at  that  place  to  the  Lehigh  River  in  Pennsyl 
vania    (1827).      The   rapid    construction  of  railroads  in 
every  part  of  the  country  since  that  time  presents  a  very 
striking  evidence  of  the   activity  and  enterprise  of  the 
people,  and  the  civil  progress  of  the  nation. 

16.  In  1848,  the  number  of  miles  of  completed  rail 
ways   amounted  to  6,000  ;    in  1860,  this  had  increased  to 
nearly  31,000,  the  construction  and  equipment  of  which 
cost  more  than  one  billion  of  dollars  ($1,151,560,289). 
In  1870,  it  had  further  increased  to  more  than  53,000. 

Of  all  the  enterprises  of  this  character,  the  Pacific 
Railroad  is  the  most  stupendous.  This  road  extends 
from  Omaha  in  Nebraska  to  San  Francisco,  and  connects 
with  the  great  lines  from  the  east,  bringing  the  great 

1 4.  Give  the  history  of  the  Cumberland  Road. 

1 5.  Which  were  the  first  railroads  in  this  country? 

16.  17.  What  further  can  you  state  in  relation  to  railroads  in  this  country? 


CIVIL   PEOGRESS   OF  THE   NATION.  211 

eastern  cities  within  a  week's  journey  from  San  Fran 
cisco.  It  is  1,913  miles  long  between  the  two  points 
above  mentioned.  This  great  undertaking  was  completed 
in  1869.  Other  railroads  are  also  in  contemplation  across 
the  western  part  of  the  country  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  Northern  Pacific,  already  commenced,  has  its  eastern 
terminus  at  Lake  Superior  (Dulnth),  and  its  western  at 
Puget's  Sound,  in  Washington  Territory. 

17.  Thus  are  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  bound 
together  by  an  iron  band,  by  means  of  which,  in  connec 
tion  with  the  Trans-Pacific  lines  of   steamships,  China, 
India,  and  Japan  are  brought  within  a  few  weeks'  travel 
of  the  great  American   marts,  and  the  rich   products  of 
those  realms  are  poured  into  them  in  boundless  profusion. 
New  sources  of  enterprise  and  wealth  are  also  developed 
in  our  own  country  by  the  same  means,  and  additional  in 
centives  offered  for  settlement  in  the  wild  and  unculti 
vated,  but  vichly  endowed,  regions  of  our  widely-extended 
domain. 

18.  TELEGRAPHS. — The  demand  for  the  rapid  commu 
nication  of  intelligence  was  by  no  means  supplied  by  the 
locomotive  and  railroad  ;  and  the   agency  of  electricity 
has  been  brought  in  to   supplement  the   deficiencies    of 
steam.     The  invention  of  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph 
is  due  to  Prof.  Morse,  who,  in  1844,  erected  the  first  line, 
between  Baltimore  and  Washington,  a  distance  of  forty 
miles.     This  line  was  extended  northward,  through  Phil 
adelphia  and  New  York,  to  Boston,  in  1845.     From  this 
comparatively  small  beginning    a  vast    system  of   tele 
graphic  lines  has  been  constructed,  by  means  of  which  all 
the  great  centres  of  trade  and  population  in  the  world 
have  been  brought  into  instantaneous  communication.     In 
1850,  the  length  of  telegraph  lines  in  the  United  States 

18.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  telegraphs? 


212  CIVIL   PROGRESS    OF   THE 


was  23,281  miles;  in  1854,  it  had  increased  to  41,392 
miles;  and  in  1858,  to  more  than  50,000  miles.  At  this 
present  time  it  cannot  be  less  than  100,000  miles. 

19.  ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH.  —  The  first  successful  subma= 
rine  telegraph  was  laid  in  1851,  across  Dover  Strait,  con 
necting  Dover  and  Calais.     Three  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  establish  a  telegraphic  cable  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
were  made  in  1857,  1858,  and  1865.     In  the  first  and  last 
of  these  the  cable  parted  and  was  partially  lost;  in  the 
second   it  was   laid,  but    almost    immediately   failed   to 
convey  signals.     A  fourth  attempt,  in   1866,  proved  en 
tirely  successful.      The    success   of   this   gigantic   enter 
prise,  persisted  in  under  so  many  discouragements,  was 
due  to  the  untiring  energy  of  Cyrus  W.  Field.     The  suc 
cessful  cable  of  1866  was  laid  by  the  Great  Eastern,  the 
largest  steam-vessel  ever  constructed.     She  was  built  in 
London,  and  made  her  first  trip  in  1859.     The  Atlantic 
cable   is  about   2,600    miles    long,    and  contains  no  less 
than  25,000  miles  of  copper  wire  in  the  conductor,  35,000 
miles  of  iron  wire  in  the  outside  covering,  arid  upward 
of  400,000  miles  of  strands  of  hemp,  more  than  enough 
in  all  to  go  twenty-four   times    round   the   world.      Its 
strength  is  sufficient  to  bear  a  strain  of  nearly  twenty- 
eight  tons. 

20.  EDUCATION.—  The  establishment  of  Common  Schools, 
in  which  all  classes  could  be  educated,  has  been  a  distin 
guishing  feature  in  the    civil  progress   of   the    country. 
Several  of  the  States  have  inserted  in  their  Constitutions 
articles  requiring  the  maintenance  of  public  schools.     In 
New  England,  the  principle  has  been  ever  avowed  and 
sustained,  that  it  is  the  right  and  duty  of  government  to 

19.  When  and  where  was  the  first  success*  ul  submarine  telegraph  laid?    What 
fnrther  can  you  state  in  relation  to  telegraph  cables? 

20.  What  constitutional  requirements,  as  regards  public  schools   have  been 
made  by  s  -veral  States?    What  principle  has  beeii  sustained  in  New  England? 


CIVIL   PROGRESS   OF  THE   NATION".  213 

provide  the  means  for  the  instruction  of  the  youth  of  all 
classes  of  society  in  the  elements  of  learning.  Other 
States  have  adopted  this  principle.  In  Massachusetts, 
by  statute  enacted  in  1647,  "each  town,  consisting  of  fifty 
householders,  was  directed  to  maintain  a  school  to  teach 
their  children  to  read  and  write,  and  every  town  of  one 
hundred  families  was  to  maintain  a  grammar  school  to  fit 
youth  for  college."  In  the  early  history  of  Connecticut, 
similar  laws  were  passed. 

21.  It  has  been  uniformly  a  part  of  the  land  system  of 
the  United  States  to  provide  for  public  schools.     In  the 
organization  of  territories  and  the  admission  of  States,  the 
condition  has  often  been  imposed,  that  a  part  of  each 
township  should  be  permanently  applied  for  the  use  or 
support  of  such  schools.     In  nearly  all  .the  States,  there  is 
a  large  fund  devoted  to  the  support  of  common  schools, 
under  provisions   of  State  law.     The  special  instruction 
of  teachers  has  become  a  prominent  feature  in  the  educa 
tional  systems  of  most  of  the  States.  Several  of  the  States 
have  a  Normal  School  fund.     In  most  of  the  Slave-States, 
popular  education  was  greatly  neglected ;  but  since  the 
close  of  the  Civil  War,  strenuous  efforts  have  been  made 
in  many  of  the  southern  States  to  provide  the  means  of 
educating  all  classes,  including  the  children  of  the  freed- 
men.      The  High   Schools    and  Colleges  of  the  country 
have  also  attained  a  high  rank  for  scholarship  and  efficiency 
of  education. 

22.  LITERATURE. — During  the  colonial  period,  America 
gained    no    prominence   in   any    department   of   literary 
effort,  except,  perhaps,  that  of  theology,  religious   dispu 
tation  almost  absorbing  the  intellectual  energies  of  the 

21.  What  is  stated  of  the  government  land  system  in  connection  with  pub 
lic  schools?    What  condition  has  often  been  imposed?    What  is  stated  of  com- 
»on  school  funds?    Normal  school  fnnd? 

22.  What  is  stated  of  American  literature  during  the  colonial  period?     Or 
Jonathan  Edwards?    Of  American  oratory ? 

9* 


214  CIVIL   PROGRESS   OF  THE 


age.  Jonathan  Edwards,  by  the  publication  of  his  mas 
terly  "  Treatise  on  the  Will,"  at  once  secured  for  himself 
the  respectful  attention  of  thinkers  in  the  mother-country  ; 
several  of  his  sermons  were  republished  in  England. 
This  distinguished  man  died  in  1786.  Since  that  time 
American  literature  has  been  enriched  by  many  works  of 
genius  in  almost  every  department.  In  oratory,  no  nation 
can  claim  to  have  surpassed  the  United  States;  and  the 
speeches  of  Webster,  Clay,  and  Everett  will  ever  remain 
as  monuments  of  the  literary  culture,  as  well  as  clearness 
and  power  of  reasoning  of  those  distinguished  men.  These 
are  but  the  bright  stars  in  a  cluster  of  brilliant  names. 

23.  Irving's  writings  were  the  first  to  make  American 
literature  popular  abroad  ;  their  genial  spirit,  inimitable 
humor,  and  elegant  style  attracting  all  classes  of  readers. 
In  history,  independently  of  what  has  been  done  to  illus 
trate  specially  the  annals  of  every  part  of  our  own  country 
"by  a  host  of  worthy  writers,  the  works  of  Bancroft,  Hil- 
dreth,  Prescott,  and  Motley,  have  given  our  literature  a 
high  rank.     In  fiction,   Cooper  won  for  himself,  by  his 
"  Leather-stocking  Tales,"  a  very  decided  pre-eminence  ; 
but  Hawthorne,  as  a  literary  artist,  is  doubtless  decidedly 
superior.     Paulding,  Simms,  Kennedy,  Neal,  Brown,  and 
Poe  occupy  conspicuous  places  in  this  field  of  literary 
effort. 

24.  The  effusions  of  American  poets  have  deservedly 
obtained   very   high    commendation    and   favor.     These 
writers  are  a  legion  in  number  ;  and  in  this  brief  sketch, 
even  a  partial  enumeration  is  impossible.     The  two  most 
prolific  branches  of  American  literature  are  educational 
works  and  journalism,  in  both  of  which  the  country  has 
attained  a  rank  which,  without  doubt,  will  compare  favor 
ably  with  that  of  any  other  nation. 

23.  Of  Irving's  writings?    In  relation  to  history?    Fiction  ? 

24.  Poets  and  poetry?    Educational  works  and  journalism? 


SLAVERY    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


SLAYEKY    IK    THE   UNITED    STATES. 

1.  INDIAN  SLAVERY. — Slavery,  in  one  shape  or  another, 
began   in  America  with  the  first  explorations   made  by 
the   Europeans.       The   fiist    victims    were   the   Indians. 
Even  Columbus  made   captives  of  the  friendly  natives 
lie  found  on  the  islands  he  had  discovered,  five  hundred 
of  whom  he  sent  to  Spain  to  be    sold.      His    brother, 
Bartholomew,  sent  threa  hundred.     All  the  early  Spanish 
explorers  made  slaves  of  the  Indians.       On  the  coast  of 
Carolina,  DeAyllon  enticed  as  many  as  possible  on  board 
his  two  vessels,  and  with  this   supply  of  laborers  for  the 
plantations    and   mines    of  St.    Domingo,    treacherously 
took   his   departure    (1"  10,  p.  11).      De   Soto   killed   or 
enslaved    the   Indians    who    opposed    him,    as    well    as 
hundreds   who    did  not   oppose  him.     This  practice,  by 
no  means,  was  confined  to  the   Spaniards.     The  English 
were    also    guilty   of  it.       Thomas    Hunt,    commanding 
one  of   Smith's  vessels  that   visited  the  New  England 
coast,  kidnaped   several  Indians  and  sold  them  in  Eu 
rope  (T  21,  p.  23).     The   Pequod  war,  as  we  know,  re 
sulted  in  the  total  destruction  of  the  Pequods  as  a  tribe, 
but  the  few  survivors  who  were  not  able  to  find  refuge  in 
other  tribes,  or  were  not  sent  to  the  West  Indies  and  sold, 
were  held  as  slaves  in  their  own  country,  and  so  kept  till 
death  released  them  (^f  38,  p.  30).       How  sad  was  the 
fate  of  King  Philip;  but  sadder  by  far  was  the  fate  of 
his  son,  who  was  sold  as  a  slave  in  Bermuda. 

2.  SLAVERY   IN  THE    COLONIES. —Negro   slavery   was 
introduced  into  the  West  India  islands  long  before  the 
Dutch  ship,  in  1619,  sailed  up  the  James  river,  and  landed 
twenty  Africans  (^  13,  p.  21).     The  fact  should  be  noted 
that,  two  years  after  this  event,  cotton-seed  was,  for  the 
first  time,  planted  at  the  South,  for  the  growth  of  slav- 


216  SLAVERY    US'   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

ery  and  the  culture  of  the  cotton  plant  were  closely  con 
nected.  Tobacco  was  already  (in  1621)  very  extensively 
grown,  and  was  then  produced  entirely  by  slave  labor. 
For  several  years,  only  a  few  cargoes  of  negroes  were 
brought  to  the  colonies,  and  these  came  in  Dutch  ships; 
but,  encouraged  by  the  English,  companies  for  carrying 
on  the  trade  were  formed,  and  even  ships  built  and  owned 
in  New  England  were  engaged  in  the  business.  In  the 
course  of  time  every  one  of  the  thirteen  colonies  had 
slaves.  Some  of  the  colonies  remonstrated  against  the 
trade ;  but  what  could  this  avail  so  long  as  the  Eng 
lish  government  favored  the  trade,  and  the  king  himself 
profited  by  the  gains?  In  1750  there  were  about  two 
thousand  slaves  in  Massachusetts;  in  New  York  city 
about  a  sixth  of  the  population  were  slaves ;  in  the 
tobacco-growing  colonies,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North 
Carolina,  a  third  were  slaves ;  in  South  Carolina,  where 
rice  was  the  principal  production,  there  were  more  slaves 
than  free  persons. 

3.  The  Continental  Congress,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  resolved  that  no  more  slaves 
should  be  imported;  but  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  which  went  into  operation  thirteen  years  later, 
permitted  such  importation  until  the  year  1808.  Thence 
forth  no  more  slaves  could  be  brought  into  the  country 
(See  the  Const.,  App.,  p.  22).  Previous  to  the  adoption 
of  the  Constitution,  Congress  passed  an  act  which  is  com 
monly  known  as  the  "Ordinance  of  1787."  This  pro 
hibited  slavery  in  all  the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio 
river  (App.,  p.  77,  topic  212).  Massachusetts  was  the  first 
State  to  abolish  slavery;  then  the  other  Northern  States, 
one  after  another,  most  of  them  by  a  system  of  gradual 
emancipation,  followed  the  example.  Though  no  more 
slaves  were  brought  to  the  country,  slaves  continued  to 
be  bought  and  sold  at  the  South  as  before. 


SLAVERY    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES.  217 

4.  THE  COTTON-GIN. — Slave   labor  at  the  North  was 
not  profitable.     The  climate  was  cold,  the  soil  rocky.     But 
in  the  sunny  and  luxurious  South  the  African,  it  may  be 
said,  was  at  home.     The  culture  of  rice,  tobacco,  and  cot 
ton,  it  was  claimed,  afforded  the  very  kind   of  labor  he 
could  best  perform.     Yet  the  whole  business  in  the  inte 
rior  of  the  Southern  States  was  in  a  languishing  condition, 
and  the  discouraged  inhabitants  were  beginning  to  leave 
for  the  promising  West.     They  were  cultivating  cotton  in 
small  quantities,  but  it  was  difficult  to  separate  the  fibre 
from  its  seed.     The  work   was   slow,  because  it  was  all 
done  by  hand.     A  great  change  just  then  was   about  to 
take  place — a  wonderful  change.     Eli  Whitney,  of  Massa 
chusetts,  went  to  Georgia  and  invented  the  cotton-gin. 
To  the  planter  the  invention  at  once  opened  the  way  to 
employment,  wealth,  and  respectability :  it  set  the  whole 
South  in  motion.     The  difficulty  of  separating  the  cotton 
from  its  seed  was  removed.     Not  a  pound  of  cotton  had 
been  exported  from  the  United  States  in  1V92.     In  1793 
the  gin  was  invented.     In  1794,  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  pounds  of  cotton  were  sent  to  Europe.    Slavery 
thrived  and  "  cotton  was  king." 

5.  THE  MISSOURI  COMPROMISE. — When  Maine  applied 
for  admission  to  the  Union   the  number  of  States  was 
twenty-two,  and  as  these  were  equally  divided,  eleven  of 
them  being  slave  States  and  eleven  free,  the    southern 
members  of  Congress,  unwilling  that  the  North  should 
have  the  control  in  the  Senate,  objected  to  the  admission 
(App.,  p.  14).      Just  then  the  people    of  Missouri   took 
measures  to  form  a  State  government,  and  also  applied 
for  admission  to  the  Union  ;  but,  as  thoy  possessed  slaves, 
they  wanted  Missouri  to  be  admitted  without  any  con 
ditions  against  slavery.     After  an  angry  discussion,  last 
ing  through  months,  Maine  was  admitted  (1820).     The 
contest,  however,  was  at  once  renewed,  for  the  people  of 


218  SLAVERY    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

the  North,  who  were  opposed  to  any  increase  of  the  num 
ber  of  slave  States,  were  not  willing  to  welcome  Mis 
souri  with  its  Constitution  permitting  slavery.  At  length 
an  important  measure,  known  as  the  "Missouri  Compro 
mise,"  was  adopted.  By  this  it  was  agreed  that,  with  the 
exception  of  Missouri,  slavery  should  never  be  allowed 
to  exist  in  any  part  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  north  of  latitude  36°  30'.  Mis 
souri  was  then  admitted  (p.  136). 

6.  THE  WILMOT  PROIVSO. — This  agreement,  the  "Mis 
souri  Compromise,"  was  observed  for  a  third  of  a  century; 
still  the  slavery  question  cropped  out  from  time  to  time, 
"  abolition  societies"  became  numerous,  and  when  Texas, 
a  slave  State  and  former  province  of  Mexico,  asked  to  be 
admitted  to  the  Union,  the  application,   though  stoutly 
resisted  by  most  of  the  northern  members   of  Congress, 
was  finally  granted  (^[  26,  p.  141).     The  annexation  of 
Texas  led  to  a  war  with  Mexico,  and  this  resulted  in  the 
cession  to  the  United  States  of  a  large  part  of  the  Mexi 
can  territory.     As  slavery  in  Mexico  had  been   abolished 
more  than  twenty  years,  the  territory  thus  acquired  was 
"free  soil."     In  anticipation  of  this  acquisition,  Mr.  Wil- 
mot,  for  himself  and   other  members  of  Congress  from 
the  free  States,  had  offered  an  addition  to  the  Mexican 
treaty,  which  soon  became  known  as  the  "  Wilmot  Pro 
viso."     The  object  of  this  proviso  was  to  preserve  forever 
as  free  soil  the  territory  to  be  acquired  (App.,  p.  78). 

7.  THE  COMPROMISE  OF  1850. — Though  the  "  Wilmot 
Proviso  "did  not  meet  with   complete  success  in   Con 
gress,  it  became  the  foundation-stone  of  the  "Free  Sell 
ers,"  whose  party  cry  (in  1848),  with  ex-president  Van 
Buren  as  their  presidential  candidate,  was  "  Free  Soil, 
Free  Speech,  Free  Labor,  and  Free  Men  ;  "  and  who,  them 
selves,  became  the   founders    of  the  Republican    party, 
that  (in  1856)  gave  John  C.  Fremont  more  than  a  mill- 


SLAVERY    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES.  219 

ion  of  votes  to  make  him  president  (^  59,  p.  152),  and, 
four  years  later,  put  Lincoln  at  the  head  of  the  nation. 
California,  a  part  of  the  territory  acquired  from  Mexico, 
soon  had  a  large  population,  and  the  people,  opposed  to 
slavery,  sought  admission  to  the  Union.  The  application 
being  resisted  by  Calhoun  and  other  champions  of  the 
slave  cause,  a  violent  controversy  followed,  which  ended 
in  an  agreement  known  as  the  "  Compromise  of  1850." 
This  compromise  abolished  the  slave  trade  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  enacted  the  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law,"  and 
admitted  California  as  a  free  State  (^[  55,  p.  15 1).  Texas 
had  claimed  the  entire  territory  west  of  her  present 
limits,  as  far  as  the  Rio  Grande:  by  the  compromise  just 
adopted  this  claim  was  relinquished  to  the  general  gov 
ernment,  on  the  payment  to  the  State  of  ten  millions  of 
dollars  (See  map  facing  p.  189). 

8.  REPEAL  OF  THE    COMPROMISE    OF  1820. — The    lull 
was  of  short  duration.     Four  years  later  the   "  Slavery 
Question  "  was  revived  in    Congress,   by  the  passage  of 
the   "Kansas-Nebraska   Bill."      This   law   repealed   the 
"Compromise  of    1820,"   a  compact  that  had  been   re 
garded  as  sacred,  and  made  for  all  time.     Then  came  a 
fierce  and  bloody  struggle  between  the  North  and  the 
South  for  the   mastery  in  Kansas,  a  struggle  in  which 
John  Brown  took  an  important  part,  and  which  resulted 
in  a  victory   to   the   North,  and    ultimately  in  the   ad 
mission  of   Kansas  as  a  free  State  (^[   57,  p.   151,  and 
p.  157). 

9.  THE  DRED  SCOTT   CASE. — A  decision  made  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  1856,  added  fuel 
to  the  flame  that  was  burning  at  the  time.      This  was 
made  public  directly  after  the  inauguration  of  Buchanan 
(*|[  2,  p.  157).     Dred  Scott,  a  negro  slave,  had  been  taken 
by  his  owner  from  Missouri,  a  slave  State,  to  a  free  State, 
and  thence  to  the  free  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi. 


220  SLAVERY    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Finally,  his  master  returned  with  him  to  Missouri.  Be 
lieving  that,  as  he  had  been  taken  to  the  territory,  where, 
under  the  "Compromise  of  1820,"  it  had  been  declared 
that  slavery  should  never  have  any  existence — had  been 
taken  there  before  the  repeal  of  the  compromise, — he  was 
thus  no  longer  legally  a  slave,  he  brought  a  suit  for  his 
freedom,  and  obtained  a  judgment  in  his  favor.  A  higher 
court,  however,  soon  reversed  the  decision,  and  the  case, 
on  appeal,  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Again  the  decision  was  against  Scott.  Chief 
Justice  Taney,  in  behalf  of  a  majority  of  the  court,  de 
clared  that  for  more  than  a  century  previous  to  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  ne 
groes,  whether  slaves  or  free,  had  been  regarded  as  "  so 
far  inferior  to  the  white  race,  that  they  had  no  rights 
which  the  white  man  was  bound  to  respect." 

10.  EMANCIPATION. — The  election  of  Lincoln  to  the 
presidency,  as  the  struggle  in  Kansas  was  drawing  to  a 
close,  was  followed  by  the  secession  movement,  on  the 
part  of  South  Carolina  and  other  Southern  States,  and 
by  the  Great  Civil  War  (pp.  157-172).  In  the  midst  of 
the  war  Lincoln  put  forth  his  memorable  proclamation, 
declaring  the  slaves  in  all  the  States  and  districts  at  war 
with  the  national  government  to  be  forever  free  (^[  54, 
p.  172).  To  give  perfect  validity  to  this  declaration,  and 
to  make  complete  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  every  part  of 
the  land,  the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
was  adopted  directly  after  the  close  of  the  war,  but  not 
before  the  death  of  Lincoln  (^  87,  p.  183).  Thus,  after 
an  existence  of  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  years — com 
mencing  in  1619,  when  a  Dutch  ship  landed  twenty 
Africans  on  the  banks  of  the  James,  and  ending  when 
the  issues  of  the  Great  Civil  War  set  free  nearly  four 
millions  of  negroes — was  slavery  declared  to  have  no 
longer  an  existence  within  the  United  States. 


CHEONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION.  221 


CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1857.  James  Buchanan  was  inaugurated  president March  4 

1858.  Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  Union May  11, 

1859.  Oregon  was  admitted  into  the  Union Feb.  14. 

John  Brown  made  a  raid  into  Virginia Oct.  16. 

1860.  South  Carolina  passed  a  secession  ordinance Dec.  20. 

Anderson  withdrew  from  Ft.  Moultrie  to  Ft.  Sumter.Dec.  26. 

1861.  Mississippi  (Jan.  9),  Florida  (Jan.  10),  Alabama  (Jan. 

11),  Georgia  (Jan.  19),  Louisiana  (Jan.  26),  Texas 
(Feb.  1),  Virginia  (April  17),  Arkansas  (May  6),  Ten 
nessee  (May  7),  and  North  Carolina  (May  20),  passed 
secession  ordinances. 

Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union Jan.  29. 

The  "  Southern  Confederacy"  was  formed Feb. 

Davis  became  "  President  of  the  Confederacy" Feb.  18. 

Lincoln  was  inaugurated  president  of  the  U.  States. .  .Mar.  4. 

The  Confederates  attacked  Fort  Sumter April  12,  13. 

President  Lincoln  called  for  75,000  troops April  15. 

Davis  offered  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal April  17. 

Lincoln  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  Southern  ports. .  .April  19. 

Volunteer  troops  were  attacked  in  Baltimore April  19. 

England  (May  13),  France  (June  10),  Spain  (June  17), 
and  Portugal  (July  29),  acknowledged  the  Con 
federate  states  as  belligerents. 

The  Confederates  were  routed  at  Philippi June  3t 

Union  troops  were  repulsed  at  Big  Bethel June  10. 

The  Confederates  were  routed  at  Booneville June  A  7. 

The  United  States  Congress  met  in  extra  session July  4. 

The  Confederates  were  victorious  at  Carthage July  5. 

The  Confederates  were  routed  at  Rich  Mountain July  11, 

The  Union  army  was  routed  at  Bull  Run July  21. 

The  Confederates  gained  a  victory  at  Wilson's  Creek.  Aug.  10. 

A  Union  force  captured  the  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet.  .Aug.  29. 

Lexington,  Mo.,  was  surrendered  to  the  Confederates. Sep.  20. 

The  Confederates  gained  a  victory  at  Ball's  Bluff Oct.  21. 

A  Union  force  captured  forts  at  Port  Royal  entrance .  Nov.  7. 

The  Confederates  were  victorious  at  Belmont. . .     .  .Nov.  7, 


222  CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

1861.  Mason  and  Slidell  were  taken  from  a  Br.  steamer Nov.  8. 

1862.  The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Mill  Spring Jan.  19. 

Fort  Henry  was  captured  by  a  fleet  of  U.  S.  gunboats .  Feb.  6. 

A  Union  force  captured  Roanoke  Island Feb.  8. 

Fort  Donelson  was  captured  by  the  Unionists Feb.  16» 

The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Pea  Ridge March  8. 

The  Merrimac  destroyed  two  U.  S.  vessels Mar.  5 

Engagement  between  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac. .  .March  9. 

The  Unionists  captured  Newbern March  14. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Winchester March  23. 

The  Unionists  gained  a  victory  at  Shiloh April  7. 

Island  No.  10  was  captured  by  the  Unionists April  7. 

Fort  Pulaski  was  surrendered  to  the  Unionists April  11. 

New  Orleans  wyas  captured  by  the  Unionists April  25. 

The  Confederates  retreated  from  Williamsburg May  5. 

The  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  was  fought May  31,  June  1. 

Memphis  surrendered  to  the  Unionists June  6. 

"  The  Seven  days'  contest  before  Richmond" . .  June  25-July  1. 

The  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  was  fought Aug.  9. 

Battles  between  Manassas  and  Washington .  .Aug.  23-30. 

The  Confederates  were  victorious  at  Richmond,  Ky. Aug.  30. 

The  Confederates,  under  Lee,  invaded  Maryland Sept.  5. 

Lee's  army  was  defeated  at  South  Mountain Sept.  14. 

Harper's  Ferry  surrendered  to  the  Confederates Sept.  15. 

Lee's  army  was  defeated  at  Antietam Sept.  17. 

The  Unionists  were  victorious  at  luka Sept.  19. 

The  Confederates  were  repulsed  at  Corinth Oct.  4. 

The  Unionists  gained  the  battle  of  Perry  ville Oct.  8. 

The  Confederates  gained  a  victory  at  Fredericksburg .  Dec.  13= 

1863.  Lincoln  issued  the  Emancipation  Proclamation Jan.  1. 

The  Confederates  captured  Galveston Jan.  1. 

The  Unionists  gained  a  victory  at  Murfreesboro Jan.  2. 

The  Unionists  captured  Arkansas  Post Jan.  11, 

The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Port  Gibson May  1. 

The  Unionists  were  defeated  at  Chancellorsville May  3. 

West  Virginia  was  admitted  into  the  Union June  20. 

Lee  made  his  second  invasion  of  Maryland June  21. 

The  Union  army  was  victorious  at  Gettysburg July  3. 

Vicksburg  was  surrendered  to  the  Unionists July  4. 

Port  Hudson  was  surrendered  to  the  Unionists July  8. 

The  great  riot  in  New  York  occurred July  13-16. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   RECAPITULATION.  223 

1863.  Morgan  made  a  raid  into  Indiana  and  Ohio July. 

The  Confederates  were  victorious  at  Chickamauga.  .Sept.  20. 

The  Unionists  gained  a  victory  at  Chattanooga Nov.  25, 

The  Confederates  were  repulsed  before  Knoxville..  .Nov.  29, 

1864.  The  Unionists  were  defeated  at  Olustee .Feb.  20, 

Grant  was  appointed  Lieutenant- General March  3= 

Grant  was  appointed  to  command  the  U.  S.  armies.  .Mar.  121, 

The  Red  River  Expedition  was  made March  and  April 

The  Confederates  captured  Fort  Pillow April  12, 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  began  a  forward  movement.  May  3. 

The  battle  of  the  Wilderness  was  fought May  5,  6. 

Sherman  began  his  march  against  Atlanta May  7. 

The  battles  near  Spottsylvania  were  fought .May  9-21. 

The  Unionists  were  routed  near  New  Market May  15. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Piedmont June  5. 

The  Kearsarge  met  and  sunk  the  Alabama June  19. 

The  Confederates,  under  Early,  invaded  Maryland  . .  .  July  4. 
The  Confederates  gained  a  victory  at  the  Monocacy . .  July  9. 

Sherman  gained  victories  before  Atlanta July  20,  22,  28. 

Chambersburg  was  sacked  and  partly  burned July  30. 

The  Unionists  exploded  a  mine  before  Petersburg. .  .July  30. 

The  Unionists  gained  a  victory  in  Mobile  Bay Aug.  5. 

Sherman  captured  Atlanta Sept  2. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Winchester Sept.  19. 

The  Confederates  were  routed  at  Fisher's  Hill Sept.  22. 

The  Unionists  were  victorious  at  Cedar  Creek Oct.  19. 

Nevada  was  admitted  into  the  Union Oct.  31. 

The  Confederates  were  repulsed  at  Franklin Nov.  30. 

The  Unionists  gained  a  victory  at  Nashville Dec.  16. 

Savannah  was  occupied  by  Sherman's  army Dec.  21. 

1865.  Union  troops  and  fleet  captured  Fort  Fisher Jan.  15. 

Sherman  captured  Columbia Feb.  17. 

Charleston  was  occupied  by  Union  troops Feb.  18. 

Wilmington  was  captured  by  Union  troops. Feb.  22. 

The  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill  became  a  law March  3. 

The  Unionists  were  victorious  at  Averysboro March  16. 

The  Confederates  were  routed  at  Bentonville March  20. 

Union  troops  occupied  Petersburg  and  Richmond. .  .April  3. 

Lee  surrendered  to  Grant April  9. 

President  Lincoln  was  assassinated April  14, 

Andrew  Johnson  was  inaugurated  president April  15. 


224  CHRONOLOGICAL  RECAPITULATION. 

18C5.  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  surrendered  to  Sherman April  20 

Jefferson  Davis  was  captured. May  10. 

Slavery  was  declared  constitutionally  abolished Dec.  18. 

1866.  Congress  passed  2d  F's  Bureau  Bill  over  veto July  16. 

1867.  Nebraska  was  admitted  into  the  Union. .March  1. 

Congress  passed  Reconstruction  Bill  over  veto. . .    .March  2. 
Congress  passed  Tenure-of-Office  Bill  over  veto. . .  .March  2. 
Alaska  was  purchased  for  $7,200,000 June  20. 

1868.  The  House  of  Repre'tives  impeached  Pres't  Johnson.Feb.  24. 
The  president's  trial  was  commenced  in  the  Senate..Mar.  30. 

Ho  was  acquitted  on  the  eleven  tli  article May  16. 

He  was  acquitted  on  two  other  articles May  26. 

Stanton  resigned  as  secretary  of  war May  26. 

The  14th  Amendment  was  declared  adopted July  28. 

1869.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

1870.  The  15th  Amendment  was  declared  adopted 

1871.  The  "  Alabama  Treaty  "  was  concluded May  8. 

The  great  fire  of  Chicago  occurred Oct.  8,  9,  10. 

1876.  The  Centennial  Anniversary  of  American  Indepen 

dence  was  celebrated. 

The  "  World's  Fair"  in  Philadelphia. .  .May  10  to  Nov.  10. 
Colorado  was  admitted  into  the  Union Aug.  1. 

1877.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  inaugurated  president.  .March  5. 

1877.  A  fishery  treaty  was  made  with  Great  Britain Nov.  23. 

1379.  The  banks  and  government  resumed  specie  payments.  Jan.l. 

1880.  A  treaty  was  made  with  China. 

1881.  James  A.  Garfield  was  inaugurated  president March  4. 

The  death  of  Garfield  occurred Sept.  19, 

Chester  A.  Arthur  became  president Sept.  20, 


BEVIEW  QUESTIONS.  225 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1.  Give  the  history  of  the  slavery  question  ....  21, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 

2.  Give  the  account  of  John  Brown's  raid 157 

8.  State  the  circumstances  attending  Lincoln's  election 157,  153 

4.  Give  the  facts  in  relation  to  the  history  of  Fort  Sumter 158-160 

5.  How  many  and  what  states  passed  secession  ordinances  ? 186 

6.  Give  the  history  of  the  formation  of  the  Southern  Confederacy 15? 

7.  What  property  did  the  Confederates  take  possession  of? 159 

8.  What  is  said  in  connection  with  Lincoln's  inauguration  ? 159 

9.  What,  in  connection  with  his  inaugural  address  ? 159 

10.  What  three  proclamations  were  issued  in  April,  1861  ? 160 

11.  What  occurred  during  that  month  in  Baltimore  ? 160 

12.  How  did  the  United  States  lose  Harper's  Ferry  and  Norfolk  ? 160, 161 

13.  What  movement  was  made  by  order  of  General  Scott  ? 161 

14.  Give  the  particulars  in  relation  to  the  battle  of  Bull  Run 161, 162 

15.  In  relation  to  McClellan's  campaign  in  West  Virginia 162 

16.  In  relation  to  Lyon's  successes,  his  defeat  and  death 162, 163 

17.  In  relation  to  Mulligan's  defence  and  surrender 163 

18.  What  followed,  connected  with  Fremont,  Hunter,  and  Halleck  ? 163 

J9.  Give  the  particulars  of  Baker's  defeat  at  Ball's  Bluff 163 

20.  Of  the  coast  expedition  to  North  Carolina 163 

21.  Of  the  coast  expedition  to  South  Carolina 163, 164 

22.  Of  the  capture  and  release  of  Mason  and  Slidell 164 

23.  Of  the  unfriendly  action  taken  by  England  and  France 164 

24.  Give  the  history  of  the  steamer  Sumter 164 

25.  How  was  the  U.  S.  Navy  increased  and  employed  during  1861  ? 164, 166 

26.  What  changes  in  money  matters  took  place  in  1861  ? 166 

27.  Name  the  important  events  of  1861 186, 187 

28.  What  preparations  were  made  as  regards  the  Mississippi  ?  166 

29.  Give  an  account  of  Thomas's  victory  at  Mill  Spring 166 

30.  Of  Commodore  Foote's  success  against  Fort  Henry 168 

31.  Of  Grant's  success  at  Fort  Donelson 166, 16? 

32.  Of  the  success  of  the  expedition  against  Roanoke , 167 

33.  Of  events  in  Arkansas  during  March,  1862 r 167 

34.  Of  events  at  and  near  Hampton  Roads,  March  8th  and  9th ,  , .  .167,  168 

35.  What  two  successes  did  General  Pope  gain  in  the  West  ? „      168 

36.  What  success  did  Com.  Davis  have  soon  after  ? 168 

87.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh 168,  169 

38.  What  did  General  Halleck  do  after  the  battle  ? 169 

39.  To  what  position  was  General  Halleck  then  called  ? 16$ 

40.  Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  New  Orleans 169 

41.  Of  Rosecrans's  twro  victories — luka  and  Corinth 169 

42.  Of  Bragg's  march  through  Tennessee  and  Kentucky 169,  170 

43.  What  new  organization  of  military  departments  was  made  ? 170 

44.  How  did  McClellan  begin  his  Peninsular  Campaign  ? 170 

45.  What  success  did  he  have  at  Yorktown  and  Williamsburg  ? 170 

46.  Give  some  account  of  General  Wool 145, 170 

47.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks 170,171 


226  REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 


48.  Give  an  account  of  Banks's  escape  from  capture  ......................      171 

49.  Give  an  account  of  the  lt  Seven  Days'  Battle  before  Richmond"  ........      171 

50.  What  change  did  Lincoln  make  in  army  organizations  ?  ...............      171 

51.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  Lee  and  Pope  ............  .  .171,  173 

52.  What  movement  did  Lee  then  make?  ..................................      172 

53.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  South  Mountain  .  .  ...................      178 

54.  Of  the  loss  (for  the  second  time)  of  Harper's  Ferry  ....................      173 

55.  Of  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  Lee's  retreat  ...........................      172 

56.  Of  McClellan's  subsequent  movements  and  los»  of  command  .........      172 

57.  Of  Burnside's  attempt  to  reach  Richmond  .............................      172 

58.  Name,  in  order,  the  important  events  of  1802  ..........................      187 

59.  WThat  important  event  occurred  on  the  1st  of  January,  1863  ?  ...........      172 

60.  State  what  took  place  at  Galveston  on  that  day  .....  ...................      173 

61.  Give  an  account  of  Rosecrans's  victory  at  Murfreesboro  ................      173 

62.  Of  the  capture  by  Union  forces  of  Arkansas  Post  ......................      173 

63.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  ......................      173 

64.  What  march  and  pursuit  a  month  afterward  took  place  ?  ..............      173 

65.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  ...........................      173 

66.  Give  an  account  of  Grant's  success  on  the  Mississippi  .................      175 

67.  Give  an  account  of  Banks's  success  at  Port  Hudson  ...................      175 

68.  Of  the  entire  contest  for  the  Mississippi  ...................  166,  168,  169,  175 

69.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  Creek  ..................      175 

70.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Chattanooga  ...............  ,  ......  ....      175 

71.  Give  a  sketch  of  Rosecrans's  military  career  ......................  169,  170,  175 

72.  Give  a  sketch  of  Burnside's  military  career  ..................  167,  172,  173,  175 

73.  Give  an  account  of  Morgan's  raid  into  Indiana  and  Ohio  .............  175,  176 

74.  Give  an  account,  with  the  cause,  of  the  riot  in  New  York  City  ........      176 

75.  What  service  did  the  navy  render  during  the  year  1863  ?  ...............  -      176 

76.  In  what  case,  and  why,  was  not  the  blockade  successful  ?  .............      176 

77.  Give  the  early  history  of  the  state  of  West  Virginia  ...................      176 

78.  Name,  in  order,  the  important  events  of  1863  .........................  187,  188 

79.  What  disaster  befell  the  Unionists  in  Florida  ?  ...  ....................  176,  177 

80.  Give  the  full  account  of  the  Red  River  expedition  ........  .............      177 

81.  Give  the  full  account  of  Forrest's  raid  in  the  West  .....................      177 

82.  What  two  extensive  campaigns  were  planned  ?  .  .  .  ,  ...................      177 

83.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  Sherman  and  Johnston  ......  177,178 

84.  Give  an  account  of  the  contest  between  Sherman  and  Hood  ...........      178 

85.  Of  events  from  the  4th  to  the  7th  of  May  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac     178 

86.  Of  the  battles  of  Spottsylvania,  North  Anna,  and  Cold  Harbor  ........  178,  179 

87.  What  movement  did  Meadc  afterward  make  ?  ............  .........      179 

88.  What  attempts  were  made  to  capture  Petersburg  ?  ....................      179 

89.  Give  a  sketch  of  Sigel's  military  career  ..........................  162,  167,  179 

90.  Give  an  account  of  Early's  invasion  of  Maryland  .......................      179 

SI.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  contest  between  Sheridan  and  Early  ........      180 

02.  Give  an  account  of  Sherman's  march  from  Atlanta  to  Savannah  .......      180 

93.  Give  a  full  account  of  the  contest  between  Thomas  and  Hood  .......  180,  181 

94.  Give,  in  full,  the  history  of  the  Confederate  steamer  Alabama.  .,  —  164,  181 

95.  What  did  Admiral  Farragtit  accomplish  during  the  war  ?  .............  169,  181 

96.  What  was  done  by  General  Butler  during  the  war  ?  -------  161,  168,  169,  179,  181 

97.  Name  the  important  events  of  1864  .............................  .  ......      188 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  227 


PAGE 

98.  Give  an  account  of  the  failure  and  success  at  Fort  Fisher 181 

99.  Give  an  account  of  Sherman's  march  from  Savannah 181,  182 

100.  Of  his  whole  march  from  Chattanooga 177, 178,  180,  181,  182 

101.  Give  an  account  of  the  closing  military  events  of  the  war 182 

102.  Give  an  account  of  the  events  of  April  14th,  15th,  and  10th 182, 21 J 

103.  Give  an  account  of  the  other  events  of  that  month 182, 183,  207,906 

104.  Give  an  account  of  the  other  events  of  the  year  1865 183,  207,206 

105.  Give  the  important  military  events  in  Grant's  life.. 163,  106,  168,  175,  177-182 

106.  Name,  in  order,  the  important  events  of  1865 207,208 

107.  State  all  the  facts  in  connection  with  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bills. .  .183,  207 

108.  All,  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  ll  Reconstructing  the  Union" « .      184 

109.  All,  in  relation  to  the  Tenure-of-Office  Bill 184 

110.  What  can  you  state  of  Nebraska  and  Alaska? ~".  184 

111.  Give  the  facts  relating  to  Stanton's  suspension  from  office 184,  185 

112.  Relate  the  events  which  grew  out  of  the  suspension „ 185 

113.  Give  the  facts  in  relation  to  Grant's  election  to  the  presidency 186 

114.  Give  the  history  and  import  of  the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Consti 

tution 186,  App.,  p.  39 

115.  The  history  and  import -of  the  15th  Amendment 186,  App.,  p.  41 

116.  State  what  you  can  in  relation  to  the  great  Chicago  fire 186 

117.  Give  the  history,  in  full,  of  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  Claims..        187 

118.  Give  an  account  of  the  Centennial  events  of  1876 187,  188 

119.  Give  the  facts  in  relation  to  the  election  of  Hayes  to  the  presidency.      188 


QUESTIONS  TO  BE  ANSWERED  FROM  THE  TABLES  ON  PAGE  212. 

1.  How  many  presidents  of  the  United  States  have  there  been  ?— 2.  Give  their 

names  in  the  order  of  their  succession.— 3.  How  many  and  which  of  them  served 

two  terms  each?— 4.  Which  of  them  died  while  in  office?  (141, 151,  182  )-5   By 

whom  were  they  succeeded  in  office? -6.  How  many  states  belonged  to  the 

Union  when  Washington  was  inaugurated  in  1789  ?    (Appendix,  p.  ll.)-7  When 

did  North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  adopt  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ? 

(Ap.   p.ll.)-8.  Name  the  thirteen  original  states  In  the  order  of  their  settlement 

I,  Name  them  in  their  geographical  order,  beginning  with  the  one  most  northl 

asterly.-lO.  How  many  states  belonged  to  the  Union  at  the  close  of  Washing. 

ton  s  administration  ?-ll.  Give  the  names  of  the  three  new  states,  with  the  dates 

t  their  admission  into  the  Union. -12.  What  addition  was  made  to  the  Union 

during  Jefferson's  administration  ?-13.  What,  during  Madison1s  admlnistra- 

-14.  What,  during  Monroe's  ?_1B.  What,  during  Jackson's  ? -16    What 

during  Tyler's  ?-17.  What,  during  Folk's  ?-18.  What,  during  Fillmore's  ?-  -19 

What,  during  Buchanan's  ?-20.  What,  during  Lincoln's?-  21.   What,  during 

Johnson's  ?— 22.  Name  the  administrations  during  which  no  states  were  admitted 

to  the  Union. 


PRESIDENTS  AND  VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1. 

2. 

PRESIDENTS. 

VICE  PRESIDENTS. 

George  Washington  
John  Adams  

Virginia. 

April  30,  178^  !  John  Adams. 
March  4,  1797  Thomas  Jefferson. 

Massachusetts  

3. 

Thomas  Jefferson  

Virginia  

March  4,  1801  {    ^org'e'ciinton  * 

4. 

James  Madison  

Virginia  

March  4,  1809  {    k^S™* 

6. 

6. 

James  Monroe  
John  Q.  Adams  

Virginia  
Massachusetts  

March  4,1817  
March  4,  1825  

Daniel  1).  Tompkins. 
John  C.  Cslhoun 

7. 

Andrew  Jackson  

Tennessee  

March  4,  1829  | 

JohnC.  Cftlhoun.t 

Mm  tin  Van  Buren. 

8. 

Martin  Van  Buren  

New  York  

March  4,1837.... 

Richard  M.  Johnson. 

9. 

William  H.  Hurrison*.. 

Ohio  

March  4,  1841  

John  Tyler. 

10. 
11. 

James  K.  Polk  

Tennessee  

March  4,  1845  

George  M.  Pallas 

ML 
IS. 

Zachary  Taylor*  <  Louisiana  
Milla-d  Fillmore  iNew  York  

March?,  1849  
July  10,  18-iO  

Mills  rd  Fillmore. 

14. 

Franklin  Pierce  

New  Hampshire.... 

March  4,  18  >3  William  R.  King.* 

15. 

James  Buchanan  

Pennsylvania  

March  4,  1857  John  C.  Breckinridge. 

16. 

Abraham  Lincoln*  

Illinois  

March  4,  1861  .  ...    j 

Hannibal  Hainlin. 
Andrew  Johnson. 

17. 

Andrew  Johnson  

Tennessee  

April  15,  1835  

18. 

Ulvsses  S.  Grant  

Illinois  

March  4,  1860  j  Ifil^wSotf^ 

19. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes.... 

Ohio  

March  5,  1877  j  William  A.5  Wheeler. 

20. 

James  A.  Garfield'  .... 

Ohio  

March  4,1881...  

Chester  A.  Arthur. 

21. 

Chester  A.  Arthur  

New  York  

September  ilO,  1831  ... 

SETTLEMENT  AND  ADMISSION  OF  THE  STATES. 


STiTBS. 

SETTLED. 

ADMIT'D 

DURING 
WHOSK    AD 
MINISTRA 
TION. 

When. 

Where. 

By  whom. 

Virginia, 

1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1682 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 

Jamestown  
New  York  
Plymouth  
Little  Harbor  
Windsor  
St.  Mary's  
Providence  
Wilmington  
Chowan  River  .  .  . 
Elizabeth  
Ashley  River  
Philadelphia  
Savannah  
Fort  Dummer.  .  .  . 
Boonesboro  
Fort  Loudon  
Marietta  
Iberville  
Vincennes  
Natchez  
Kaskaskia  
Mobile  
Bristol  
St.  Louis.    
Arkansas  Post  .  .  . 
Detroit  
St.  Augustine  .  .  . 
San  Antonio  
Burlington  
Green  Bay  
San  Diego  
St.  Paul  
Astoria  

English 

w 

CO 

1 

1796  f 

1845  ) 
1848  J 

1859  / 

' 

Washington. 
Jefferson. 
Madison. 

Monroe. 

Jackson. 
Tyler. 

Polk. 
FiUmore. 
Buchanan. 

Lincoln. 

Johnson. 
Grant. 

New  York  
Massacl.,.*fotts  
New  Hanvihire  ... 
Connecticut  
Maryland  
Rhode  Island  
Delaware  
North  Carolina  .... 
New  Jerse>  
South  Carolina  
Pennsylvania...... 
Georgia  
Vermont  

Dutch  
English  
English  
English  
English  
English  
Swedes 

English  
Dutch  ~  .  .  .  . 
English....     .... 
English  

English  
English  
English  
English  
English  
French  
French  
French  

Kentucky  
Tennessee  
Ohio  

Louisiana  
Indiana  
Mississippi  
Illinois 

Alabama  
Maine  
Missouri  ..  .t  
Arkansas  
Michigan  
Florida  

French  
French  
French  
French  
French  
Spaniards  
Spaniards  
English  
French  
Spaniards  
Americans    
Americans   

Texas 

Iowa  
Wisconsin  
California  
Minnesota  
Oregon  

West  Virginia 

English  
Americans   

Nebraska 



:::::::::::::••::: 

1 

Died  in  office. 


t  Resigned. 


APPENDIX. 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


A  Declaration  "by  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  July  4th,  1776. 

WHEX,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  neces 
sary  for  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which 
have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  assume,  among 
the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station  to 
which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's  God  entitle 
them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind  re 
quires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel 
them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men 
are  created  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Crea 
tor  with  certain  unalienable  rights ;  that  among  these,  are 
life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That,  to  se 
cure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted  among  men, 
deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  gov 
erned  ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes 
destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to 
alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government, 
laying  its  foundation  on  such  principles,  and  organizing 
its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely 
to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence,  indeed, 
will  dictate  that  governments  long  established,  should  not 


4  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


he  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ;  and,  accord 
ingly,  all  experience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more 
disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right, 
themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  ac 
customed.  But,  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpa= 
ticns,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  de 
sign  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their 
right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  government,  and 
to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security.  Such 
has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and  such 
is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their 
former  systems  of  government.  The  history  of  the  pres- 
2nt  king  of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries 
ind  usurpations,  all  having,  in  direct  object,  the  establish 
ment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these  states.  To  prove 
this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world : — 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome 
and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  imme 
diate  and  pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their 
operation  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained ;  and,  when 
so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to 
them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommoda 
tion  of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would 
relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in  the  legislature; 
a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants 
only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  un 
usual,  uncomfortable,  arid  distant  from  the  depository  of 
their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them 
into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for 
opposing,  with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights 
of  the  people, 


DECLAKATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.  5 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions, 
to  cause  others  to  be  elected ;  whereby  the  legislative 
powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  returned  to  the 
people  at  large  for  their  exercise  ;  the  state  remaining,  in 
the  mean  time,  exposed  to  all  the  danger  of  invasion  from 
without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these 
states ;  for  that  purpose,  obstructing  the  laws  for  natural 
ization  of  foreigners ;  refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage 
their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions  of  new 
appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by 
refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary 
powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for 
the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment 
of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent 
hither  swarms  of  officers  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat  out 
their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  ar 
mies,  without  the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of, 
and  superior  to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined,  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  juris^ 
diction  foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged 
by  our  laws ;  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended 
legislation :  • 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among 
us: 

For  protecting  them  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment, 
for  any  murders  which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabit 
ants  of  these  states : 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world: 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent : 


6  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefit  of  trial 
by  jury : 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pre 
tended  offences 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a 
neighboring  province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary 
government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  ren 
der  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  intro 
ducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  val 
uable  laws,  and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  powers  of 
our  governments : 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring 
themselves  invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all 
cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out 
of  his  protection,  and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt 
our  towns,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign 
mercenaries  to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation, 
and  tyranny,  already  begun,  with  circumstances  of  cruelty 
and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages, 
and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive 
on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to 
become  the  executioners  of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or 
to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and 
has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  fron 
tiers,  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of 
warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages, 
sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned 
for  redress,  in  the  most  humble  terms ;  our  repeated  peti- 


DECLABATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


tions  have  been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A 
prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act 
which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a 
free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British 
brethren.  We  have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of 
attempts  made  by  their  legislature  to  extend  an  unwar* 
rantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  them 
of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement 
here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  mag 
nanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  tie's  of  our 
common  kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which 
would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connections  and  corre 
spondence.  They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of 
justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acqui 
esce  in  the  necessity  which  denounces  our  separation, 
and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies 
in  war,  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  in  general  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to 
the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our 
intentions,  do,  in  the  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the 
good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  de 
clare,  that  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought 
to  be,  free  and  independent  states ;  that  they  are  absolved 
from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  po 
litical  connection  between  them  and  the  state  of  Great 
Britain,  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved ;  and  that, 
as  free  and  independent  states,  they  have  full  power  to 
levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  establish 
commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  in 
dependent  states  may  of  right  do.  And,  for  the  support 
of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection 
of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other, 
our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 


8 


DECLARATION   OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


The  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress, 
engrossed,  and  signed  by  the  following  members  • 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


New  Hampshire. 
Josiah  Bartlett, 
William  Whipple, 
Matthew  Thornton. 

Massachusetts  Bay. 
Samuel  Adams, 
John  Adams, 
Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Elbridge  Gerry. 

Rhode  Island. 
Stephen  Hopkins, 
'William  Elleiy. 

Connecticut. 
Roger  Sherman, 
Samuel  Huntington, 
William  Williams, 
.Oliver  Wolcott. 

New  York. 
William  Floyd, 
Philip  Livingston. 
Francis  Lewis, 
Lewis  Morris. 


New  Jersey. 
Richard  Stockton, 
John  Witherspoon, 
Francis  Hopkinson, 
John  Hart, 
Abraham  Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert  Morris, 
Benjamin  Rush, 
Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Morton, 
George  Olymer, 
James  Smith, 
George  Taylor, 
James  Wilson, 
George  Ross. 

Delaware. 
Caesar  Rodney, 
George  Read, 
Thomas  M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel  Chase, 
William  Paca, 
Thomas  Stone, 


Charles  Carroll,  of  Car- 
roll  ton. 

Virginia. 
George  Wythe, 
Richard  Henry  Lee, 
Thomas  Jefferson, 
Benjamin  Harrison, 
Thomas  Nelson,  jun., 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton. 

North  Carolina. 
William  Hooper, 
Joseph  Hewes, 
John  Penn. 

SoutJi  Carolina. 
Edward  Rutledge, 
Thomas  Heyward,jun. 
Thomas  Lynch, jun. 
Arthur  Middleton. 

Georgia. 

Button  Gwinnett, 
Lyman  Hall, 
George  Walton. 


NOTE.—"  The  fourth  of  July  is  the  day  of  national  rejoicing,  for  on  that  day 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  that  solemn  and  sublime  document,  was 
adopted.  Tradition  yives  a  dramatic  effect  to  its  announcement.  Itwasknowa 
to  be  under  discussion,  but  the  closed  doors  of  Congress  excluded  the  populace. 
They  awaited,  in  throngs,  an  appointed  signal.  In  tho  steeple  of  the  state-house 
(Philadelphia),  was  a  bell  imported  twenty-three  years  previously  from  London 
by  the  Provincial  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania.  If.  bore  the  portentous  text 
from  Scripture  :  '  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  all  the  land,  unto  all  the  inhabi 
tants  thereof?  A  joyous  pt'al  from  that  bell  gave  notice  that  tho  bill  had  been 
parsed.  It  was  the  knell  of  British  domination.  *  *  *  The  excitable  populace 
of  New  York  were  not  content  with  the  ringing  of  bells  to  proclaim  their  joy. 
There  was  a  leaden  statue  of  George  III.  in  the  Bowling  Green,  in  front  of  the 
fort.  Since  kingly  rule  is  at  an  end,  why  retain  its  effigy  ?  On  the  same  even 
ing,  therefore,  the  statue  was  pulled  down  amid  the  shouts  of  the  multitude,  and 
broken  up  to  be  run  into  bullets  '  to  be  used  in  the  cause  of  independence.'  " 
— Irving1  s  Life  of  Washington. 


THE    CONSTITUTION 


OP 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


1.  ORIGIN  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION. — When  the  Revolu 
tionary  struggle  commenced,  there  were  three  forms  of 
colonial  government  in  force  among  the  colonies,  namely : 
the  provincial  or  royal,  the  proprietary,  and  the  charter. 
The  provincial  or  royal  government  was  under  the  con 
trol  of  a  governor,  who,  appointed  by  the  king,  adminis 
tered  affairs  according  to  instructions  from  his  royal  mas 
ter.     The   colonies  of  this  class   were  New  Hampshire, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

2.  The  proprietary  government  was  under  the  control  of 
one  or  more   proprietors,  who  derived  their  authority  by 
grant  and  privileges   conferred  by  the  king.     Pennsylva 
nia,  Delaware,  and  Maryland  were  subject  to  the  proprie 
tary  rule.     The  charter  government  secured  certain  politi 
cal  rights  to  the  people  by  royal  charter.     Of  this  class 
were  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

3.  On  the  llth  of  June,  1776,  Congress  resolved  that  a 
committee  should  be  appointed  to  prepare  a  form  of  con- 


1.  What  forms  of  government  existed  amonj,'  the  colonies  previous  to  the 
Revolution?     What  was  the  provincial  or  royal  government?    Which  of  the 
colonies  were  provincial  or  royal  ? 

2.  What  was  the  proprietary  frovernment'?     Give  the  names  of  the  colonies 
tSK  Tcre*  8ubJected  to  the  proprietary  rule  ?    Wbat  was  the  charter  government  f 
Which  of  the  colonies  had  charters  ? 


10  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


federation,  to  be  entered  into  by  the  colonies.  On  the 
12th  of  July  following,  this  committee,  consisting  of  one 
from  each  state,  reported  a  draft  of  Articles  of  Confedera 
tion.  The  Report  was  considered  and  debated  from  time 
to  time  until  the  15th  of  November,  1777,  when,  with  some 
amendments,  it  was  adopted. 

4.  These  Articles  of  Confederation  were  ratified  in  177.8 
by  all  the  states  except  Delaware  and  Maryland,  and  by 
Delaware  in  1779;  but,  in   consequence  of  the  delay  on 
the  part  of  Maryland,  they  did  not  go  into  effect  until  the 
1st  of  March,  1781,  the  day  on  which  they  were  signed 
by  the  delegates  from  that  state. 

5.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  Articles  of  Confederation 
were  not  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  government.    They 
were  deficient  as  regards  the  regulation  of  commerce,  the 
settling  of  controversies  between  the  states,  the  making 
of  treaties  with  foreign  nations,  and  especially  so  in  not 
conferring  the  necessary  power  upon  Congress  to  liqui 
date  the  debts  incurred  during  the  war. 

6.  Consequently,  a  convention  of  delegates  from  all  the 
states,  except  Rhode  Island,  met  at  Philadelphia,  in  May, 
1787,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confed 
eration  ;  but  it  was  thought   best  by  a  majority  of  the 
delegates  to  adopt  an  entirely  new  form  of  government, 
instead  of  making  any  attempts  to  amend  the  defective 
one  then  in  existence.     Accordingly,  on  the  17th  of  Sep 
tember,  1787,  after  four  months'  deliberation,  the  present 
Constitution, — except    some    changes  which  were   made 
in  after  years, — was  adopted  by  the  Convention. 


3.  What  resolution  was  first  adopted  in  Congress  in  relation  to  a  form  of  con 
federation  ?     Give  the  subsequent  history  of  the  measure. 

4.  When  did  the  states  ratify  the  Articles  of  Confederation  ?    When  did  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  go  into  effect  ? 

5.  What  was  soon  ascertained  with  reference  to  the  Articles  of  Confedera 
tion  ?    In  what  respects  were  they  deficient  ? 

6.  What  convention  was  held  in  May.  1787  ?    What  was  done  by  the  conven 
tion? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  11 


7.  The  new  Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people, 
who,  in  the  newspapers,  legislative  halls,  and  elsewhere, 
discussed  it  with  earnestness  and  thoroughness ;  the  rati 
fication  of  nine  states  being  requisite  before  it  could  go 
into  effect.  It  met  with  considerable  opposition ;  but 
after  it  had  been  adopted  by  all  the  states,  except  North 
Carolina  and  Rhode  Island,  it  went  into  operation,  March 
4th,  1789. 

NOTE.— Congress  ought  to  have  met  011  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  "but  in  conse 
quence  of  delay  in  the  arrival  of  members,  the  most  of  whom  had  to  make  their 
way  to  New  York  on  horseback  or  by  sta,  there  being  no  railroads  in  those 
day:?,  a  quorum  was  not  secured  before  the  30th.  "  Washington  received  sixty- 
nine  votes,  that  being  the  whole  number  of  electors  voting.  John  Adams  re 
ceived  thirty-four  votes  in  all,  not  a  majority  ;  but  sufficient,  as  the  Constitution 
then  stood,  being  the  second  highest  number,  to  make  him  vice-president." 
The  sixty-nine  votes  received  by  Washington  were  from  ten  states  only.  New 
York  did  not  vote  because  of  a  disagreement  between  the  two  houses  of  her 
legislature ;  and  North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  had  not  adopted  the  Consti 
tution.  "  The  inauguration  was  delayed  for  several  days  by  a  question  which, 
had  arisen  as  to  the  form  or  title  by  which  the  President  elect  was  to  be  ad 
dressed;  and  this  had  been  deliberated  in  a  committee  of  both  Houses.  The 
question  had  been  mooted  without  Washington's  privity,  and  contrary  to  his 
desire,  as  he  feared  that  any  title  mi<rht  awaken  the  sensitive  jealousy'of  Repub 
licans  at  a  moment  when  it  was  all  important  to  conciliate  public  good  will  to 
the  new  form  of  government.  It  was  a  relief  to  him,  therefore,  when  it  was 
finally  resolved  that  the  address  should  be  simply  'the  President  of  the  United 
States,  without  any  addition  of  title  ;  a  judicious  form,  which,  has  remained  ta 
the  present  day."— Irving's  Life  of  Washington. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  WAS  ADOPTED  AS  FOLLOWS  : 

By  Delaware,  on  the  7th  of  December 1787 

Pennsylvania,  on  the  12th  of  December 1787 

New  Jersey,  on  the  18th  of  December     ....  1787 

Georgia,  on  the  2d  of  January ,  1788 

Connecticut,  on  the  9th  of  January 1788 

Massachusetts,  on  the  6th  of  February.  1788 

Maryland,  on  the  28th  of  April 1788 

South  Carolina,  on  the  23d  of  May 1788 

New  Hampshire,  on  the  21st  of  June    1788 

Virginia,  on  the  26th  of  June 1788 

New  York,  OB  the  26th  of  July 1788 

North  Carolina,  on  the  21st  of  November 1789 

Rhode  Island,  on  the  29th  of  May 1790 


THE  CONSTITUTION. 


PREAMBLE. 

WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  & 
more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic 
tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote 
the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty 
to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish 
this  CONSTITUTION  for  the  United  States  of  America. 


ARTICLE  I. 
THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION  I. 

All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in 
a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

SECTION  II. 

1st  Clause.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  com 
posed  of  members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  peo- 

PREAMBLE.— What  is  the  introductory  part  of  the  Constitution  called  ?  What 
Is  the  object  of  the  preamble  ?  Ans.  To  state  the  purposes  of  the  Constitution 
How  many  and  what  purposes  are  stated  in  the  preamble  ?  By  whom  was  the 
Constitution  ordained  and  established  ?  Recite  the  preamble.  How  many  and 
what  departments  of  government  are  established  under  the  Constitution  ?  Ans 

hree  :  the  legislative,  the  judicial,  and  the  executive.  What  is  the  legislative 
department?  Ans.  The  power  that  enacts  the  laws.  What  is  the  executive  de 
partment  ?  Ay.  The  power  that  enforces  the  laws.  What  is  the  judicial  depart 
ment  ?  Ans.  The  power  that  interprets  the  laws. 

ARTICLE  I.— Sec.  1.  Of  what  does  Article  first  of  the  Constitution  treat  ?  In 
whom  is  the  legislative  power  vested?  Of  how  many  and  what  branches  does 
Congress  consist? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  13 

pie  of  the  several  states,  and  the  electors  in  each  state 
shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the 
most  numerous  branch  of  the  state  legislature. 

2d  Clause,  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years, 
and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state 
in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3d  Clause.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  ap 
portioned  among  the  several  states  which  may  be  included 
within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 
which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number 
of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a 
term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three- 
fifths  of  all  other  persons.*  The  actual  enumeration  shall 
be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subse 
quent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by 
law  direct.  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  ex 
ceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  state  shall 
have  at  least  one  representative ;  and  until  such  enumera 
tion  shall  be  made,  the  state  of  New  Hampshire  shall 
be  entitled  to  choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five, 

SEC.  II.—  1st  Clause.— Ky  wftom  are  the  representatives  chosen?  How  often 
are  they  chosen  ?  What  qualifications  are  requisite  for  electors  of  representa 
tives  ?  What  is  an  elector  ?  Ans.  One  who  has  the  right  to  vote  in  choosing  an 
officer. 

2d  Clause.—  How  old  must  a  person  be  before  he  can  be  a  representative? 
How  long  must  he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is  the 
requisite  in  regard  to  his  habitation?  Now  name  the  three  qualifications 
requisite  for  a  representative. 

3d  Clause. — How  were  representatives  and  direct  taxes  apportioned  among  the 
states  ?  How  were  the  respective  numbers  of  the  representative  population  of 
the  several  states  to  he  determined  ?  What  provision  is  made  in  regard  to  In 
dians  ?  What  was  meant  by  "  all  other  persons  ?  "  Ans.  Slaves.  When  was  the 
first  census  or  enumeration  to  be  made  ?  How  often  thereafter  is  the  census  to 
be  made  ?  How  many  inhabitants  at  least  are  required  for  one  representative  ? 
If  a  state  should  not  have  that  number,  what  is  the  law  ?  Was  the  first  represent 
ation  in  Congress  based  upon  the  actual  population  of  the  several  states  ?  Which 
state  at  first  sent  the  greatest  number  of  representatives  ?  Which  two  stntes 
sent  the  smallest  number  ?  Of  how  many  members  did  the  first  House  of  Rep 
resentatives  consist  ?  Of  how  many  does  the  present  House  consist  ?  (292.) 

*  See  Article  XIV.  of  the  Amendments. 


14  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

New  York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Del 
aware  one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina 
five,  South  Carolina  five,  and  Georgia  three. 

4th  Clause.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representa 
tion  from  any  state,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall 
issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5th  Caused  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose 
their  speaker  and  other  officers ;  and  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION  III. 

1st  Clause.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
composed  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the 
legislature  thereof,  for  six  years ;  and  each  senator  shall 
have  one  vote. 

2d  Clause.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled 
in  consequence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided 
as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of  the 
senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expira 
tion  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expira 
tion  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  ex 
piration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen 
every  second  year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resigna- 

4t/i  Clause.— How  are  vacancies  in  the  representation  of  a  state  to  be  filled? 

5th  Clause. — By  whom  is  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
chosen?  By  whom  are  the  other  officers  of  the  House  chosen?  What  sole 
power  has  the  House?  What  is  meant  by  impeachment?  Ans.  An  accusation 
against  a  public  officer,  charging  him  with  misconduct  in  the  discharge  of  his 
official  duties. 

SEC.  III.— 1st  Clause.— Of  whom  is  the  Senate  composed?  .By  whom  are  the 
senators  chosen  ?  For  how  long  a  period  are  they  chosen  ?  How  does  the  mode 
of  electing  a  senator  differ  from  that  of  a  representative  ?  Ans.  A  senator  of  the 
United  States  is  chosen  by  the  legislature  of  his  state ;  a  representative  is  chosen 
by  the  people.  How  do  their  terms  of  office  differ?  Ans.  A  senator  is  chosen 
for  six  years;  a  representative  for  only  two.  How  many  votes  is  each  senator 
entitled  to  ?  Have  the  large  states  any  more  senators  than  the  small  ones? 

2rf  Clause. — Into  how  many  classes  were  the  senators  at  first  divided?  In 
what  order  were  their  seats  of  office  vacated  ?  What  proportion  of  the  Senate 
is  elected  every  second  year  ?  How  often  is  one-third  elected  ?  When  may  the 


executive  of  a  state  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Senate  ?  For  how  long  a  time  does  a 
tenator  so  appointed  hold  his  office  ?  How  is  the  vacancy  then  filled  ?  Now 
•tate  how  vacancies  in  the  Senate  are  filled. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  15 

tion,  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of 
any  state,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary 
appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature, 
which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3d  Clause.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine 
years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 
when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

4th  Clause.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  States 
shall  be  president  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote, 
unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

5th  Clause.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers, 
and  also  a  president  pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the 
vice-president,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  presi 
dent  of  the  United  States. 

Qlh  Clause.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to 
try  all  impeachments.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose, 
they  shall  all  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  presi 
dent  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  chief-justice  shall 
preside :  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the 
concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

*th  Clause.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall 
not  extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  dis 
qualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust, 


3d  Clause.—  How  old  must  a  person  he  before  he  can  be  a  senator?  How  long 
must  he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is  required  of  him  in 
regard  to  residence?  Now  name  the  three  requisites  for  a  senator.  How  do 
they  differ  from  those  of  a  representative  ?  (See  page  13.) 

4th  Clause.— Who  is  president  of  the  Senate '/  When  only  is  he  entitled  to 
vote? 

5th  Clause.— What  officers  are  chosen  by  the  Senate  ?  What  is  meant  by  a 
" president  pro  tempore?1'  Ans.  One  chosen  only  for  the  time  being.  When 
does  the  Senate  choose  a  "president  pro  tempore  ?" 

6//i  Clause.— What  sole  power  has  the  Senate?  What  sole  power  has  the 
House?  (See  pa?e  14.)  Under  what  solemnity  does  the  Senate  sit  for  the  trial 
of  impeachments?  When  does  the  chief-justice  preside  in  the  Senate?  Who 
presides  when  the  president  of  the  United  States  is  tried?  What  proportion  of 
the  Senate  is  necessary  to  a  conviction  ? 

1th  Clause. — How  far  may  judgment  extend  in  cases  of  impeachment?  To 
tvhat  is  the  convicted  party  further  liable  ? 


16  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

or  profit  under  the  United  States ;  but  the  party  convicted 
shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment, 
trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION   IV. 

1st  Clause.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding 
elections  for  senators  and  representatives,  shall  be  pre 
scribed  in  each  state  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but  the 
Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  reg 
ulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once 
in  every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Mon 
day  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  dif 
ferent  day. 

SECTION  v. 

1st  Clause.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elec- 
tions,  returns,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a 
majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business ; 
but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and 
may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as 
each  house  may  provide. 

Id  Clause.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its 
proceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior, 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3d  Clause.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  pro- 

SEC.  IV.— 1st  Clause.— What  is  prescribed  by  each  state  legislature  in  regard 
to  elections  for  senators  and  representatives  ?  What  power  has  Congress  over 
such  regulations  ? 

2cl  Clause.— How  often  does  Congress  assemble  ?  On  what  day  is  it  prescribed 
that  the  meeting  shall  take  place  ?  May  a  different  day  be  appointed  ?  How  ? 

SEC.  V.— 1st  Clause.— Of  what  is  each  house  constituted  the  judo-e?  What 
proportion  constitutes  a  quorum  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  quorum  ?  Ans.  A  suffi 
cient  number  to  do  business.  What  power  do  a  smaller  number  possess  as  re 
gards  adjourning  ?  What  else  may  they  do  as  regards  absentees  ? 

M  Clause.— What  power  has  each  house  over  the  rules  of  its  proceedings  ? 
What  power  does  each  house  possess  for  enforcing  its  rules  ? 

3d  Clause.— What  is  required  of  each  house,  ic  respect  to  keeping  a  journal? 
How  is  publicity  given  to  the  proceedings  of  Congress  ?  What  part  of  its  jour, 
nal  may  either  house  withhold  from  publication  ? 

When  shall  the  yeas  and  nays  be  entered  on  the  journal  f 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  1? 

ceedings,  and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  except 
ing  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require  secrecy ; 
and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house 
on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those 
present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4th  Clause.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Con 
gress  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other  adjourn  for 
more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that 
in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 


SECTION  VI. 

\st  Clause.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  re 
ceive  a  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained 
by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 
They  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach 
of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  at 
tendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in 
going  to  and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech 
or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in 
any  other  place. 

2c?  Clause.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during 
the  time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any 
civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which 
shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall 
have  been  increased  during  such  time ;  and  no  person 

±th  Clause.— For  what  length  of  time  may  either  house  adjourn  without  the 
consent  of  the  other  ?  How  is  each  house  restricted  as  regards  the  place  to 
which  it  may  adjourn  ? 

SEC.  VI.— 1st  Clause.— Are  members  of  Congress  compensated  for  their  ser 
vices  ?  How  is  the  compensation  determined  ?  Are  members  of  Congress  paid 
by  their  states  respectively,  or  by  the  general  government  ?  Am.  They  are 
compensated  by  the  general  government,  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 
What  personal  privileges  are  members  of  Congress  entitled  to  ?  What  are  the 
three  exceptions  to  the  general  privilege  that  the  Constitution  allows  to  Con 
gressmen  ?  In  what  does  treason  consist  ?  (See  p.  32.)  What  is  felony  ?  Ans. 
A  crime  punishable  with  death.  What  is  meant  by  a  breach  of  the  prace  ? 
Ans.  A  violation  of  the  public  order.  For  what  are  members  of  Congress  not 
to  be  questioned  ? 

2$  Clause. — To  what  offices  cannot  members  of  Congress  be  elected?  Sup* 
pose  that  a  person  holds  an  office  under  the  United  States,  what  then  ? 


18  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

holding  any  office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a 
member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION   VII. 

1st  Clause.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate- 
in  the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  pro 
pose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

2d  Clause.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become 
a  law,  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States ; 
if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 
journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  re- 
consideration  two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass 
the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to 
the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsid 
ered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall 
become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both 
houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the 
names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall 
be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If 
any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  president  within  ten 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented 
to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he 

SEC.  7.— 1st  Clause.— In  which  branch  of  Congress  must  all  bills  for  raising 
revenue  originate  ?  What  power  has  the  Senate  over  such  bills  ? 

2d  Clause. — After  a  bill  has  passed  both  houses  of  Congress,  what  must  be 
done  with  it  ?  What  must  the  president  do  with  the  bill?  What  is  the  presi 
dent's  act  of  objecting  to  a  bill  called  ?  Ans.  A  veto.  Why  was  the  veto  power 
given  to  the  president  ?  Ans.  To  enable  him  to  protect  the  executive  depart 
ment  of  the  government  against  the  encroachments  of  the  legislature  :  also  with 
a  view  to  greater  security  against  the  enactment  of  improper  laws.  When  the 
president  vetoes  a  bill,  what  is  the  duty  of  the  house  to  which  it  is  sent  ?  When 
is  the  bill  sent  to  the  other  house?  What  accompanies  the  bill  to  the  other 
house?  Then  what  does  that  other  house  do  with  the  bill  ?  If  two-thirds  ap 
prove  of  the  bill,  what  then  ?  Now  state  how  a  bill  may  become  a  law,  notwith 
standing  the  veto  of  the  president  ?  When  the  two  houses  reconsider  a  vetoed 
bill,  how  do  they  determine  the  votes  ?  What  record  of  names  is  imperative  ? 
State  how  a  bilf  may  become  law,  even  though  the  president  has  neither  signed 
nor  veto'ed  it.  In  what  case  does  a  bill  fail  to  become  a  law,  though  it  has 
passed  both,  houses  of  Congress,  and  is  not  vStoed  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  19 


had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment 
prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3d  Clause.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which 
the  concurrence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa 
tives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  oi  adjourn 
ment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United 
States ;  and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  ap 
proved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be 
repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep 
resentatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  pre 
scribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill 


SECTION  VIII. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1st  Clause.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts, 
and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  com 
mon  defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but 
all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  through 
out  the  United  States ; 

2d  Clause.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States ; 

3d  Clause.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations, 
and  among  the  several  states,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes ; 

Sd  Clause. — What  is  necessary  to  be  clone  with  orders,  resolutions,  and  votes, 
requiring  the  concurrence  of  both  houses  before  they  can  take  effect  ?  What  is 
the  object  of  the  provision?  Ans.  If  it  were  not  for  the  provision,  Congress 
might  pass  laws,  calling  them  orders  or  resolutions,  and  thus  evade  the  presi 
dent's  veto.  When  the  president  vetoes  an  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  what 
course  does  it  take  ?  In  what  case,  requiring  the  concurrent  action  of  both 
houses,  has  the  president  no  veto  power  ? 

SEC.  VIII.— Is/!  Clause.— What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  taxes,  duties, 
imposts,  and  excises  ?  What  are  taxes  ?  Ans.  Contributions  of  money  exacted 
by  government  from  individuals,  for  public  purposes.  How  many  kinds  of  taxes 
are  there  ?  Ans.  Two  ;  direct  and  indirect.  What  are  direct  taxes  ?  Ans. 
Taxes  laid  directly  on  the  person  or  property  of  individuals.  What  are  indirect 
taxes?  Ans.  Taxes  laid  on  the  importation,  exportation,  and  consumption  of 
goods.  What  are  duties  ?  Ans.  Taxes  on  the  importation  or  exportation  of 
goods.  What  are  imposts?  Ans.  Taxes  on  goods  imported.  "What  are  ex 
cises  ?  Ans.  Taxes  on  goods  produced  or  manufactured  in  the  country. 

2d  Clause.— What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  borrowing  money  ? 

3d  Clause. — What  in  regard  to  regulating  commerce  ? 


20  CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


4th  Clause.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturaliza 
tion,  and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies 
throughout  the  United  States ; 

5th  Clause.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof, 
and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures ; 

6th  Clause.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counter 
feiting  the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States ; 

1th  Clause.  To  establish  post-ofiices  and  post-roads ; 

8th  Clause.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and 
useful  arts,  by  securing  for  limited  times  to  authors  and 
inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings 
and  discoveries ; 

9th  Clause.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  su 
preme  court ; 

Wth  Clause.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies 
committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law 
of  nations ; 

llth  Clause.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque 

4th  Clause.— What  in  regard  to  a  rule  of  naturalization  ?  What  is  meant  by 
naturalization  ?  Ans.  The  act  by  which  a  foreigner  becomes  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States.  How  long  must  a  person  reside  in  the  United  States  before  he 
can  be  naturalized  ?  Ans.  Five  years.  WThat  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to 
bankruptcies  ?  What  is  meant  by  bankruptcies  ?  Ans.  A  person  is  a  bankrupt 
when  he  is  unable  to  pay  his  just  debts. 

5th  Clause. — What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  coining  money  ?  What, 
in  regard  to  the  value  of  money  ?  What,  in  regard  to  foreign  coins  ?  What,  in 
regard  to  weights  and  measures. 

6th  Clause.— What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  counterfeiting? 

IthClause. — What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  post-offices  and  post-roads  ? 

8th  Clause.— In  what  way  may  Congress  promote  the  progress  of  science  and 
arts?  For  how  long  a  time  is  the  author  of  a  book  entitled  to  the  exclusive 
right  of  publishing  it?  Ans.  Twenty-eight  years?  What  is  the  right  called  ? 
Ans%  A  copyright.  Maya  copyright  be  renewed?  Ans.  At  the  expiration  of 
the  twenty-eight  years,  it  may  be  renewed  for  the  further  period  of  fourt  een  years. 
For  how  long  a  time  is  the  inventor  of  a  machine  entitled  to  the  exclusive  right 
of  manufacturing  it?  Ans.  Fourteen  years.  What  is  the  right  called?  A 
patent  right.  Can  a  patent  right  be  extended?  Ans.  The  commissioner  oi 
patents  is  authorized,  at  the  end  of  the  fourteen  years,  to  extend  the  right  for 
the  further  period  of  seven  years. 

Qth  Clause. — What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  judicial  tribunals  ? 

Wth  Clause.—  What,  in  regard  to  piracies,  felonies,  etc.?  What  is  piracy  ? 
Ans.  Robbery  on  the  high  seas?  WThat  is  meant  by  the  term  "high  seas?" 
Ans.  All  the  waters  of  the  ocean  beyond  the  boundaries  of  low-water  mark. 

llth  Clause. — What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  declaring  war  ?  What, 
ID  regard  to  "  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  ?"  What  are  letters  of  marque  and 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  21 

and  reprisal,  and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land 
and  water ; 

llth  Clause.  To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  ap 
propriation  of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer 
term  than  two  years ; 

\3th  Clause.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

14£A  Clause.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and 
regulation  of  the  land  and  naval  forces: 

15tk  Clause.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to 
execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and 
repel  invasions ; 

\Qth  Clause.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and 
disciplining  the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part  of 
them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  reserving  to  the  states  respectively  the  appoint 
ment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the 
militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Con 
gress  ; 

\1th  Clause.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all 
cases  whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten 
miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  states,  and 
the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  gov- 

reprisal  ?  Ans.  Commissions  granted  by  the  government  to  individuals,  author 
izing  them  to  prey  upon  the  commerce  of  another  nation.  What  power  haa 
Congress  in  regard  to  rules  concerning  captures? 

12«A  Glame.— What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  armies.  In  what  way 
is  such  power  restricted  ? 

VMh  Clause. — What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  a  navy  ? 

Itth  Clause.—  What  power  in  regard  to  the  government  of  the  land  and  navai 
forces  ? 

15th  Clause.— What  power  in  regard  to  calling  forth  the  militia,  etc.  ? 

Hilh  Clause.—  What  power  in  regard  to  organizing  armies,  and  disciplining 
the  militia  'i  What,  in  regard  to  governing  the  militia  ?  What  reservations  are 
secured  to  the  respective  states  ? 

Yith  Clause.  —  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  the  seat  of  government 
and  to  places  purchased  for  certain  purposes  set  forth  ?  What  is  the  district 
occupied  as  the  seat  of  government  called?  Ans.  The  District  of  Columbia. 
How  large  was  the  District  of  Columbia  originally?  Ans.  Ten  miles  square. 
From  what  states  had  it  been  derived  ?  Ans.  By  cession  from  the  states  of 
Maryland  and  Virginia?  Is  the  District  of  Columbia  at  present  ten  miles 
square  ?  Ans.  The  portion  derived  from  Virginia  having  been  ceded  back  to 
that  state,  in  1846,  the  District  is  now  confined  to  the  Maryland  side  of  the  Po 
tomac.  What  consent  is  requisite  before  the  United  States  can  acquire  property 
In  a  Btate  for  the  erection  of  forte,  magazines,  etc, 


22  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

ernment  of  the  United  States ;  and  to  exercise  like  author 
ity  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legis 
lature  of  the  state  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and 
other  needful  buildings ; — and 

18£A  Clause.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary 
and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing 
powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  Constitution 
in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  depart 
ment  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION  IX. 

1st  Clause.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  per 
sons  as  any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper 
to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress  prior 
to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a 
tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  ex 
ceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

2d  Clause.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion 
or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3d  Clause.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law 
shall  be  passed. 

18th  Clause.— What  general  powers  are  conferred  upon  Congress  in  regard  to 
making  laws  ? 

SEC.  IX.—  1st  Clause.— What  restriction  was  imposed  upon  Congress  in  re 
gard  to  the  migration  or  importation  of  certain  persons  ?  Who  were  meant  by 
^such  persons  ?  Ans.  Slaves.  What  was  the  great  object  of  the  clause  ?  Am. 
To  enable  Congress  to  put  an  end  to  the  importation  of  slaves  into  the  United 
States,  after  the  year  1808.  In  what  way  was  Congress  left  to  restrain  the  im 
portation  without  actually  forbidding  it?  When  was  the  importation  actually 
prohibited  ?  Ans.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1808. 

2d  Clause.— What  is  said  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus?  What  is  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus?  Ans.  A  written  command  from  a  judge  or  other  magistrate, 
directing  that  the  body  of  a  certain  person  shall  be  brought  before  him.  What 
is  the  object  of  the  writ?  Ans.  To  provide  a  means  of  redress  for  all  manner 
of  illegal  imprisonment.  Repeat  the  clause  in  relation  to  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus.  In  what  cases  may  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be  sus 
pended? 

3d  Clause.— What  is  said  of  bills  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  laws  ?  What 
is  a  bill  of  attainder?  Ans.  An  act  of  the  legislature  inflicting  the  punishment 
of  death,  without  trial,  upon  persons  supposed  to  be  guilty  of  high  crimes. 
What  is  an  ex  post  facto  law  ?  Ans.  A  law  which  renders  an  act  punishablo 
tvhich  was  not  punishable  at  the  time  of  ite  commission. 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  23 

4th  Clause.  No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be 
laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration 
herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

oth  Clause.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles 
exported  from  any  state. 

Qth  Clause.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regu 
lation  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  state 
over  those  of  another:  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to,  or 
from,  one  state,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties 
in  another. 

1th  Clause.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treas 
ury,  but  in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law ; 
and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from 
time  to  time. 

8th  Clause.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the 
United  States :  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit 
or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title, 
of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign 
state. 

SECTION  x. 

1st  Clause.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance, 
or  confederation  ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ; 
coin  money ;  emit  bills  of  credit ;  make  any  thing  but 

4th  Clause.— In  what  way  may  Congress  lay  a  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  ? 
What  is  meant  by  a  capitation  tax  ?  Ans.  A  direct  tax  upon  individuals.  How 
is  the  census  to  be  taken  ?  (See  p.  13.) 

5tk  Clause  —What  prohibition  is  imposed  upon  Congress  in  relation  to  articles 
exported  from  any  state  ? 

Mh  Clause.— What  preference  is  forbidden  in  relation  to  a  regulation  of  com 
merce  or  revenue?  What  freedom  have  vessels  that  are  bound  from  one  state 
to  another  ? 

1th  Clause.— Under  what  circumstances  only  can  money  be  drawn  from  the 
national  treasury?  What  publication  must  be  made  in  regard  to  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money? 

8th  Clause.—  What  is  said  in  the  Constitution  about  titles  of  nobility?  What 
is  said  of  officeholders  accepting  presents,  etc.  ?  Under  what  circumstances 
may  an  officeholder  accept  a  present  ?  Repeat  the  clause  relating  to  titles  and 
presents. 

SBC,  X,— 1st  Clause.—  What  prohibition  is  placed  upon  the  several  state* 


24  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ;  pass 
any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing 
the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2d  Clause.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  tht 
Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports, 
except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing 
its  inspection  laws '.  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  an<? 
imposts,  laid  by  any  state  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be 
for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all 
such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of 
the  Congress. 

3d  Clause.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Con 
gress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of 
war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  com 
pact  with  another  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  en 
gage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent 
danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

as  regards  treaties,  alliances,  or  confederations  ?  What,  as  regards  letters  ol 
marque  and  reprisal  ?  What,  as  regards  the  coining  pi'  money  ?  What,  as  re 
gards  bills  of  credit?  What  is  meant  by  bills  of  credit?  Ans.  Bills  of  credit, 
within  the  meaning  of  the  Constitution,  are  bills  intended  to  circulate  as  money 
among  the  people.  What  is  constituted  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  debt? 
What  prohibition  is  placed  upon  individual  states,  in  regard  to  a  bill  of  attain 
der?  What,  in  regard  to  an  ex  post  facto  law?  What,  in  regard  to  a  law  im 
pairing  the  obligation  of  contracts?  What,  iu  regard  to  a  title  of  nobility  ?  Re 
cite  the  clause  just  considered. 

2rf  Clause.—  What  prohibition  are  individual  states  under,  as  regards  imposts 
or  duties  ?  In  what  case  only  may  a  state  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  ?  What  are 
inspection  laws  ?  Ans.  Laws  requiring  certain  articles  of  commerce  to  be  ex 
amined  by  officers  called  inspectors.  What  disposition  must  be  made  of  the 
net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  state  ?  What  are  the  inspec 
tion  laws  of  individual  states  us  regards  imports  or  exports  subject  to? 

3d  Clause. — What  prohibitions  are  individual  states  under  as  to  the  laying  of 
a  duty  of  tonnage  ?  What  is  a  duty  of  tonnage?  Ans.  A  tax  laid  on  vessels  at 
a  certain  rate  per  ton.  What  prohibition  are  individual  states  under  as  to  the 
keeping  of  troops?  What,  as  to  the  keeping  of  ships  of  war?  What,  as  to  an 
agreement  or  compact  with  another  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power  ?  What,  as 
>to  engaging  in  war  ?  Under  what  circumstances  then  may  a  state  engage  in 
war  ?  

NOTE.— Under  the  original  clause  of  the  Constitution  providing  for  the  elec 
tion  of  president  and  vice-president,  the  electors  voted  for  two  persons,  without 
naming  their  choice  for  the  higher  position,  "  the  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes "  being  declared  president,  and  the  next,  vice-president. 
Washington,  John  Adams,  and  Jefferson  (for  the  first  term),  were  so  elected. 
For  the  present  method,  see  the  12th  Amendment,  on  the  next  page.  (For  a 
history  of  political  parties,  see  topic  224,  Ap.,  p.  81.) 


CONSTITUTION   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  25 

ARTICLE   II. 
THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION   I. 

1st  Clause.  The  exec  alive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a 
president  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold 
his  office  during-  the  term  of  four  years,  and,  together  with 
the  vice-president,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected 
as  follows. 

2d  Clause.  Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as 
the  legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors, 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  representatives 
to  which  the  state  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress ;  but 
no  senator  or  representative,  or  person  holding  an  office 
of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  ap 
pointed  an  elector. 

THE    TWELFTH    AMENDMENT   TO    THE    CONSTITUTION. 

1st  Clause.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  president  and  vice-president^ 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the 
same  state  with  themselves ;  they  shall  name  in  their  bal« 

ARTICLE  II.— SEC.  I.— 1st  Clause.— Of  what  does  Article  II.  of  the  Constittv 
tion  treat?  In  whom  is  the  executive  power  of  the  United  States  vested! 
What  is  the  president's  term  of  office  ?  How  often  may  a  president  be  re. 
elected  ?  Ans.  The  Constitution  docs  not  limit  the  number  of  terms  for  which 
a  president  may  be  re-elected.  Who  was  the  first  president  of  the  United  States  ? 
(See  table,  p.  212.)  For  how  many  terms  did  Washington  serve?  Why  was  not 
Washington  elected  for  a  third  term?  Ans.  At  the  close  of  his  second  term  of 
office,  he  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third  term.  What  has  been  the  effect 
of  his  declination?  Ans.  Washington's  example  in  declining  to  be  elected  for 
a  third  term,  has  become  a  precedent  by  which  subsequent  presidents  have  been, 
guided.  How  many  and  what  presidents  have  served  two  terms  each  ?  (See 
table,  p.  212.)  Which  has  the  longest  term  of  office— the  president,  a  senator,  or 
a  representative?  WThat  term  has  each?  What  is  (he  vice-president's  term  of 
office?  Who  was  the  first  vice-president  of  the  United  States  ?  (See  table,  p. 
212.)  By  whom  are  the  president  and  vice-president  chosen  ?  Ans.  The  presi- 
dent  and  vice-president  are  not  chosen  by  the  people  directly,  but  by  electors. 

2d  Clause.— In  what  manner  does  each  state  appoint  electors  ?  What,  number 
of  electors  is  each  state  entitled  to  ?  Who  are  prohibited  from  being  electors  1 

The  Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution.— What  has  been  done  with  the 


26  CONSTITUTION   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

lots  the  person  voted  for  as  president,  and  in  distinct  bal 
lots  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  they  shall 
make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president, 
and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the 
number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  Sen 
ate; — the  president  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  presence  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the 
certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted; — the 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  president, 
shall  be  the  president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person 
have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the 
highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  president,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  president.  But  in 
choosing  the  president,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states, 
the  representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote ;  a 
quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or 
members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of 
all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the 
House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  president 
whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the 
vice-president  shall  act  as  president,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  president. 

original  clause  of  the  Constitution  prescribing  the  proceedings  to  be  taken 
to  elect  a  president  and  vice-president  ?  Ans.  The  original  clause  of  the 
Constitution,  prescribing  the  mode  in  which  the  president  and  vice-president 
were  to  be  elected  has  been  repealed,  and  its  place  supplied  by  the  twelfth 
amendment  to  the  Constitution.  What  is  the  history  of  the  twelfth  amend> 
ment?  Ans.  It  was  proposed  in  1803,  and  declared  adopted  in  1804.  Where 
do  the  electors  for  president  and  vice-president  meet  ?  In  what  way  do  they 
vote?  What  is  prescribed  respecting  one  of  the  persons  for  whom  they  shall 
not  vote  ?  How  is  it  required  that  their  ballots  shall  be  made  out  ?  After  voting, 
what  lists  are  they  required  to  prepare?  What  provision  must  be  complied 
with,  before  the  lists  can  pass  out  of  their  hands  ?  After  the  lists  are  signed, 
certified,  and  sealed,  to  whom  are  they  directed?  To  what  place  are  they 
then  transmitted  ?  What  does  the  president  of  the  Senate  do  with  the  certifr 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  27 

2d  Clause.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  as  vice-president,  shall  be  the  vice-president,  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors 
appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from 
the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall 
choose  the  vice-president :  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall 
consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators, 
and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary 
to  a  choice. 

3d  Clause.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to 
the  office  of  president  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States. 


4th  Clause.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of 
choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall 
give  their  votes ;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout 
the  United  States. 

bth  Clause.  No  person  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  or 

cates?  How  is  it  determined  who  is  elected  president?  Now  describe  the 
manner  in  which  the  electors  choose  a  president.  In  the  event  of  no  choice 
being  made  by  the  electors,  by  whom  is  the  president  chosen  ?  From  how 
many  and  what  candidates  must  the  House  of  Representatives  choose  the  presi 
dent?  In  what  way  must  the  choice  be  made?  How  are  the  votes  taken  in 
choosing  the  president?  How  many  votes  is  each  state  entitled  to  ?  How  many 
is  each  entitled  to,  when  voting  by  electors?  In  choosing  the  president  by  the 
House  of  Representatives,  how  many  constitute  a  quorum  ?  In  such  case,  how 
many  states  are  necessary  to  a  choice?  Whenever  the  right  of  choosing  a 
president  devolves  upon  the  House  of  Representatives,  till  what  time  may  the 
right  be  exercised  ?  Now  describe  the  manner  in  which  the  House  of  Repre 
sentatives  choose  a  president  ?  In  the  event  of  both  the  electors  and  House  of 
Representatives  failing  to  choose  a  president,  what  takes  place  ? 

-Zd  Clause.— \Vho  shall  be  the  vice-president  ?  In  the  event  of  no  person  kav- 
ing  a  majority  of  electoral  votes,  by  whom  is  the  vice-president  chosen  ?  When 
choosing  a  vice-president,  how  many  senators  are  requisite  to  a  quorum  ?  How 
many  are  necessary  to  a  choice  ? 

3rf  Clause. — Who  are  ineligible  to  the  office  of  vice-president? 

4th  CTawf«.— What  power  has  Congress  over  the  time  of  choosing  the  elect 
ors  ?  What  as  to  the  day  on  which  the  electors  shall  vote  ?  In  the  event  of 
Congress  determining  the  day  on  which  the  electors  shall  give  their  votes,  what 
sameness  is  prescribed  ?  When  are  the  electors  chosen  ?  Ans.  On  the  Tues 
day  next  after  the  first  Monday,  in  the  last  November  of  each  presidential  term. 
Where  do  the  electors  meet  to  give  their  votes  ?  Ans.  In  their  respective  states, 
at  a  place  appointed  by  the  legislature  thereof,  usually  in  the  capital.  When  do 
the  electors  meet  to  give  their  votes  ?  Ans.  On  the  first  Wednesday  in  the  last 
December  of  each  presidential  term. 


28  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

a  citizen  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  presi 
dent  ;  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office 
who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years, 
and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  the  United 
States. 

6th  Clause.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from 
office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge 
the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall 
devolve  on  the  vice-president ;  and  the  Congress  may  by 
law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation, 
or  inability,  both  of  the  president  and  vice-president,  de 
claring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president,  and  such 
officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  re 
moved,  or  a  president  shall  be  elected. 

*Jth  Clause.  The  president  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 
for  his  services  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  in 
creased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within 
that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States, 
or  any  of  them. 

8th  Clause.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his 
office,  he  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation : — 


5th  Clause. — What  person,  as  regards  his  place  of  birth,  cannot  be  eligible  to 
the  offici:  of  president  ?  How  old  must  a  person  be  to  be  eligible  to  that  office  ? 
How  many  years  must  a  person,  to  be  eligible  to  that  office,  have  resided  with 
in  the  United  States  ?  Now  state  the  legal  qualifications  of  a  president.  Re 
cite  the  clause  relating  to  the  qualifications. 

Mh  Clause.— In  what  contingencies  does  the  office  of  president  devolve  on  the 
vice-president?  What  provision  is  made  by  the  Constitution  for  the  case  of 
removal  or  death,  etc.,  of  the  president?  What  provision  is  made  by  the  Con 
stitution  for  the  case  of  removal  or  death,  etc.,  of  both  president  and  vice  presi 
dent?  In  the  case  of  removal,  etc.,  of  both  president  and  vice-president,  what 
officer  shall,  by  law  of  Congress,  act  as  president?  Am.  The  president  of  the 
Senate,  pro  tempore,  shall  act  as  president.  What  is  to  be  done,  in  case  there 
is  no  president  of  the  Senate?  Am.  The  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa 
tives  shall  act  as  president.  How  long  shall  such  officer  continue  to  act  ? 

1th  Clause. — What  does  the  Constitution  provide  as  regards  the  compensa> 
tion  to  be  allowed  to  the  president?  What  restriction  is  imposed,  in  regard  to 
any  other  emolument  ?  Fecite  the  clause  relating  to  the  president's  compensa 
tion.  What  is  the  salary  of  the  president  ?  Am.  $50,000  a  year,  together  witti 
the  use  of  the  presidential  mansion  and  its  furniture.  What  is  the  salary  o/ 
the  vice-president  ?  Am,  $10,000  a  year. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  29 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  office  of  president  of  the  United  States,  and 
will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  de^ 
feud  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SECTION  n. 

1st  Clause.  The  president  shall  be  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the 
militia  of  the  several  states,  when  called  into  the  actual 
service  of  the  United  States  ;  he  may  require  the  opinion, 
m  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  execu 
tive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties 
of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United 
States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2d  Clause.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two- 
thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nomi 
nate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  con 
suls,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all  other  officers  of 
the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by 
law:  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment 

8th  Clause. — What  does  the  president  do,  just  before  entering  on  the  ex  ,cu 
tion  of  his  office  ?  Repeat  the  oath  or  affirmation  taken  by  the  president. 

SEC.  II.—  1st  Clause.  In  what  relation  does  the  president  stand  toward  the 
army  and  navy  ?  When  only  can  he  command  the  militia?  Whose  opinions 
may  he  require  in  writing?  Upon  what  subjects  may  he  require  the  opinions? 
Is  he  bound  to  be  guided  by  such  opinions?  Ana.  lie  is  not.  What  executive 
departments  have  been  established  by  Congress  ?  Ans.  Six,  namely  :  Of  State,  of 
the  Navy,  of  War,  of  the  Treasury,  Post-office  Department,  and  of  the  Interior.  For 
what  purpose  were  they  established  ?  An.f.  To  aid  the  president  in  the  execu 
tive  and  administrative  business  of  the  government.  How  are  the  heads  of  the 
departments  appointed?  Ans.  By  the  president,  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate.  How  is  the  attorney-general  appointed?  Ans.  In  like  manner 
as  the  heads  of  the  departments.  Of  whom  does  the  president's  cabinet 
consist?  Ans.  Of  the  heads  of  the  departments,  and  the  attorney-general. 
What  power  has  the  president,  in  relation  to  reprieves  and  pardons  ?  What  is 
a  reprieve  ?  Ans.  A  limited  suspension  or  delay  of  the  execution  of  a  sentence 
In  a  criminal  case.  With  what  exception  is  the  president  vested  with  the  powe* 
to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  ? 


30  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

of  such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think  proper,  in  the  pres 
ident  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  de- 
'partments. 

3d  Clause.  The  president  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all 
vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate, 
by  granting  commissions,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end 
of  their  next  session. 

SECTION   III. 

He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  infor 
mation  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their 
consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary 
and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  con 
vene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disa 
greement  between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  ad 
journment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall 
think  proper ;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  pub 
lic  ministers ;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faith 
fully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the 

United  States. 

SECTION  rv. 

The  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeach 
ment  for,  and  conviction  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

%d  Clause.—  What  power  has  the  president  relative  to  treaties  ?  In  whom  is 
the  appointing  power  vested  ?  What  is  the  first  step  in  making  an  appoint 
ment  ?  What  offices  are  enumerated,  for  which  the  president  and  Senate  make 
appointments  ?  What  may  Congress  do  in  relation  to  the  appointment  of  infe 
rior  officers  ? 

3d  Clause.— What  vacancies  can  the  president  fill?  When  does  such  appoint 
ment  expire  ? 

SEC.  III.— What  information  is  the  president  required  to  give  to  Congress} 
What  recommendations  is  he  required  to  make?  In  what  way  are  the  recom 
niendations  made  ?  Am.  By  means  of  written  messages.  Was  the  reading  ol 
written  messages  always  the  practice?  Ans.  The  first  two  presidents.  Wash, 
ington  and  Adams,  used  to  meet  Congress,  and  make  their  recommendation! 
by  addresses,  which  they  read.  Is  Contrress  obliged  to  adopt  the  president's 
recommendations?  Ans.  It  is  not.  When  may  the  president  convene  both 
houses  ?  May  he  convene  only  one  house  ?  When  ?  When  may  the  president 
adjourn  Congress?  What  is  the  duty  of  the  president  respecting  ambassadors, 
etc.?  What  is  his  duty  respecting  the  execution  of  the  laws?  What  is  his 
duty  respecting  the  granting  of  commissions  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.      31 

ARTICLE  III. 
THE  JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION  I. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested 
in  one  supreme  court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the 
Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish. 
The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall 
hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated 
times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation,  which 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  II. 

1st  Clause.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases, 
in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws 
of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall 
be  made,  under  their  authority ;  to  all  cases  affecting  am 
bassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls;  to  all  cases 
of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies 
to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  to  contro 
versies  between  two  or  more  states ;  between  a  state  and 
citizens  of  another  state ;  between  citizens  of  different 


SEC.  IV  —For  what  crimes  may  government  officers  be  removed  from  office? 
How  may  the  removal  be  effected  ? 

ARTICLE  III.— SEC.  I.— Of  what  does  Article  III.  of  the  Constitution  treat? 
In  what  is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  vested?  How  long  do  the 
judges  hold  their  offices?  What  is  established  as  to  the  compensation  of  the 
Judges  ?  How  can  the  judges  be  removed  from  office  ?  (See  page  15.)  How  is 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  organized  ?  Ans.  It  is  composed  of  one 
chief-justice,  and  eight  associate  justice's,  any  five  of  whom  constitute  a  quo 
mm.  What  is  the  salary  of  the  chief-justice  ?  Ans.  $10,500  a  year.  What  is  the 
salary  of  each  associate  justice  ?  Ans.  $10,000  a  year. 

SEC.  II.—  1st  Clause.— Name  the  first  of  the*  nine  subjects  in  which  the  United 
States  courts  have  jurisdiction.  Name  the  second,  concernine  ambassadors, 
etc.  Name  the  third,  concerning  certain  jurisdiction.  The  fourth,  concerning 
controversies  with  the  United  States.  The  fifth,  concerning  controversies  be 
tween  states.  The  sixth,  concerning  controversies  between  a  state  and  citizens. 
The  seventh,  concerning  controversies  between  citizens.  The  eighth,  concern 
ing  controversies  between  citizens  claiming  lands.  What  is  the  last  of  the  nine 


82  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

states ;  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming  lands 
under  grants  of  different  states,  and  between  a  state,  or 
the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  .sub 
jects. 

2d  Clause.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  state 
shall  be  a  party,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  original 
jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the 
supreme  court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to 
law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such  regu 
lations  as  the  Congreso  shall  make. 

3d  Clause.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  im 
peachment,  shall  be  by  jury;  and  such  trial  shall  be  held 
in  the  state  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  been  com 
mitted  ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  state,  the 
trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may 
by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  in. 

1st  Clause.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  con 
sist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 
their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person 
shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of 
two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in 
open  court. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare 
the  punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason 

M  Clause.— In  what  cases  ha?  the  supreme  court  original  jurisdiction  ?  What 
is  meant  bv  original  jurisdiction  ?  An?.  That  in  which  a  suit  originates  or  com 
mences.  What  is  meant  by  appellate  jurisdiction  ?  Ans.  That  in  which  the 
decision  of  an  inferior  court  is  taken  on  appeal. 

M  C&W*.— Before  whom  must  the  "trial  of  all  crimes11  be  held  ?  What 
cases  are  exceptions  to  the  law ?  By  whom  are  impeachments  tnecl  i  (feee 
page  15.)  Where  must  the  trial  of  a  crime  committed  within  a  state  be  held 
Where,  when  not  committed  within  a  state  ?  Repeat  the  entire  clause  just  con- 
Sec  TIL—  \st,  Clause.— In  how  many  things  does  treason  against  tht  United 
States  consist?  What  are  the  two  things ?  What  is  necessary  to  a  conviction 
of  treason  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  33 

shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture  except  during 
the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 
MISCELLANEOUS  PROVISIONS. 

SECTION   I. 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  state  to  the 
public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every 
other  state.  And  the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  pre 
scribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records,  and  pro 
ceedings  shall  be  proved,  arid  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION    II. 

1st  Clause.  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled 
to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several 
states. 

2cl  Clause.  A  person  charged  in  any  state  with  treason, 
felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be 
found  in  another  state,  shall  on  demand  of  the  executive 
authority  of  the  state  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up, 
to  be  removed  to  the  state  having  jurisdiction  of  the 
crime. 

3d  Clause.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one 
state,  under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall, 
in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be  dis- 

3d  Clause—  What  power  has  Congress  relative  to  the  punishment  of  treason? 
How  docs  the  Constitution  limit  the  consequences  of  attainder  ?  What  is  meant 
by  attainder?  Am.  Attainder  means  a  stah.inp,  corruption,  or  rendering  im 
pure.  What  is  meant  by  corruption  of  blood  ?  Am.  By  "  corruption  of  blood" 
a  person  is  disabled  to  inherit  lands  from  an  ancestor  ;  'nor  can  he  either  retain 
those  in  his  possession,  or  transmit  them  by  descent  to  his  heirs. 

ARTICLE  IV.-SEC.  T.-Of  what  does  Article  IV.  treat  ?  How  are  the  public 
be  roved  ?  8everal  states,  to  be  treated  in  each  state  ?  How  are  they  to 


SEC    II._l.<rf  ClauM.—  What  privileges  and  immunities  are  the  citizens  of 
each  state  entitled  to? 

?WaW*e'~What  i8  Sald  °f  persons  cnarged  with  crime,  fleeing  into  another 
Clause.—  What  is  said  of  persons  escaping  from  service  or  labor  ?    What 
persons  were  referred  to  in  the  third  clause  ?    Ans.  Fugitive  slaves  and  per 
sons  bound  by  indentures  of  apprenticeship,    (See  Art.  xni.  of  Amendments.) 


34  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


charged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered 
up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor 
may  be  due. 

SECTION    III. 

1st  Clause.  New  states  may  be  admitted  by  the  Con 
gress  into  this  Union ;  but  no  new  state  shall  be  formed 
or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state;  nor 
any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  states, 
or  parts  of  states,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures 
of  the  states  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose 
of  and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting 
the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  con 
strued  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or 
of  any  particular  state. 

SECTION   IV. 

The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  state  in  this 
Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  pro 
tect  each  of  them  against  invasion ;  and  on  application  of 
the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature 
cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE   V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Con 
stitution,  or,  on  the  application  of  the  legislatures  of  two- 

SEC.  III.— 1st  Clause.— By  whom  may  new  states  be  admitted  into  the  Union? 
What  is  said  of  the  formation  of  new  states  ?  How  many  states  belonged  to 
the  Union  at  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  ?  (See  pages  13-14.)  How  many 
belong  to  the  Union  now  ?  (See  table.) 

M  Clause.— What  power  has  Congress  respecting  the  territory  or  other  prop- 
erty  belonging  to  the  United  States  ?  What  construction  as  to  claims  is  not 
to  be  put  upon  any  part  of  the  Constitution  ? 

SEC.  IV. — What  guarantee  does  the  Constitution  make  to  the  several  states 
in  respect  to  their  form  of  government  ?  In  what  two  events  are  the  United 
States  bound  to  protect  individual  states  ? 

ARTICLE  V. — Of  what  does  Article  V.  treat  ?  In  what  two  ways  may  amend 
ments  to  th-e  Constitution  be  proposed  ?  What  two  ways  are  provided  for  rati- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  35 

thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  convention  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be 
valid,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitu 
tion,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of 
the  several  states,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may 
be  proposed  by  the  Congress :  provided  that  no  amend 
ment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the 
first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first 
article ;  and  that  no  state,  without  its  consent,  shall  be 
deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

1st  Clause.  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  en 
tered  into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Consti 
tution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2d  Clause.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land ; 
anu  the  judges  in  every  state  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any 
thing  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  state  to  the  con 
trary  notwithstanding. 

3d  Clause.  The  senators  and  representatives  before 
mentioned,  and  the  members  of  the  several  state  legis 
latures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of  the 

tying  amendments  ?  What  three  restrictions  upon  the  power  of  making  amend 
ments  were  originally  imposed  by  the  Constitution  ?  Why  have  two  of  the 
restrictions  lost'their 'force?  What  do  "  the  first  and  fourth  clauses"  referred 
to.  declare?  What  permanent  restriction  upon  the  power  of  making  amend 
ments  still  exists  in  full  force  ? 

ARTICLE  VI.— 1st  Clause.— What  debts  and  engagements  does  the  Constitution 
recognize  ? 

2<Z  Clause.— What  is  declared  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land?  By  what 
are  the  judges  in  every  state  bound? 


36  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


United  States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  bound  by 
oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution ;  but  no 
religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to 
any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  states,  shall 
be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution 
between  the  states  so  ratifying  the  same. 


AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED  BT  CONGRESS,  AND  RATIFIED  BY  THE  LEGISLATURES  OP  THE  SEV 
ERAL  STATES,  1'URSUANT  TO  THE  FIFTH  ARTICLE  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  CONSTI 
TUTION. 

ARTICLE  I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establish 
ment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof; 
or  abridging  the  freedom  of  spoech,  or  of  the  press  ;  or 
the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  pe 
tition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

Kd  Clause  —  Who,  besides  the  judges,  are  bound  to  support  the  Constitution  ? 
In  what  way  shall  they  be  bound  ?  What  prohibition  is  made  in  regard  to  reli- 


.—  How  many  states  were  necessary  to  ratify  the  Constitution  in 
order  to  its  establishment  ? 

AMENDMENTS. 

Why  were  the  first  ten  articles  of  amendments  made  ?  Ans.  Because  it  was 
eeneraily  felt  that  the  Constitution  did  not  sufficiently  protect  the  right?  of  the 
people  How  may  they,  then,  be  regarded  ?  Ans.  As  a  declaration  securing  to 
the  people  aud  states  certain  rights  beyond  the  possibility  of  being  encroached 
upon  by  Congress.  When  were  they  proposed  ?  Ans.  In  178fl,  during  the  first 
session  of  the  first  Congress  under  the  Constitution.  When  were  they  adopted  ? 
Ans.  Haying  been  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  states,  they  were  declared 

1  °\sf  Article'.—  What  declaration  does  the  first  amendment  make,  respecting  re 
ligion  ?  What,  respecting  the  freedom  of  speech  ?  What,  respecting  the  free 
dom  of  the  press  ?  What,  respecting  the  right  of  petition  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  37 

ARTICLE  II. 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  secu 
rity  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any 
house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of 
war  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons, 
houses,  papers,  and  eiFects,  against  unreasonable  searches 
and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  warrants  shall 
issue  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or 
affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be 
searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  oth 
erwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indict 
ment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land 
or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service 
in  time  of  war  or  public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  person  be 
subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy 
of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal 

2tf  Article.— What  is  the  declaration  respecting  the  right  of  the  people  to 
keep  and  bear  arms  ? 

3<2  Article. — What  is  said  of  quartering  soldiers  ? 

\Lh  Article.— What  is  said  of  searches  and  seizures  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
Issuing  of  warrants  ? 

5th  Article.— What  is  said  of  holding  persons  to  answer  for  crimes?  What 
is  said  of  a  second  trial  for  the  same  oftence  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  clause 
that  no  person  shall  "  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy,"  etc.  ?  Am.  It  means  that  no 
person  shall  be  a  second  time  tried  for  an  offence  of  which  he  has  been  legally 
acquitted  or  convicted.  When  shall  not  a  person  be  compelled  to  witness 
against  himself?  What  guarantee  of  protection  to  life,  liberty,  and  property  is 
given  ?  When  only  can  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use  ? 


38  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of 
life,  liberty,  or  property  without  due  process  of  law ;  nor 
shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use  without 
just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the 
Tight  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of 
the  state  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been 
committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  as 
certained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and 
cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  wit 
nesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  ob 
taining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance 
of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy 
shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury 
shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be 
otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States 
than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE   VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines 
imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights 
Bhall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  re 
tained  by  the  people. 

6th  Article.— What  right  shall  a  person  accused  of  crime  have  ?  What  right, 
as  to  the  witnesses  against  him  ?  What  right,  as  to  the  witnesses  in  his  favor? 
What  right,  as  to  the  assistance  of  counsel  ? 

1th  Article.— In  what  suits  shall  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  be  preserved?  In 
What  way  only  shall  the  re-examination  of  facts  tried  by  a  jury  be  made  ? 

Wt  Article.— What  is  said  of  bail,  fines,  and  punishments? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.      39 


ARTICLE  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the 
Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  states,  are  re 
served  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE   XL 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be 
construed  to  extend  to  any  suit,  in  law  or  equity,  com 
menced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States  by 
citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 
foreign  state. 

ARTICLE   XIIL* 

SECTION  I. — Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude, 
except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall 
have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United 
States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SEC.  II. — Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this 
article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

ARTICLE   XIV. 

SECTION  I. — All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the 
United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  state  wherein 
they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law 
which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citi- 

9/A  Article.- -What  is  said  of  rights  retained  by  the  people  ? 

IQfh  Artide.—Whut  is  said  of  me  powers  reserved  to  the  states  ? 

\\th  Article.—  What  is  said  of  the  restriction  upon  the  judicial  power  ?  What 
is  the  history  of  the  eleventh  amendment  ?  Arts.  It  was  proposed  by  Congress 
in  1794,  and  declared  adopted  in  1798. 

13/A  Arlic'e.— SECTION  I.— What  is  said  of  slavery  and  involuntary  servitude  ? 

SEC.  II.—  What  power  has  Congress  with  reference  to  this  subject  ?  What  is 
the  history  of  the  thirteenth  amendment?  Ai>s.  It  was  proposed  In  1865,  and 
declared  adopted  in  December  of  the  same  year.  (See  Const.,  Art.  IV.,  Sec.  II.) 

AIITICLB  XIV.— When  was  the  14th  Article  adopted  ?  A»s.  Having  been 
ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  states  it  was  declared  adopted  on  the  28th,  ol 
July,  1868. 

*  For  the  twelfth  amendment,  see  page  25. 


4:0  CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

gens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  state  deprive 
any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  pro 
cess  of  law,  nor  deny  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction 
the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  II. — Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  states  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 
counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  state,  ex 
cluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote 
at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  president  and 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  representatives  in 
Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  statej 
or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to 
any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  state,  being  21  years 
of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way 
abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other 
crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced 
in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty- 
one  years  of  age  in  such  state. 

SEC.  III. — No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  represent 
ative  in  Congress,  cr  elector  of  president  and  vice- 
president,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the 
United  States,  or  under  any  state,  who,  having  previously 
taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer 
of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  state  Legis 
lature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  state, 

Section  1.  Who  are  declared  to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States  ?  What  re 
striction  is  imposed  upon  the  states  with  regard  to  the  privileges  or  immunities 
of  citizens?  What,  with  regard  to  the  lives,  liberty,  or  property  of  persons? 
Wh-it,  with  regard  to  the  protection  or'  the  law  given  to  persons  '{ 

Sec.  2.  How  are  representatives  and  direct  taxes  apportioned  among  the 
states  ?  How  does  this  provision  <)f  the  Constitution  differ  from  the  one  form 
erly  in  force  ?  (See  Const.,  Art.  I..  Sec.  II.,  3d  Clause.)  When  shall  a  reduction 
be 'made  in  the  basis  of  representation  to  which  a  state  may  be  entitled  ? 

Sec.  3.  What  class  of  persons,  in  consequ*  nee  of  their  rebellious  acrs,  are  de 
prived  of  certain  exalted  privileges?  Name  the  privileges  which  are  wit  liheld 
from  them.  Is  it  possible  for  any  person  belonging  to  that  class  to  have  th<a 
privileges  accorded  to  him  ?  How  ?  (See  Const.,  Art.  I.,  Sec.  III.,  3d  Clause.^ 


CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED     STATES. 


to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall 
have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the 
same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But 
Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- thirds  of  each  house, 
remove  such  disability. 

SEC.  IV.— The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United 
States,  authorized  by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for 
payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in  sup 
pressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned. 
But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  state  shall  assume 
or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrec 
tion  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim 
for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but  all  such 
debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal  and 
void. 

SEC.  Y. — The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce, 
by  appropriate  legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

SEC.  I. — The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to 
vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United 
States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  pre 
vious  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  II. — The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce 
this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

Sec.  4.  What  phal'l  not  oe  questioned  a*  regards  the  debts  of  the  United 
States?  What  debts,  obligations,  nnd  claims,  are  declnred  illeesil  and  void? 
What  restriction  is  imposed  upon  the  General  Government  and  individual  states, 
with  respect  to  such  debts,  oblijjntions.  and  claims  '! 

Sec.  5.  What  legislation  may  Congress  enact  in  regard  to  the  provisions  of 
Article  XIV.  9 


THE 

FAEEWELL   ADDEESS 

OF 

GEOEGE  WASHINGTON, 

FIEST  PRESIDENT   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES, 

ON  HIS  DECLINING  A  SECOND  RE-ELECTION. 

FRIENDS  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS — 

The  period  for  a  new  election  of  a  citizen  to  admin 
ister  the  executive  government  of  the  United  States  be 
ing  not  far  distant,  and  the  time  actually  arrived  when 
your  thoughts  must  be  employed  in  designating  the  person 
who  is  to  be  clothed  with  that  important  trust,  it  appears 
to  me  proper,  especially  as  it  may  conduce  to  a  more  dis 
tinct  expression  of  the  public  voice,  that  I  should  now 
apprize  you  of  the  resolution  I  have  formed,  to  decline 
being  considered  among  the  number  of  those  out  of  whom 
a  choice  is  to  be  made. 

I  beg  you  at  the  same  time  to  do  me  the  justice  to  be 
assured  that  this  resolution  has  not  been  taken  without  a 
strict  regard  to  all  the  considerations  appertaining  to  the 
relation  which  binds  a  dutiful  citizen  to  his  country;  and 
that  in  withdrawing  the  tender  of  service  which  silence 
in  my  situation  might  imply,  I  am  influenced  by  no 
diminution  of  zeal  for  your  future  interest ;  no  deficiency 
of  grateful  respect  for  your  past  kindness ;  but  am  sup 
ported  by  a  full  conviction  that  the  step  is  compatible 
with  both. 

The  acceptance  of,  and  continuance  hitherto  in  the  office 
to  which  your  suffrages  have  twice  called  me,  have  been 
a  uniform  sacrifice  of  inclination  to  the  opinion  of  duty, 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  43 

and  to  a  deference  for  what  appeared  to  be  your  desire. 
I  constantly  hoped  that  it  would  have  been  much  earlier 
in  my  power,  consistently  with  motives  which  I  wTas  not 
at  liberty  to  disregard,  to  return  to  that  retirement  from 
which  I  had  been  reluctantly  drawn.  The  strength  of  my 
inclination  to  do  this  previous  to  the  last  election,  had 
even  led  to  the  preparation  of  an  address  to  declare  it  to 
you ;  but  mature  reflection  on  the  then  perplexed  and 
critical  posture  of  our  aifairs  with  foreign  nations,  and 
the  unanimous  advice  of  persons  entitled  to  my  confi 
dence,  impelled  me  to  abandon  the  idea. 

I  rejoice  that  the  state  of  your  concerns,  external  as 
well  as  internal,  no  longer  renders  the  pursuit  of  inclina 
tion  incompatible  with  the  sentiment  of  duty  or  propriety ; 
and  am  persuaded,  whatever  partiality  may  be  retained 
for  my  services,  that  in  the  present  circumstances  of  our 
country,  you  will  not  disapprove  of  my  determination  to 
retire. 

The  impressions  with  which  I  first  undertook  the  ardu 
ous  trust  were  explained  on  the  proper  occasion.  In  the 
discharge  of  this  trust,  I  will  only  say,  that  I  have  with 
good  intentions  contributed  toward  the  organization  and 
administration  of  the  government  the  best  exertions  of 
which  a  very  fallible  judgment  was  capable.  Not  uncon 
scious,  in  the  outset,  of  the  inferiority  of  my  qualifica 
tions,  experience  in  my  own  eyes,  perhaps  still  more  in 
the  eyes  of  others,  has  strengthened  the  motives  to  diffi 
dence  of  myself;  and  every  day  the  increasing  weight  of 
years  admonishes  me  more  and  more,  that  the  shade  of 
retirement  is  as  necessary  to  me  as  it  will  be  welcome. 
Satisfied  that  if  any  circumstances  have  given  peculiar 
value  to  my  services,  they  were  temporary,  I  have  the 
consolation  to  believe,  that  while  choice  and  prudence  in 
vite  me  to  quit  the  political  scene,  patriotism  does  not 
forbid  it. 


44  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

In  looking  forward  to  the  moment  which  is  intended 
to  terminate  the  career  of  my  public  life,  my  feelings  do 
not  permit  me  to  suspend  the  deep  acknowledgment  of 
that  debt  of  gratitude  which  I  owe  to  my  beloved  coun 
try,  for  the  many  honors  it  has  conferred  upon  me;  still 
more  for  the  steadfast  confidence  with  which  it  has  sup^ 
ported  me ;  and  for  the  opportunities  I  have  thence  ei> 
joyed  of  manifesting  my  inviolable  attachment,  by  ser 
vices  faithful  and  persevering,  though  in  usefulness  une 
qual  to  my  zeal.  If  benefits  have  resulted  to  our  coun 
try  from  these  services,  let  it  always  be  remembered  to 
your  praise,  and  as  an  instructive  example  in  our  annals, 
that  under  circumstances  in  which  the  passions,  agitated 
in  every  direction,  were  liable  to  mislead,  amidst  appear 
ances  sometimes  dubious — vicissitudes  of  fortune  often 
discouraging — in  situations  in  which  not  unfrequently 
want  of  success  has  countenanced  the  spirit  of  criticism — 
the  constancy  of  your  support  was  the  essential  prop  of 
the  eiforts,  and  a  guaranty  of  the  plans  by  which  they 
were  effected.  Profoundly  penetrated  with  this  idea,  I 
shall  carry  it  with  me  to  my  grave,  as  a  strong  incitement 
to  unceasing  wishes  that  Heaven  may  continue  to  you  the 
choicest  tokens  of  its  beneficence: — that  your  union  and 
brotherly  affection  may  be  perpetual — that  the  free  con 
stitution  which  is  the  work  of  your  hands  may  be  sacredly 
maintained — that  its  administration  in  every  department 
may  be  stamped  with  wisdom  and  virtue — that,  in  fine,  the 
happiness  of  the  people  of  these  states,  under  the  auspices 
of  liberty,  may  be  made  complete,  by  so  careful  a  preser 
vation,  and  so  prudent  a  use  of  this  blessing,  as  will  ac 
quire  to  them  the  glory  of  recommending  it  to  the  ap 
plause,  the  affection,  and  adoption  of  every  nation  which 
is  yet  a  stranger  to  it. 

Here,  perhaps,  I  ought  to  stop.  But  a  solicitude  for 
your  welfare,  which  cannot  end  but  with  my  life,  and  the 


WASHINGTON'S    FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  45 

apprehension  of  danger,  natural  to  that  solicitude,  urge 
me,  on  an  occasion  like  the  present,  to  offer  to  your  sol 
emn  contemplation,  and  to  recommend  to  your  frequent 
review,  some  sentiments,  which  are  the  result  of  much 
reflection,  of  no  inconsiderable  observation,  and  which 
appear  to  me  all-important  to  the  permanency  of  your 
felicity  as  a  people.  These  will  be  offered  to  you  with 
the  more  freedom,  as  you  can  only  see  in  them  the  disin 
terested  warnings  of  a  parting  friend,  who  can  possibly 
have  no  personal  motive  to  bias  his  counsel.  Nor  can  I 
forget,  as  an  encouragement  to  it,  your  indulgent  recep 
tion  of  my  sentiments  on  a  former  and  not  dissimilar 
occasion. 

Interwoven  as  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  every  liga 
ment  of  your  hearts,  no  recommendation  of  mine  is  neces 
sary  to  fortify  or  confirm  the  attachment. 

The  unity  of  government  which  constitutes  you  one 
people,  is  also  now  dear  to  you.  It  is  justly  so;  for  it  is 
a  main  pillar  in  the  edifice  of  your  real  independence,  the 
support  of  your  tranquillity  at  home,  your  peace  abroad ; 
of  your  safety ;  of  your  prosperity ;  of  that  very  liberty 
which  you  so  highly  prize.  But  as  it  is  easy  to  foresee 
that  from  different  causes  and  from  different  quarters, 
much  pains  will  be  taken,  man),  artifices  employed,  to 
weaken  in  your  minds  the  conviction  of  this  truth ;  as 
this  is  the  point  in  your  political  fortress  against  which 
the  batteries  of  internal  and  external  enemies  will  be  most 
constantly  and  actively  (though  often  covertly  and  insid 
iously)  directed,  it  is  of  infinite  moment  that  you  should 
properly  estimate  the  immense  value  of  your  national 
Union,  to  your  collective  and  individual  happiness ;  that 
you  should  cherish  a  cordial,  habitual,  and  immovable 
attachment  to  it ;  accustoming  yourselves  to  think  and 
speak  of  it  as  of  the  palladium  of  your  political  safety 
and  prosperity ;  watching  for  its  preservation  with  jeal- 


16  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

ous  anxiety ;  discountenancing  whatever  may  suggest 
even  a  suspicion  that  it  can  in  any  event  be  aban 
doned  ;  and  indignantly  frowning  upon  the  first  dawning 
of  every  attempt  to  alienate  any  portion  of  our  country 
from  the  rest,  or  to  enfeeble  the  sacred  ties  which  now  link 
together  the  various  parts. 

For  this  you  have  Qvery  inducement  of  sympathy  and 
interest.  Citizens  by  birth  or  choice,  of  a  common  coun 
try,  that  country  has  a  right  to  concentrate  your  affec 
tions.  The  name  of  AMERICAN,  which  belongs  to  you,  in 
your  national  capacity,  must  always  exalt  the  just  pride 
of  patriotism,  more  than  any  appellation  derived  from 
local  discriminations.  With  slight  shades  of  difference, 
you  have  the  same  religion,  manners,  habits,  and  politi 
cal  principles.  You  have  in  a  common  cause  fought  and 
triumphed  together ;  the  Independence  and  Liberty  you 
possess  are  the  work  of  joint  councils  and  joint  efforts, 
of  common  dangers,  sufferings,  and  successes. 

But  these  considerations,  however  powerfully  they  ad 
dress  themselves  to  your  sensibility,  are  greatly  out 
weighed  by  those  which  apply  more  immediately  to  your 
interest.  Here  every  portion  of  our  country  finds  the 
most  commanding  motives  for  carefully  guarding  and  pre 
serving  the  union  of  the  whole. 

The  North,  in  an  unrestrained  intercourse  with  the 
South,  protected  by  the  equal  laws  of  a  common  govern 
ment,  finds  in  the  productions  of  the  latter,  great  addi 
tional  resources  of  maritime  and  commercial  enterprise 
and  precious  materials  of  manufacturing  industry.  The 
South,  in  the  same  intercourse,  benefiting  by  the  agency 
of  the  North,  sees  its  agriculture  grow  and  its  commerce 
expand.  Turning  partly  into  its  own  channels  the  sea 
men  of  the  North,  it  finds  its  particular  navigation  invig 
orated;  and  while  it  contributes,  in  different  ways,  to 
nourish  and  increase  the  general  mass  of  the  national 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  47 

navigation,  it  looks  forward  to  the  protection  of  a  mari 
time  strength,  to  which  itself  is  unequally  adapted.— The 
East,  in  a  like  intercourse  with  the  West,  already  finds, 
and  in  the  progressive  improvement  of  interior  communi 
cations,  by  land  and  water,  will  more  and  more  find  a 
valuable  vent  for  the  commodities  which  it  brings  from 
abroad  or  manufactures  at  home.  The  West  derives  from 
the  East  supplies  requisite  to  its  growth  and  comfort—, 
and  what  is  perhaps  of  still  greater  consequence,  it  must 
of  necessity  owe  the  secure  enjoyment  of  indispensable 
outlets  for  its  own  productions  to  the  weight,  influence, 
and  the  future  maritime  strength  of  the  Atlantic  side  of 
the  Union,  directed  by  an  indissoluble  community  of  in 
terest  as  one  nation.  Any  other  tenure  by  which  the 
West  can  hold  this  essential  advantage,  whether  derived 
from  its  own  separate  strength,  or  from  an  apostate  and 
unnatural  connection  with  any  foreign  power,  must  be 
intrinsically  precarious. 

While  then  every  part  of  our  country  thus  feels  the 
immediate  and  particular  interest  in  Union,  all  the  parts 
combined  cannot  fail  to  find  in  the  united  mass  of  means 
and  efforts,  greater  strength,  greater  resource,  proportion- 
ably  greater  security  from  external  danger,  a  less  frequent 
interruption  of  their  peace  by  foreign  nations ;  and  what 
is  of  inestimable  value,  they  must  derive  from  Union  an 
exemption  from  those  broils  and  wars  between  themselves, 
which  so  frequently  afflict  neighboring  countries,  not 
tied  together  by  the  same  government ;  which  their  own 
rivalship  alone  would  be  sufficient  to  produce,  but  which 
opposite  foreign  alliances,  attachments,  and  intrigues 
would  stimulate  and  embitter.  Hence  likewise  they  will 
avoid  the  necessity  of  those  overgrown  military  establish- 
ments,  which  under  any  form  of  government  are  inauspi 
cious  to  liberty,  and  which  are  to  be  regarded  as  particu 
larly  hostile  to  Republican  Liberty.  In  this  sense  it  is, 


48  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

that  your  Union  ought  to  be  considered  as  the  main  prop 
of  your  liberty,  and  that-  the  love  of  the  one  ought  to 
endear  to  you  the  preservation  of  the  other. 

These  considerations  speak  a  persuasive  language  to 
every  reflecting  and  virtuous  mind,  and  exhibit  the  con 
tinuance  of  the  Union  as  a  primary  object  of  patriotic; 
desire.  Is  there  a  doubt  whether  a  common  government 
,  can  embrace  so  large  a  sphere  ?  Let  experience  solve  it. 
To  listen  to  mere  speculation  in  such  a  case  were  criminal. 
We  are  authorized  to  hope  that  a  proper  organization  of 
the  whole,  with  the  auxiliary  agency  of  governments  for 
the  respective  subdivisions,  will  afford  a  happy  issue  to 
the  experiment.  It  is  well  worth  a  fair  and  full  experi 
ment.  With  such  powerful  and  obvious  motives  to  Union, 
affecting  all  parts  of  our  country,  while  experience  shall 
not  have  demonstrated  its  impracticability,  there  will 
always  be  reason  to  distrust  the  patriotism  of  those,  who 
in  any  quarter  may  endeavor  to  weaken  its  bands. 

In  contemplating  the  causes  which  may  disturb  our 
Union,  it  occurs  as  matter  of  serious  concern,  that  any 
ground  should  have  been  furnished  for  characterizing 
parties  by  geographical  discriminations — Northern  and 
Southern — Atlantic  and  "Western;  whence  designing  men 
may  endeavor  to  excite  a  belief  that  there  is  a  real  dif 
ference  of  local  interests  and  views.  One  of  the  expedi 
ents  of  party  to  acquire  influence,  within  particular  dis 
tricts,  is  to  misrepresent  the  opinions  and  aims  of  other 
districts.  You  cannot  shield  yourselves  too  much  against 
the  jealousies  and  heart-burnings  which  spring  from  these 
misrepresentations ;  they  tend  to  render  alien  to  each 
other  those  who  ought  to  be  bound  together  by  fraternal 
affection.  The  inhabitants  of  our  western  country  have 
lately  had  a  useful  lesson  on  this  head  :  they  have  seen,  in 
the  negotiation  by  the  Executive,  and  in  the  unanimous  rat 
ification  by  the  Senate,  of  the  treaty  with  Spain,  and  the 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  49 

universal  satisfaction  at  the  event  throughout  the  United 
States,  a  decisive  proof  how  unfounded  were  the  suspi 
cions  propagated  among  them  of  a  policy  in  the  general 
government,  and  in  £he  Atlantic  States,  unfriendly  to 
their  interests  in  regard  to  the  MISSISSIPPI  :  they  have 
been  witnesses  to  the  formation  of  two  treaties,  that  with 
Great  Britain  and  that  with  Spain,  which  secure  to  them 
every  thing  they  could  desire,  in  respect  to  our  foreign 
relations,  toward  confirming  their  prosperity.  "Will  it 
not  be  their  wisdom  to  rely  for  the  preservation  of  these 
advantages  on  the  UNION  by  which  they  were  procured  ? 
Will  they  not  henceforth  be  deaf  to  those  advisers,  if  such 
there  are,  who  would  sever  them  from  their  brethren,  and 
connect  them  writh  aliens  ? 

To  the  efficacy  and  permanency  of  your  Union,  a  Gov 
ernment  for  the  whole  is  indispensable.  No  alliances, 
however  strict,  between  the  parts  can  be  an  adequate  sub 
stitute  ;  they  must  inevitably  experience  the  infractions 
and  interruptions  which  all  alliances  in  all  times  have  ex 
perienced.  Sensible  of  this  momentous  truth,  you  have 
improved  upon  your  first  essay,  by  the  adoption  of  a  Con 
stitution  of  Government  better  calculated  than  you?*  for 
mer  for  an  intimate  Union,  and  for  the  efficacious  man 
agement  of  your  common  concerns.  This  Government, 
the  offspring  of  your  own  choice,  uninfluenced  and  unawed, 
adopted  upon  full  investigation  and  mature  deliberation, 
completely  free  in  its  principles,  in  the  distribution  of  its 
powers,  uniting  security  with  energy,  and  containing 
within  itself  a  provision  for  its  own  amendment,  has  a  just 
claim  to  your  confidence  and  your  support.  Respect  for 
its  authority,  compliance  with  its  laws,  acquiescence  in  its 
measures,  are  duties  enjoined  by  the  fundamental  maxims 
of  true  liberty.  The  basis  of  our  political  systems  is  the 
right  of  the  people  to  make,  and  to  alter  their  Constitu 
tions  of  Government  But  the  Constitution  which  at 


60  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

any  time  exists,  until  changed  by  an  explicit  and  authen 
tic  act  of  the  whole  people,  is  sacredly  obligatory  upon 
all.  The  very  idea  of  the  power  and  the  right  of  the  peo 
ple  to  establish  Government,  presupposes  the  duty  of 
every  individual  to  obey  the  established  Government. 

All  obstructions  to  the  execution  of  the  laws,  all  com 
binations  and  associations,  under  whatever  plausible  char^ 
acter,  with  the  real  design  to  direct,  control,  counteract 
or  awe  the  regular  deliberation  and  action  of  the  consti 
tuted  authorities,  are  destructive  of  this  fundamental 
principle,  and  of  fatal  tendency.  They  serve  to  organize 
faction,  to  give  it  an  artificial  and  extraordinary  force — 
to  put  in  the  place  of  the  delegated  will  of  the  nation, 
the  will  of  a  party,  often  a  small  but  artful  and  enterpris 
ing  minority  of  the  community ;  and,  according  to  the 
alternate  triumphs  of  different  parties,  to  make  the  public 
administration  the  mirror  of  the  ill-concerted  and  incon 
gruous  projects  of  faction,  rather  than  the  organ  of  con 
sistent  and  wholesome  plans  digested  by  common  coun 
cils  and  modified  by  mutual  interests. 

However  combinations  or  associations  of  the  above 
description  may  now  and  then  answer  popular  ends,  they 
are  likely,  in  the  course  of  time  and  things,  to  become 
potent  engines,  by  which  cunning,  ambitious,  and  unprin 
cipled  men  will  be  enabled  to  subvert  the  power  of  the 
people,  and  to  usurp  for  themselves  the  reins  of  govern 
ment  :  destroying  afterward  the  very  engines  which  have 
lifted  them  to  unjust  dominion. 

Toward  the  preservation  of  your  government,  and  the 
permanency  of  your  present  happy  state,  it  is  requisite, 
not  only  that  you  steadily  discountenance  irregular  op 
positions  to  its  acknowledged  authority,  but  also  that  you 
resist  with  care  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon  its  princi 
ples,  however  specious  the  pretexts. — One  method  of 
assault  may  be  to  effect  in  the  form  of  the  constitution 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  51 

alterations  which  will  impair  the  energy  of  the  system, 
and  thus  to  undermine  what  cannot  be  directly  over 
thrown.  In  all  the  changes  to  which  you  may  be  invited, 
remember  that  time  and  habit  are  at  least  as  necessary  to 
fix  the  true  character  of  governments,  as  of  other  human 
institutions ;  that  experience  is  the  surest  standard  by 
which  to  test  the  real  tendency  of  the  existing  constitu 
tion  of  a  country — that  facility  in  changes  upon  the  credit 
of  mere  hypothesis  and  opinion,  exposes  to  perpetual 
change  from  the  endless  variety  of  hypothesis  and  opin 
ion  ;  and  remember,  especially,  that  for  the  efficient  man 
agement  of  your  common  interests,  in  a  country  so  ex 
tensive  as  ours,  a  government  of  as  much  vigor  as  is 
consistent  with  the  perfect  security  of  liberty,  is  indispen 
sable.  Liberty  itself  will  find  in  such  a  government,  with 
powers  properly  distributed  and  adjusted,  its  surest  guar 
dian.  It  is,  indeed,  little  else  than  a  name,  where  the  gov 
ernment  is  too  feeble  to  withstand  the  enterprises  of  fac 
tion,  to  confine  each  member  of  the  society  within  the 
limits  prescribed  by  the  laws,  and  to  maintain  all  in  the 
secure  and  tranquil  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  person  and 
property. 

I  have  already  intimated  to  you  the  danger  of  parties 
in  the  state,  with  particular  reference  to  the  founding  of 
them  on  geographical  discriminations.  Let  me  now  take 
a  more  comprehensive  view,  and  warn  you  in  the  most 
solemn  manner  against  the  baneful  effects  of  the  spirit  of 
party,  generally. 

This  spirit,  unfortunately,  is  inseparable  from  our  na 
ture,  having  its  root  in  the  strongest  passions  of  the 
human  mind.  It  exists  under  different  shapes  in  all  gov 
ernments,  more  or  less  stifled,  controlled,  or  repressed ; 
but  in  those  of  the  popular  form,  it  is  seen  in  greatest 
rankness,  and  it  is  truly  their  worst  enemy. 

The  alternate  domination  of  one  faction  over  another, 


52  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


sharpened  by  the  spirit  of  revenge,  natural  to  party  dis* 
sension,  which  in  different  ages  and  countries  has  perpe 
trated  the  most  horrid  enormities,  is  itself  a  frightful  des- 
,potism.  But  this  leads  at  length  to  a  more  formal  and 
permanent  despotism.  The  disorders  and  miseries  whicr. 
result,  gradually  incline  the  minds  of  men  to  seek  secu 
rity  and  repose  in  the  absolute  power  of  an  individual: 
and  sooner  or  later  the  chief  of  some  prevailing  faction, 
more  able  or  more  fortunate  than  his  competitors,  turns 
this  disposition  to  the  purposes  of  his  own  elevation,  on 
the  ruins  of  public  liberty. 

Without  looking  forward  to  an  extremity  of  this  kind 
(which  nevertheless  ought  not  to  be  entirely  out  of  sight), 
the  common  and  continual  mischiefs  of  the  spirit  of  party 
are  sufficient  to  make  it  the  interest  and  duty  of  a  wise 
people  to  discourage  and  restrain  it. 

It  serves  always. to  distract  the  public  councils,  and 
enfeeble  the  public  administration.  It  agitates  the  com 
munity  with  ill-founded  jealousies  and  false  alarms :  kin 
dles  the  animosity  of  one  part  against  another,  foments 
occasionally  riot  and  insurrection.  It  opens  the  door  to 
foreign  influence  and  corruption,  which  find  a  facilitated 
access  to  the  government  itself  through  the  channels  of 
party  passions.  Thus  the  policy  and  the  will  of  one 
country  are  subjected  to  the  policy  and  will  of  another, 
There  is  an  opinion  that  parties  in  free  countries  are  use 
ful  checks  upon  the  administration  of  government,  and 
serve  to  keep  alive  the  spirit  of  liberty.  This  within  cer 
tain  limits  is  probably  true :  and  in  governments  of  a 
monarchical  cast,  patriotism  may  look  with  indulgence, 
if  not  with  favor,  upon  the  spirit  of  party.  But  in  those 
of  the  popular  character,  in  governments  purely  elective, 
it  is  a  spirit  not  to  be  encouraged.  From  their  natural 
tendency  it  is  certain  there  will  always  be  enough  of  that 
spirit  for  every  salutary  purpose.  And  there  being  con- 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  63 

stant  danger  of  excess,  the  effort  ought  to  be,  by  force  of 
public  opinion,  to  mitigate  and  assuage  it.  A  fire  not  to 
be  quenched,  it  demands  uniform  vigilance  to  prevent 
its  bursting  into  a  flame,  lest,  instead  of  warming,  it  should 


o 
consume. 


It  is  important,  likewise,  that  the  habits  of  thinking,  in 
a  free  country,  should  inspire  caution  in  those  intrusted 
with  its  administration,  to  confine  themselves  within  their 
respective  constitutional  spheres,  avoiding  in  the  exer 
cise  of  the  powers  of  one  department  to  encroach  upon 
another.  The  spirit  of  encroachment  tends  to  consolidate 
the  powers  of  all  departments  in  one,  and  thus  to  create, 
whatever  the  form  of  government,  a  real  despotism.  A 
just  estimate  of  that  love  of  power,  and  proneness  to 
abuse  it,  which  predominates  in  the  human  heart,  is  suffi 
cient  to  satisfy  us  of  the  truth  of  this  position.  The  ne 
cessity  of  reciprocal  checks  in  the  exercise  of  political 
power,  by  dividing  and  distributing  it  into  different  de 
positories,  and  constituting  each  the  guardian  of  the  pub 
lic  weal  against  invasions  by  the  others,  has  been  evinced 
by  experiments  ancient  and  modern  :  some  of  them  in  our 
country  and  under  our  own  eyes.  To  preserve  them  must 
be  as  necessary  as  to  institute  them.  If,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  people,  the  distribution  or  modification  of  the  con 
stitutional  powers  be  in  any  particular  wrong,  let  it  be 
corrected  by  an  amendment  in  the  way  which  the  consti 
tution  designates.  But  let  there  be  no  change  by  usur 
pation  ;  for  though  this,  in  one  instance,  may  be  the 
instrument  of  good,  it  is  the  customary  weapon  by 
which  free  governments  are  destroyed.  The  precedent 
must  always  greatly  overbalance  in  permanent  evil  any 
partial  or  transient  benefit  which  the  use  can  at  any  time 
yield. 

Of  all  the  dispositions  and  habits  which  lead  to  politi 
cal  prosperity,  RELIGION  and  MORALITY  are  indis- 


64  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

pensable  supports.  In  vain  would  that  man  claim  the 
tributes  of  PATRIOTISM,  who  should  labor  to  subvert 
these  great  pillars  of  human  happiness,  these  firmest  props 
of  the  duties  of  men  and  citizens.  The  mere  politician, 
equally  with  the  pious  man,  ought  to  respect  and  to  cher 
ish  them.  A  volume  could  not  trace  all  their  connections 
with  private  and  public  felicity.  Let  it  simply  be  asked, 
where  is  the  security  for  property,  for  reputation,  for  life, 
if  the  sense  of  religious  obligation  desert  the  oaths 

O  O 

which  are  the  instruments  of  investigation  in  courts 
of  justice  ?  And  let  us  with  caution  indulge  the  sup 
position,  that  morality  can  be  maintained  without  re 
ligion.  Whatever  may  be  conceded  to  the  influence 
of  refined  education  on  minds  of  peculiar  structure, 
reason  and  experience  both  forbid  us  to  expect  that 
national  morality  can  prevail  in  exclusion  of  religious 
principle. 

It  is  substantially  true,  that  virtue  or  morality  is  a  ne 
cessary  spring  of  popular  government.  The  rule  indeed 
extends  with  more  or  less  force  to  every  species  of  free 
government.  Who  that  is  a  sincere  friend  to  it,  can  look 
with  indifference  upon  attempts  to  shake  the  foundation 
of  the  fabric  ? 

Promote  then,  as  an  object  of  primary  importance,  insti 
tutions  for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge.  In  pro 
portion  as  the  structure  of  a  government  gives  force  to 
public  opinion,  it  is  essential  that  public  opinion  should 
be  enlightened. 

As  a  very  important  source  of  strength  and  security, 
cherish  public  credit.  One  method  of  preserving  it,  is  to 
use  it  as  sparingly  as  possible — avoiding  occasions  of  ex 
pense  by  cultivating  peace ;  but  remember  also  that  timely 
disbursements  to  prepare  for  danger,  frequently  prevent 
much  greater  disbursements  to  repel  it ;  avoiding  likewise 


/ 
WASHINGTON'S  FAKEWELL  ADDRESS.  55 

the  accumulation  of  debt,  not  only  by  shunning  occasions 
of  expense,  but  by  vigorous  exertions  in  time  of  peace  to 
discharge  the  debts  which  unavoidable  wars  may  have  oc 
casioned,  not  ungenerously  throwing  upon  posterity  the 
burden  which  we  ourselves  ought  to  bear.  The  execu 
tion  of  these  maxims  belongs  to  your  Representatives, 
but  it  is  necessary  that  public  opinion  should  co-operate. 
To  facilitate  to  them  the  performance  of  their  duty,  it  is 
essential  that  you  should  practically  bear  in  mind,  that 
toward  the  payment  of  debts  there  must  be  revenue ; 
that  to  have  revenue  there  must  be  taxes ;  that  no  taxes 
can  be  devised  which  are  not  more  or  less  inconvenient 
and  unpleasant ;  that  the  intrinsic  embarrassment  insepa 
rable  from  the  selection  of  the  proper  objects  (which  is 
always  a  choice  of  difficulties)  ought  to  be  a  decisive  mo 
tive  for  a  candid  construction  of  the  conduct  of  the  gov 
ernment  in  making  it,  and  for  a  spirit  of  acquiescence  in 
the  measures  for  obtaining  revenue  which  the  public  exi 
gencies  may  at  any  time  dictate. 

Observe  good  faith  and  justice  toward  all  nations, 
cultivate  peace  and  harmony  with  all :  religion  and  mo 
rality  enjoin  this  condact ;  and  can  it  be  that  good  policy 
does  not  equally  enjoin  it?  It  will  be  worthy  of  a  free, 
enlightened,  and,  at  no  distant  period,  a  great  nation,  to 
give  to  mankind  the  magnanimous  and  too  novel  example 
of  a  people  always  guided  by  an  exalted  justice  and  be 
nevolence.  Who  can  doubt  but  in  the  course  of  time  and 
things,  the  fruits  of  such  a  plan  would  richly  repay  any 
temporary  advantage  which  might  be  lost  by  a  steady 
adherence  to  it  ?  Can  it  be,  that  Providence  has  not  con 
nected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a  nation  with  its  virtue? 
The  experiment,  at  least,  is  recommended  by  every  senti 
ment  which  ennobles  human  nature.  Alas  !  is  it  rendered 
impossible  by  its  vices  ? 


66  WASHINTGON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

In  the  execution  of  such  a  plan,  nothing  is  more  essen 
tial  than  that  permanent,  inveterate  antipathies  against 
particular  nations,  and  passionate  attachments  for  others, 
Fhould  be  excluded ;  and  that  in  place  of  them  just  and 
amicable  feelings  toward  all  should  be  cultivated.  The 
nation  which  indulges  toward  another  an  habitual  ha 
tred  or  an  habitual  fondness,  is  in  some  degree  a  slave. 
It  is  a  slave  to  its  animosity  or  to  its  affection,  either  of 
which  is  sufficient  to  lead  it  astray  from  its  duty  and  its 
interest.  Antipathy  in  one  nation  against  another,  dis 
poses  each  more  readily  to  offer  insult  and  injury,  to  lay 
hold  of  slight  causes  of  umbrage,  and  to  be  haughty  and 
intractable,  when  accidental  or  trifling  occasions  of  dis 
pute  occur.  Hence  frequent  collisions,  obstinate,  enven 
omed,  and  bloody  contests.  The  nation,  prompted  by 
ill-will  and  resentment,  sometimes  impels* to  war  the  gov 
ernment,  contrary  to  the  best  calculations  of  policy.  The 
government  sometimes  participates  in  the  national  pro 
pensity,  and  adopts  through  passion  what  reason  would 
reject ;  at  other  times,  it  makes  the  animosity  of  the  na^ 
tion  subservient  to  projects  of  hostility  instigated  by 
pride,  ambition,  and  other  sinister  and  pernicious  motives. 
The  peace  often,  sometimes  perhaps  the  liberty,  of  na-» 
tions  has  been  the  victim. 

So,  likewise,  a  passionate  attachment  of  one  nation  for 
another  produces  a  variety  of  evils.  Sympathy  for  the 
favorite  nation,  facilitating  the  illusion  of  an  imaginary 
common  interest  in  cases  where  no  real  common  interest 
exists,  and  infusing  into  one  the  enmities  of  the  other, 
betrays  the  former  into  a  participation  in  the  quarrels  and 
wars  of  the  latter,  without  adequate  inducement  or  justi 
fication.  It  leads  also  to  concessions  to  the  favorite 
nation  of  privileges  denied  to  others,  which  is  apt  doubly 
to  injure  the  nation  making  the  concessions,  by  unneces 
sarily  parting  with  what  ought  to  have  been  retained; 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  57 

and  by  exciting  jealousy,  ill-will,  and  a  disposition  to 
retaliate,  in  the  parties  from  whom  equal  privileges  are 
withheld  :  And  it  gives  to  ambitious,  corrupted,  or  de 
luded  citizens  (who  devote  themselves  to  the  favorite 
nation)  facility  to  betray  or  sacrifice  the  interests  of  their 
own  country,  without  odium,  sometimes  even  with  popu 
larity  :  gilding  with  the  appearance  of  a  virtuous  sense 
of  obligation  a  commendable  deference  for  public  opinion, 
or  a  laudable  zeal  for  public  good,  the  base  or  foolish 
compliances  of  ambition,  corruption,  or  infatuation. 

As  avenues  to  foreign  influence  in  innumerable  ways, 
such  attachments  are  particularly  alarming  to  the  truly 
enlightened  and  independent  patriot.  How  many  oppor 
tunities  do  they  afford  to  tamper  with  domestic  factions ; 
to  practise  the  arts  of  sedition,  to  mislead  public  opinion, 
to  influence  or  awe  the  public  councils  !  Such  an  attach 
ment  of  a  small  or  weak,  toward  a  great  and  powerful 
nation,  dooms  the  former  to  be  the  satellite  of  the  latter. 
Against  the  insidious  wiles  of  foreign  influence  (I  con 
jure  you  to  believe  me,  fellow-citizens)  the  jealousy  of  a 
free  people  ought  to  be  constantly  awake ;  since  history 
and  experience  prove  that  foreign  influence  is  one  of  the 
most  baneful  foes  of  Republican  Government.  But  that 
jealousy  to  be  useful  must  be  impartial ;  else  it  becomes 
the  instrument  of  the  very  influence  to  be  avoided,  instead 
of  a  defence  against  it.  Excessive  partiality  for  one  for 
eign  nation,  and  excessive  dislike  of  another,  cause  those 
whom  they  actuate  to  see  danger  only  on  one  side,  and 
serve  to  veil  and  even  second  the  arts  of  influence  on  the 
other.  Real  patriots,  who  may  resist  the  intrigues  of  the 
favorite,  are  liable  to  become  suspected  and  odious ; 
while  its  tools  and  dupes  usurp  the  applause  and  confi 
dence  of  the  people,  to  surrender  their  interest. 

The  great  rule  of  conduct  for  us,  in  regard  to  foreign 
nations,  is,  in  extending  our  commercial  relations,  to  have 


58  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

with  them  as  little  political  connection  as  possible.  So 
far  as  we  have  already  formed  engagements,  let  them  be 
fulfilled  with  perfect  good  faith.  Here  let  us  stop. 

Europe  has  a  set  of  primary  interests,  which  to  us  have 
none,  or  a  very  remote  relation.  Hence  she  must  be  en 
gaged  in  frequent  controversies,  the  causes  of  which  are 
essentially  foreign  to  our  concerns.  Hence,  therefore,  it 
must  be  unwise  in  us  to  implicate  ourselves,  by  artificial 
ties,  in  the  ordinary  vicissitudes  of  her  politics,  or  the 
ordinary  combinations  and  collisions  of  her  friendships  or 
enmities. 

Our  detached  and  distant  situation  invites  and  enables 
us  to  pursue  a  different  course.  If  we  remain  one  people, 
under  an  efficient  government,  the  period  is  not  far  off 
when  we  may  defy  material  injury  from  external  annoy 
ance  ;  when  we  may  take  such  an  attitude  as  wrill  cause 
the  neutrality  we  may  at  any  time  resolve  upon  to  be 
scrupulously  respected;  when  belligerent  nations,  under 
the  impossibility  of  making  acquisitions  upon  us,  will  not 
lightly  hazard  the  giving  us  provocation  ;  when  we  may 
choose  peace  or  war,  as  our  interest,  guided  by  justice, 
shall  counsel. 

Why  forego  the  advantages  of  so  peculiar  a  situation  ? 
Why  quit  our  own  to  stand  upon  foreign  ground  ?  Why, 
by  interweaving  our  destiny  with  that  of  any  part  of  Eu 
rope,  entangle  our  peace  and  prosperity  in  the  toils  of 
European  ambition,  rivalship,  interest,  humor,  or  caprice  ? 

It  is  our  true  policy  to  steer  clear  of  permanent  alli 
ances  writh  any  portion  of  the  foreign  world :  so  far,  I 
mean,  as  we  are  now  at  liberty  to  do  it ;  for  let  me  not 
be  understood  as  capable  of  patronizing  infidelity  to  ex 
isting  engagements.  I  hold  the  maxim  no  less  applicable 
to  public  than  to  private  affairs,  that  honesty  is  always 
the  best  policy.  I  repeat  it,  therefore,  let  those  engage 
ments  be  observed  in  their  genuine  sense.  But,  in  my 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


opinion,  it  is  unnecessary,  and  would  be  unwise  to  extend 
them. 

Taking  care  always  to  keep  ourselves,  by  suitable  estab 
lishments,  on  a  respectable  defensive  posture,  we  may 
safely  trust  to  temporary  alliances  for  extraordinary  emer 
gencies. 

Harmony,  and  a  liberal  intercourse  with  all  nations,  are 
recommended  by  policy,  humanity,  and  interest. 

But  even  our  commercial  policy  should  hold  an  equal 
and  impartial  hand  ;  neither  seeking  nor  granting  exclu 
sive  favors  or  preferences  ;  —  consulting  the  natural  course 
of  things  ;  diffusing  and  diversifying  by  gentle  means  the 
streams  of  commerce,  but  forcing  nothing  ;  establishing, 
with  powers  so  disposed,  in  order  to  give  trade  a  stable 
course,  to  define  the  rights  of  our  merchants,  and  to  ena 
ble  the  government  to  support  them,  conventional  rules 
of  intercourse,  the  best  that  present  circumstances  and 
mutual  opinion  will  permit,  but  temporary,  and  liable  to 
be  from  time  to  time  abandoned  or  varied,  as  experience 
and  circumstances  shall  dictate  ;  constantly  keeping  in 
view,  that  it  is  folly  in  one  nation  to  look  for  disinterested 
favors  from  another:  that  it  must  pay  with  a  portion  of 
its  independence  for  whatever  it  may  accept  under  that 
character;  that  by  such  acceptance,  it  may  place  itself  in 
the  condition  of  having  given  equivalents  for  nominal 
favors,  and  yet  of  being  reproached  with  ingratitude  for 
not  giving  more.  There  can  be  no  greater  error  than  to 
expect,  or  calculate  upon,  real  favors  from  nation  to  na 
tion.  It  is  an  illusion  which  experience  must  cure,  which 
a  just  pride  ought  to  discard. 

In  offering  to  you,  my  countrymen,  these  counsels  of 
an  old  and  affectionate  friend,  I  dare  not  hope  they  will 
make  the  strong  and  lasting  impression  I  could  wish  — 
that  they  will  control  the  usual  current  of  the  passions, 
or  prevent  our  nation  from  running  the  course  which  has 


60  WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 

hitherto  marked  the  destiny  of  nations :  But  if  I  may 
even  flatter  myself  that  they  may  be  productive  of  some 
partial  benefit,  some  occasional  good ;  that  they  may  now 
and  then  recur  to  moderate  the  fury  of  party  spirit,  to 
warn  against  the  mischiefs  of  foreign  intrigue,  to  guard 
against  the  impostures  of  pretended  patriotism;  this  hope 
will  be  a  full  recompense  for  the  solicitude  for  your  wel 
fare  by  which  they  have  been  dictated. 

How  far  in  the'  discharge  of  my  official  duties  I  have 
been  guided  by  the  principles  which  have  been  delineated, 
the  public  records  and  other  evidences  of  my  conduct 
must  witness  to  you  and  to  the  world.  To  myself,  the 
assurance  of  my  own  conscience  is,  that  I  have  at  least 
believed  myself  to  be  guided  by  them. 

In  relation  to  the  still  subsisting  war  in  Europe,  my 
proclamation  of  the  22d  of  April,  1793,  is  the  index  to 
my  plan.  Sanctioned  by  your  approving  voice,  and  by 
that  of  your  Representatives  in  both  Houses  of  Congress, 
the  spirit  of  that  measure  has  continually  governed  me, 
uninfluenced  by  any  attempts  to  deter  or  divert  me  from  it. 

After  deliberate  examination,  with  the  aid  of  the  best 
lights  I  could  obtain,  I  was  well  satisfied  that  our  coun 
try,  under  all  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  had  a  right 
to  take,  and  was  bound  in  duty  and  interest  to  take,  a 
neutral  position.  Having  taken  it,  I  determined,  as  far 
as  should  depend  upon  me,  to  maintain  it  w'ith  modera 
tion,  perseverance,  and  firmness. 

The  considerations  wrhich  respect  the  right  to  hold  this 
conduct,  it  is  not  necessary  on  this  occasion  to  detail.  I 
will  only  observe,  that  according  to  my  understanding 
of  the  matter,  that  right,  so  far  from  being  denied  by  any 
of  the  Belligerent  Powers,  has  been  virtually  admitted 
by  all. 

The  duty  of  holding  a  neutral  conduct  may  be  inferred, 
without  any  thing  more,  from  the  obligation  which  jus« 


WASHINGTON'S   FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  61 

tice  and  humanity  impose  on  every  nation,  in  cases  in 
which  it  is  free  to  act,  to  maintain  inviolate  the  relations 
of  peace  and  amity  toward  other  nations. 

The  inducements  of  interest  for  observing  that  conduct 
will  best  be  referred  to  your  own  reflections  and  experi 
ence.  With  me,  a  predominant  motive  has  been  to  en 
deavor  to  gain  time  to  our  country  to  settle  and  mature 
its  yet  recent  institutions,  and  to  progress,  without  inter 
ruption,  to  that  degree  of  strength  and  consistency  which 
is  necessary  to  give  it,  humanly  speaking,  the  command 
of  its  own  fortunes. 

Though,  in  reviewing  the  incidents  of  my  administra 
tion,  I  am  unconscious  of  intentional  error,  I  am  never 
theless  too  sensible  of  my  own  defects,  not  to  think  it 
probable  that  I  may  have  committed  many  errors.  What 
ever  they  may  be,  I  fervently  beseech  the  Almighty  to 
avert  or  mitigate  the  evils  to  which  they  may  tend.  I 
shall  also  carry  with  me  the  hope  that  my  country  will 
never  cease  to  view  them  with  indulgence  ;  and  that  after 
forty-five  years  of  my  life  dedicated  to  its  service,  with 
an  upright  zeal,  the  faults  of  incompetent  abilities  will 
be  consigned  to  oblivion,  as  myself  must  soon  be  to  the 
mansions  of  rest. 

Relying  on  its  kindness  in  this  as  in  other  things,  and 
actuated  by  that  fervent  love  toward  it,  which  is  so  nat 
ural  to  a  man  who  views  in  it  the  native  soil  of  himself 
and  his  progenitors  for  several  generations;  I  anticipate 
with  pleasing  expectation  that  retreat,  in  which  I  promise 
myself  to  realize,  without  alloy,  the  sweet  enjoyment  of 
partaking,  in  the  midst  of  my  fellow-citizens,  the  benign 
influence  of  good  laws  under  a  free  government — the 
ever  favorite  object  of  my  heart,  and  the  happy  reward, 
as  I  trust,  of  our  mutual  cares,  labors,  and  dangers. 

G.  WASHINGTON. 

UNITED  STATES, 
17th  September,  1796, 


QUESTIONS 

FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY   AND   HECITATION. 


THE  pupils  should  gather  the  required  information  from  the  pages  referred  to, 
as  well  as  from  the  statements  found  in  connection  with  these  topical  headings  ; 
and,  after  arranging  the  facts  in  chronological  order,  should  give  connected  Ac 
counts,  in  writing  or  otherwise,  as  directed  by  the  teacher. 

The  numbers  following  the  questions  refer  to  the  pages  of  the  History  ;  the  Ap., 
with  tJie  numbers  in  connection  therewith,  to  the  pages  of  the  Appendix. 

1.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  John  Adams 98,  106, 107, 108,  109,  137,  Ap.  8 

Was  born  at  Qiiincy,  Massachusetts,  in  1735. 

2.  Give  an  account  of  Samuel  Adams 69,  70,  Ap.  8 

Was  born  at  Boston,  in  1722,  where  he  died  in  1803. 

3.  Give  an  account  of  John  Quincy  Adams 137,  138,  note  2,  p.  155  a. 

Son  of  John  Adams,  2d  president  of  the  U.  S.,  was  born  near  Boston,  in 
1767.  While  at  Washington,  in  February,  1848,  occupying  his  seat  as  a  mem 
ber  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  he  had  a  shock  of  paralysis,  of  which 
he  died  a  few  hours  after. 

4.  Give  an  account  of  Ethan  Allen 69 

Born  in  Connecticut  in  1737  ;  died  in  Vermont  in  1789.  In  the  dispute  grow 
ing  out  of  the  claim  made  by  New  York  to  Vermont  (p.  107),  Allen  took  a 
conspicuous  part,  being  commander  of  a  military  force  for  the  latter.  In  the 
expedition  conducted  by  Montgomery  against  Canada  (p.  72)  he  was  captured  ; 
and  being  sent  to  England  in  irons,  was  held  a  captive  two  years. 

5.  Give  an  account  of  Major  John  Andre 93,  94,  note  9,  p.  104  d. 

Born  in  London  in  1751.  His  body  was  buried  at  Tappan,  but,  in  1821,  it  was 
disinterred  and  removed  to  England,  where  it  was  placed  in  Westminster  Ab 
bey  beneath  a  costly  monument. 

6.  Give  an  account  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros 30,  31,  34,  39,  40 

Andres  was  born  in  England  in  1637,  and  died  there  in  1714.  In  1674  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  New  York,  and  received  its  surrender  by  the  Dutch 
after  their  fifteen  months'  repossession  of  it.  In  1680  he  seized  the  govern 
ment  of  East  Jersey,  depriving  the  governor,  Ptiilip  Carteret,  brother  of  the 
proprietor,  of  his  office.  In  1681  he  was  recalled  to  England.  New  England 
having  been  consolidated,  he  was  appointed  its  governor  in  1686.  In  1688, 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  were  added  to  his  jurisdiction.  (Brodhead's 
History  of  New  York,  and  Palfrey's  of  New  England,  treat  the  story  of  the 
rescue  of  the  Connecticut  Charter  and  its  concealment  in  the  hollow  of  a 
tree  (p.  30)  a-  a  "  tradition."  Palfrey  says  :  "  No  writing  of  the  period  alludes 
to  this  remarkable  occurrence.")  After  the  trial  of  Andros  on  the  charges 
preferred  by  the  people  of  Massachusetts  (p.  34),  which  ended  without  any 
judicial  decision,  he  was  made  governor  of  Virginia,  in  which  position  he 
acted  with  moderation. 

7.  Give  an  account  of  John  Armstrong 58 

Was  a  native  of  Pennsyl  vania,  and,  as  a  general  in  the  American  army  dur 
ing  the  Revolution,  rendered  good  service  in  the  defence  of  Ft.  Moultrie 
(p.  74)  and  at  the  battles  of  Brandy  wine  and  Germantown. 

8.  Give  an  account  of  John  Armstrong,  Jr 88,  126 

Son  of  the  preceding,  was  also  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
"  Newbur.gr  Addresses,1'  written  at  the  close  of  the  war  to  quicken  Congress 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  63 

to  do  justice  to  the  soldiers.  They  produced  discontent  among  the  officers, 
and  had  it  not  been  for  the  wisdom  of  Washington  (p.  98  ,  might  have  led  to 
unfortunate  results.  He  was  secretary  of  war  in  1814,  when  the  British  cap 
tured  the  city  of  Washington,  and  was  unjustly  censured  for  the  disaster. 

9.  Give  an.  account  of  Benedict  Arnold 69,  72,  78,  83,  84,  92,  94,  97 

Born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1740  ;  died  in  London  in  1801.  Alter  his  treason, 
at  the  head  of  an  expedition  against  Virginia,  he  set  fire  to  Richmond  (1781). 
Lafayette  was  sent  to  capture  the  traitor,  but,  owing  to  the  inferiority  of  hia 
force,  did  not  succeed.  To  one  of  the  prisoners  captured  by  the  British, 
Arnold  put  the  question  :  "If  the  Americans  should  catch  me,  what  would 
they  do  with  me?"  The  prompt  reply  was:  "They  w;ould  cut  off  your 
log  that  was  wounded  at  Saratoga  and  bury  it  with  the  honors  of  war,  but 
the  rest  of  you  they  would  hang."  After  the  war  Arnold  made  several  at 
tempts  to  engage  in  business  in  British  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Finally 
he  went  to  England,  where  he  lived  in  obscurity,  everybody  avoiding  him. 

10.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Gen.  Robert  Anderson ? 158,  159, 160 

Born  in  Kentucky  in  1805  ;  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  against  the  Semi- 
nolrs  (p.  139  ;  was  with  Scott  in  Mexico  (p.  147)  ;  in  1861  was  appointed  a 
general  in  the  U.  S.  army,  but,  in  consequence  of  failing  health,  was  not  able 
to  participate  in  active  military  service.    He  died  in  France  in  1871. 

11 .  Give  an  account  of  Nathaniel  Bacon -23 

Bacon  and  his  party  entered  Jamestown,  but  fearing  they  could  not  hold  it, 
and  being  unwilling  that  it  should  be  used  by  Berkeley's  party,  they  burned 
it.    Only  some  slight  ruins  of  the  town  remain.     (See  note,  p.  23.) 

12.  Give  an  account  of  Col.  E.  D.  Baker 163 

Born  in  England  in  1811,  resigned  his  position  as  a  member  of  Congress 
when  the  Mexican  war  broke  out,  and  joined  Scott  (p.  147),    At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  a  United  States  senator  from  Oregon. 

13.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  P.  Batiks 170,  171,  175,  177 

Born  in  Massachusetts  in  1816,  was  a  representative  in  Congress  several 
years  ;  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House  in  1854,  after  an  exciting  contest 
of  two  months  ;  was  governor  of  Massachusetts  ;  and  again  in  Congress. 

14.  Give  an  account  of  Commodore  Wm.  Bainbridge 110,  11? 

Born  in  New  Jersey  in  1774  ;  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1833.    Was  in  command 
of  the  frigate  Philadelphia  when  she  struck  on  a  rock  and  was  captured  (p. 
110^,  and  he  was  held  in  c-iptivity  nineteen  months. 

15.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard 160,  161,  162,  169 

Born  in  Louisiana,  received  a  military  education  at  West  Point,  and  was  a 
lieutenant  in  Scott's  army  in  Mexico  (p.  147). 

16.  Give  an  account  of  the  Committees  of  Correspondence. 

The  system  adopted  by  the  patriots  of  the  Revolution,  in  1772,  of  holding 
correspondence  among  the  colonies,  was  the  invention  of  Samuel  Adams. 
By  means  of  it,  the  different  colonies  were  informed  of  the  intentions,  plans, 
and  doings  of  each  other  :  and  thus  unity  of  action  was  attained. 

17.  History  of  Slavery 21,  39,  136,  141,  150.  151,  152,  157,  158,  183,  186 ;  Ap.  22 

It  is  computed  that  300.000  slaves  were  imported  into  the  thirteen  colonies 
up  to  the  time  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  (1776).     Slavery  existed  in 
all  of  the  states  until  1780.   The  northern  states  then,  one  after  another,  most 
of  them  by  a  system  of  gradual  emancipation,  began  to  abolish  slavery. 

18.  The  wars  of  European  origin  before  the  French  and  Indian,  and  the  caiises 

of  each • 34,  35,  36 

19.  By  what  treaties,  and  when,  were  they  terminated  f 34, 35,  36,  37 

20.  When,  did  theBritish  evacuate  the  different  ports  after  the  Revolution  f  ...98, 101 


64:  QUESTIONS   FOR   TOPICAL   STUDY.  * 

21.  Give  an  account  of  General  Braxton  Bragg 169,  170,  173,  175 

Born  in  North  Carolina  about  1815,  received  a  military  education  at  West 
Point,  and  held  a  command,  first  as  lieutenant  and  afterward  as  captain,  in 
Taylor's  army  during  the  Mexican  war.     Died  in  Texas,  in  1876. 

22.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Edward  Braddock 57,  59 

Born  in  Scotland.     Before  he  came  to  America  he  had  been  forty  years  in  the 
British  army,  servingin  the  wars  against  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Germany. 

23.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Jacob  Brown 121,  123,  124,  125 

Born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1775.     In  early  life  he  was  a  Quaker  and  a  school 
teacher.    At  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Washington  in  1828,  he  held  the 
supreme  command  in  the  United  States  army. 

24.  Give  an  account  of  James  Buchanan 152,  157,  158, 159 

Born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1791  ;  died  there  in  1868.    He  was  a  representative 
in  Congress,  envoy  extraordinary  to  St.  Petersburg,  United  States  senator, 
secretary  of  state,  and  minister  to  England. 

25.  Give  an  account  of  Don  Carlos  Buell 1G6,  168,  169,  170 

Bora  in  Ohio,  received  a  military  education  at  West  Point,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  the  two  Mexican  campaigns  conducted  by  Taylor  and  Scott. 

26.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  John  Burgoyne 69,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85 

Born  in  England.    After  his  surrender  to  Gates  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  was  coldly  received  in  Parliament,  of  which  body  he  was  a  mem 
ber.    He  wrote  several  dramas,  and  died  in  London  in  1792. 

27.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  A.  E.  Burnside 167,  172,  173,  175 

Born  in  Indiana  in  1824,  received  a  military  education  at  West  Point,  and, 
after  the  Great  Civil  War,  was  governor  of  Rhode  Island. 

28.  Give  an  account  of  Aaron  Burr 71,  72,  86,  109,  111 

Born  in  New  Jersey  in  1756.     He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton),  accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedition  against  Canada  (p.  72), 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  battles  of  Quebec  (p.  72)  and  Monmouth 
(p.  86).    His  death  occurred  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1836. 

29.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler 161,  163,  169,  175,  179,  181 

Born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1818,  graduated  at  college,  and  acquired  a  high 
reputation  as  a  lawyer.    After  the  Great  Civil  War  he  was  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  House  of  Representatives  from  Massachusetts,  and  was  one  of  the  seven 
manngers  by  whom  President  Johnson's  impeachment  was  conducted  before 
the  Senate  (p.  185). 

30.  Give  an  account  of  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot 10,  54 

It  is  not  known  when  and  where  these  navigators  were  born,  nor  at  what 
time  and  place  they  died,  though  it  is  supposed  they  were  natives  of  Italy. 

81.  Give  an  account  of  John  C.  CaJhoun 138,  139 

Born  in  South  Carolina  in  1782,  graduated  at  Yale  College,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  was  a  representative  in  both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  was  secretary 
of  war  in  Monroe's  cabinet,  and  secretary  of  state  in  Tyler's.    His  death 
occurred  at  Washington  in  1850. 

82.  Gire  an  account  of  Henry  Clay 139.  151 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1777,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  elected  to  Con 
gress  from  Kentucky,  where  he  was  many  years  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  afterward  a  senator.     He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
that  signed  the  treaty  at  Ghent  in  1814  (p.  129).      His  death  occurred  at 
Washington  in  1852.     (He  was   often   called  by  his  political   friends   "the 
Mill-Boy  of  the  Slashes,"  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that,  when  a  boy,  he  was 
often  sent  on  errands  to  a  place  near  his  home  called  "the  Slashes,"  where 
there  was  a  mill.) 


QUESTIONS   FOR   TOPICAL   STUDY. 


33.  Give  an  account  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton 69,  73,  75,  84,  91,  93,  97 

After  the  Revolution  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Gibraltar.   He  died,  in  1795. 

34.  Give  an  account  of  Christopher  Columbus 5,  9,  10 

The  most  of  his  life,  previous  to  its  great  event,  was  passed  on  the  waters 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  off  the  west  coast  of  Africa.    He  made  a  voyage 
toward  Greenland,  passing  beyond  Iceland.  Having,  in  1498,  reached  Amer 
ica  the  third  time,  he  began  to  govern  a  colony  which  he  had  previously  es 
tablished  at  Hispanipla ;  but  his  efforts  were  misrepresented,  charges  were 
made  against  him,  and  he  was  sent  to  Spain  in  chains.    This  outrage  pro 
duced  great  indignation  throughout  Spain,  and  the  king  consequently  dis 
claimed  having  authorized  it.     (Read  Note  1,  end  of  Sec.  I.) 

35.  Give  an  account  of  Lord  Charles  Cornwallis 76,  77,  78,  91,  92,  95,  96,  97 

After  the  Revolution  he  was  appointed  to  an  important  command  in  India, 
where  he  inaugurated  a  series  of  victories  by  which  the  British  authority 
there  was  finally  established.     He  died  in  India  in  1805. 

36.  Give  an  account  of  Fernando  Cortez 11,  12.    Topic  51,  Appendix,  p.  66. 

Born  in  Spain  in  1485.  and  died  there  neglected  and  in  solitude  in  the  63d 
year  of  his  age.    In  1535-6,  he  explored  part  of  the  western  coast  of  Mexico. 

37.  Give  an  account  of  Col.  George  Croghan 114,  118,  119 

Born  in  Kentucky  in  1791.    He  was  in  the  battles  of  Tippecanoe  and  Fort 
Meigs  (May  5),  an  1  served  with  Taylor  in  Mexico.    His  death  occurred  at 
New  Orleans  in  1849. 

38.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  S.  R.  Curtis 143,  167 

Born  in  Ohio  in  1807  ;  received  a  military  education  at  West  Point,  served 
under  Taylor  in  Mexico,  and  was  a  representative  in  Congress  from  Iowa. 

39.  What  can  you  state  of  Kosciusko  ? 81 ;  Note  6,  p.  104  b. 

Thaddeus  Kosciusko,  a  Polish  patriot,  was  with  Gates  in  the  two  battles  of 
Stillwater,  and  afterward  distinguished  himself  as  an  adjutant  of  Washing 
ton.    He  died  in  Switzerland  in  1817,  ids  death  being  caused  by  a  fall  from 
his  hor.-e  over  a  precipice.    His  remains  were  removed  by  the  Emperor  Alex 
ander  of  Russia,  to  the  cathedral  church  of  Cracow,  Poland,  where  they  re 
pose  by  the  side  of  other  Polish  heroes 

40.  Owe,  the  early  history  of  the  city  of  Boston 26,  67,  68,  70,  72,  73 

41.  Give  an  account  of  the  Rev.  John  Davenport 30 

Born  in  England ;  was  the  minister  of  a  church  at  New  Haven  for  thirty 
years,  and  afterward  of  another  church  at  Boston,  where  he  died. 

42.  Give  an  account  of  Jefferxon  Davis 159,  160,  182,  183 

Born  in  Kentucky  in  1808 ;  received  a  military  education  at  West  Point, 
served  with  credit  in  the  Black  Hawk  fp.  138)  and  Mexican  wars,  was  a 
representative  in  Congress  and  a  U.  S.  senator  from  Mississippi,  and  secre 
tary  of  war  in  President  Pierce's  cabinet. 

43.  Give  an  account  of  General  Dearborn ...  121 

Henry  Dearborn  was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1751 ;  was  in   the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  (p.  70),  was  with  Arnold  in  the  expedition  against  Canada  (p.  72), 
and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  attack  upon  Quebec.    Being  exchanged,  he 
served  under  Gates  in  the  Northern  campaign  (p.  84),  and  did  good  service 
in  the  battle  of  MonmouMi  (p.  86),  in  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  In 
dians  (p.  90),  and  in  the  operations  before  Yorktown  (p.  97).    He  died  in  1829. 

44.  What,  can  you  state  of  Silas  Deaiie? 78 

Born  in  Connecticut,  and  was  a  member  of  the  first  Continental  Congress. 
In  consequence  of  the  extravagant  contracts  he  made  in  France,  he  was 
recalled,  and  John  Adams  was  appointed  commissioner  in  his  place.    Ha 
died  in  England  in  poverty. 


QUESTIONS   FOR   TOPICAL   STUDY. 


45.  Give  an  account  of  Commodore  Stephen  Decatyr,  Jr 110,  117,  130 

Born  in  Maryland  in  1779.    The  affair  between  the  Chesapeake  and  the 
Leopard  in  1807  (p.  Ill),  in  the  opinion  of  Decatur,  was  disgraceful,  and  he 
did  not  hesitate  to  speak  in  severe  te.-ms  of  the  conduct  of  Commodore  Bar- 
ron,  who  commanded  the  Chesapeake  on  that  occasion.    The  consequence 
was  a  duel  with  Barron,  thirieen  years  after,  in  which  Decatur  was  killed. 

46.  What  can  you  state  of  the  Baron  Dieskau  ? 57,  58 

Was  a  German  general,  and  served  in  France  and  Germany.    After  being 
wounded  ;p.  58,,  tie  returned  to  Europe,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1767. 

47.  Give  a  sketch  of  D'Estaitufs  life 85,  86,  87,  90,  91 

Born  in  France  in  1729  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  the 
French  Revolution,  but,  falling  under  the  suspicion  of  the  Terrorists,  was 
guillotined  in  1794. 

*8.  Give  the  history  of  Delaware 44,  45,  46,  160  ;  Ap.  11,  14 

Delaware  Bay  and  River  were  so  named  in  honor  of  Lord  Delaware,  one  of 
the  early  governors  of  Virginia  :  whence  the  name  of  the  State. 

49.  Give  a.  sketch  of  the  life  of  Baron  De  Kalb ..92 

Born  in  1732,  iu  a  German  province  then  held  by  France;  was  an  officer  in 
the  French  army  just  previous  to  the  time  he  came  to  America  with  L;ifay- 
ette  in  1777,  was  second  in  command  under  Gates,  and  died  thrse  days  after 
the  battle  of  Sanders  Creek. 

50.  What  can  you  state  of  the  "  Jersey  Prison-Ship  ?" 

During  the  Revolution,  the  British  used  the  hulks  of  their  decaying  ships 
for  the  imprisonment  of  captives.    One  of  these,  the  Jersey  Prison-Ship, 
which  was  anchored  near  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  is  noted  for  the  inhuman  treat 
ment  which  its  prisoners  received,  hundreds  of  whom  died  in  consequence. 

51.  Give  the  history  of  California.. . .  Note  11,  p.  17  f.,  150,  151 ;  Note  6,  p.  155  b. 
"A  romance  was  published  in  Spain  in  1510,  in  which  the  word  California, 
applied  to  an  imaginary  island,  for  the  first  time  occurred.    Cortez  had  read 
the  book,  it  is  supposed  ;  and  when  he  sailed  along  the  west  coast  of  Mex 
ico,  in  1535,  supposing  he  was  in  the  region  of  the  island,  he  called  the 
country  California." 

53.  Give  the  history  of  Connecticut 28, 29, 30,  32, 51,  68,  78, 89,  126  ;  Ap.  11,  13 

63.  Give  a  sketch  of  Dr.  Franklin's  life 78,  98  ;  Note  15,  p.  104  f.  •  Ap.  8 

Benjamin  Franklin,  a  philosopher  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Boston  in 
1706.  He  learned  the  printing  business  in  Boston,  followed  it  in  Philadel 
phia,  and,  after  a  trip  to  England,  became  postmaster  of  Philadelphia. 
About  the  year  1746  he  began  to  mnke  experiments  in  electricity,  applying 
his  discoveries  to  the  invention  of  lightning-rods  for  the  protection  of  build 
ings.  The  people  of  Pennsylvania  and  other  Colonies  becoming  dissatisfied 
with  the  rnle  which  the  colonial  proprietors  exercised.  Franklin  was  sent 
to  England  to  gain  redress;  find  in  this  he  was  successful.  He  again  went 
to  Europe,  both  before  and  after  the  Revolution  ;  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  to  draft  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  and  signed,  in  France, 
the  treaty  of  alliance  between  that  country  and  the  United  States  (p.  85;. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  85th  year  of  his  age. 

54.  Give  the  history  of  Florida 11,  12,  13, 14,  note  p.  17,  63,  98, 127,  128,  135, 

153.  154,  158,  159,  177;  Table  of  States. 

55.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  John.  C.  Fremont 146,  147,  152,  163,  171 

56.  What  can  yon  'state  of  Millard  Fillmore  f 151.  152 

Born    in  New  York  in  1800.      Before  his  election  to    the  vice-presidency 
he  held  several  public  positions  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  served  four 
terms  as  a  representative  in  Congress.    His  death  occurred  at  Buffalo,  in 
1874. 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  67 

57.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Admiral  Farragut  f 169,,  181 

David  G.  Farnigut  was  born  in  Tennessee  in  1801.    At  the  early  age  of  eleven 
he  became  a  midshipman,  which  position  he  held  on  board  the  Essex  when 
that  vessel  captured  the  Alert  (p.  117).    After  the  Great  Civil  War,  he  crossed 
the  Atlantic  in.  a  government  vessel,  and  visited  the  principal  seaports  of 
Europe.    He  died  in  1870. 

58.  Give  a  sketch  of  Admiral  Footers  life 166,168 

Andrew  H.  Foote  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1806.    He  spent  the  mos'i  of 
his  life  in  the  naval  service  of  his  country,  and  was  an  active  friend  of  reli 
gious  and  philanthropic  enterprises.    His  death  occurred  at  New  York  in 
18(53,  as  he  was  preparing  to  take  charge  of  the  squadron  off  Charleston. 

59.  State  what  you  can  of  General  Gage ..  67,  68,  69 

<»0.    Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  General  Gates 84,  92^  95 

Horatio  Gates  was  born  in  England  in  1728.  He  was  an  officer  in  Brad'doc'k's 
expedition,  in  1755,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  ihe  battle  of  the  Mononga- 
hela.  After  the  Revolutionary  War,  he  resided  in  Virginia,  and  subsequently 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  died  in  1806. 

61.  Give  the  history  of  Georgia 48,  68,  87,  88,  90,  91,  135,  158,  175,  180,  183  ; 

Ap.  11,  14  ;  Table  of  State*. 

62.  What  can  you  state  of  Bartholomeiv  Gosnold  ? 15, 18 

63.  Give  a  sketch  of  Gen.  Grant's  life.. 163,  166, 168,  169,  175, 177,  178,  182,  183,  186 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1823  ;  received  a  military  education  at 
West  Point,  participated  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto  (p.  144),  Resaca  de  la 
Palma,  Monterey,  and  in  every  one  of  Scott's  battles  in  Mexico.    At  the 
commencement  of  the  Great  Civil  War,  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  busi 
ness  at  Galena,  Illinois,  and  was  among  the  first  to  offer  his  services  to  the 
government. 

64.  Give  a  sketch  of  General  Greene's  life ,  95,  96 

Nathaniel  Greene  was  born  of  Quaker  parents,  in  Rhode  Island,  in  1742. 
He  aided,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  in  driving  the  British  from 
Boston  (pp.  72,  73),  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battles  of  Trenton, 
Princeton,  Brandywine,  and  Germantown.     He  died  of    "sunstroke,"  in 
Georgia,  in  1786. 

65.  Give  a  sketch  of  Alexander  Hamilton's  life Note  16,  p.  104  f.,  106,  111 

Hamilton  was  born  in  one  of  the  West  India  Islands  in  1757.    At  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  was  sent  to  New  York  to  be  educated.    At  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolution  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  take  up  arms  in  behalf  of  the  patriots, 
performing  a  creditable  part  as  captain  of  an  artillery  company  in  the  battle 
of  Long  Island.    By  his  activity  and  intelligence  he  attracted  the  attention 
of  Washington,  and  after  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  in  both  of 
which  he  was  engaged,  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Washington  to  take 
a  place  on  his  staff,  as  aide-de-camp.    He   participated  in  the  battles   of 
Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth.     (See  Note  6,  p.  113  b.) 

66.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Nathan  Hale 75 

He  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1755  ;  graduated  at  Yale  College,  and  became 
a  teacher.    Directly  after  the  battle   of  Lexington  he  entered  the  army  as 
lieutenant,  and  before  the  close  of  the  year  was  promoted  to  be  a  captain. 
After  the  battle  of  Long  Island  p.  75)  and  the  retreat  of  the  American  army, 
Washington  desired  to  gain  a  knowledge  of    the  condition  of    the  enemy 
on  Long  Island,  and  Hale  volunteered  for  the  service  :  but,  as  he  was  return 
ing  with  the  information,  he  was  arrested  by  the  enemy,  and,  on  the  follow 
ing  morning  (Sep.  22,  1776),  was  hung  as  a  spy,  saying,  with  his  last  breath  : 
"I  only  regret  that  I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my  country." 


QUESTIONS   FOE   TOPICAL   STUDY. 


67.  In  what  respects  do  the  cases  of  Hale  and  Arnold  differ  ? 93,  94 

68.  Give  a  sketch  of  John  Hancock's  life _.„„ 69  ;  Ap.  6 

He  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  in  1737,  and  dic>d  there  in  1793.     He  was  the 
president  of  the  second  Continental  Congress  (p.  71).    After  the  Revolution 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and,  with  the  exception  of  an 
interval  of  two  years,  was  annually  re-elected  till  his  death. 

69.  Give  a  sketch  of  Gsneral  Harrison's  life 114,  118,  119,  120,  141 

He  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1773.    His  father's  name  was  Benjamin  (Ap.  8). 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  joined  the  army,  served  under  St.  Clair  (p.  107) 
and  Wayne,  and  was  governor  of  Indiana  Territory  (p.  136). 

70.  Give  a  sketch  of  Patrick  Henry's  life 66,  71.    Topic  233,  Ap.  p.  84. 

Bom  in  Virginia  in  1736 ;  died  there  in  1799.     Was  admitted  to  the  bar  • 
was  a  member  of  "The  First  Continental  Congress"  (p.  68},  and  governor 
of  Virginia.    He  opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  (p.  99). 
Without  doubt  he  was  the  most  gifted  orator  in  America  during  bis  time. 

71.  What  can  you  state  of  General  Joseph  Hooker  ? 173, 175 

Was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1815  ;  received  a  military  education  at  West 
Point,  distinguished  himself  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  in  McClellan's  Penin 
sula  (p.  170)  and  Antietam  battles. 

72.  Give  a  sketch  of  Henry  Hudson's  life 37 

Hudson  made  four  voyages  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  shorter  passage  to 
the  Pacific  than  the  one  around  Cape  Horn.    While  in  the  large  bay  which 
now  bears  his  name,  during  his  fourth  voyage,  in  1610,  a  mutiny  occurre  1 
among  his  men,  and  he,  with  eight  who  remained  faithful  to  him,  was  put 
into  an  open  boat,  and  abandoned.    No  tidings  were  ever  afterward  heard 
of  him. 

73.  State  what  you  can  of  General  Hull Note  2,  p.  134  a.    115,  116 

William  Hull  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1753.    He  fought  with  courage  in 
the  battles  of  White  Plains,  Trenton,  Princeton,  Bemis  Heights,  Saratoga, 
Monmouth,  and  Stony  Point.    After  his  surrender  of  Detroit  he  was  tried 
by  a  court-martial,  pronounced  guilty  of  cowardice  in  making  the  surrender, 
and  sentenced  to  be  shot ;  but,  in  consideration  of  his  age  and  revolutionary 
services,  President  Madison  remitted  the  sentence.    He  died  in  1825. 

74.  What  can  you  ttate  of  Captain  Hull? 117 

Captain  Isaac  Hull,  afterward  Commodore,  was  a  nephew  of  General  Hull. 
During  the  war  with  the  Bnrbary  States,  from  1803  to  1805,  he  served  with 
distinction.    He  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1775  ;  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1843. 

75.  Give  the  History  of  Harper's  Ferry 156,  157,  160,  161 , 172 

During  the  Civil  War  the  Confederates  had  possession  of  the  place  threa 
times.    It  contains  a  United  States  arsenal. 

76.  Give  the  history  of  Illinois 98,  136  ;  Ta ble  of  the  States. 

"Illinois  was  so  named  from  its  principal  river.    The  word,  an  Indian  one, 
is  said  to  signify  the  river  of  men''1  or  "  a  perfect  and  accomplished  man/' 

77.  Give  the  history  of  Indiana. . . .  190,  98, 107,  130,  134,  136,  and  Table  of  States. 

78.  Give  the  history  of  Iowa 1 10,  and  Table  of  the  States. 

"  Iowa  is  an  Indian  name,  meaning  '  Here  is  the  place."1 " 

79.  Give  a  sketch  of  Andrew  Jackson's  life  121,  128,  135,  137,  138,  139, 140 

He  was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1767  ;  died  in  Tennessee  in  1845.    Though 
but  a  boy  during  the  Revolution,  he  took  an  active  part  in  behalf  of  the 
patriots.    He  became  a  lawyer,  a  representative,  and  U.S.   senator  from 
Tennessee,  and  governor  of  Florida.    (See  Note  3,  p.  134  a.,  Note  8,  p.  134  c., 
Note  1,  p.  155  a ;  and  Topic  222,  Ap.  p.  80.) 

80.  Name  in  order  the  important  events  in  Jackson's  administration ,153 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 


81.  What  can  you  state  of  "Stonewall "  Jackson ? 171 

Born  iii  Virginia  in  1824 ;  was  a  graduate  ol  West  Point,  and  served  in  the 
Mexican  war.    It  was  remarked  by  one  of  hi*  officers,  that  in  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  he  "  stood  like  a  stone  wall ;  "  hence  he  was  afterward  popularly 
known  as  "  Stonewall  Jackson."     He  was  accidentally  wounded  by  his  own 
men  at  the  battle  of  Chaucellorsville,  May  2d,  1863,  and  died  in  consequence, 
eight  days  after. 

82.  John,  Jay 98,  108,  109,  Note  16,  p.  104  f .,  Note  2,  p.  113  a. 

Bom  in  New  York  city  in  1745 ;  died  iu  18*9.    Was  a  member  of  'k  The  First 
Continental  Congress"  (p.  68),  rendered  important  aid  in  favor  of  the  adop 
tion  of  the  Constitution  (p.  99;,  and  was  the  first  chief- justice  of  the  United 
States. 

83.  Give  an  account  of  Sir  }Vill\am  Johnson 57,  58,  61 

Born  in  Ireland  in  1715  ;  died  at  his  residence  about  fifty  miles  from  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  in  1774.    For  his  services,  in  1755  he  was  made  a  baronet. 

84.  Sketch  Jefferson's  life.. .  74,  Note  16,  p.  104  f.,  106,  109,  110,  111,  112, 137  ;  Ap.  8 
Born  in  Virginia  iu  1743,  and  died  there.    Though  Jefferson  was  one  of  the 
ableet  statesmen  and  one  of  the  most  forcible  writers  the  country  has  pro 
duced,  he  never  made  a  formal  public  speech.    During  the  debate  on  the 
adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  he  was  silent. 

85.  Name  the  important  events  of  Jefferson's  administration,  112, 113;  Introduction 

86.  What  can  you  state  of  Paul  Jones  ? 90 

Born  in  Scotland  in  1747.    After  the  Revolution  he  entered  the  Russian  naval 
service,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  poverty,  in  1792. 

87.  What  can  you  state  of  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  f 171,  178,  182 

88.  Give  a  sketch  of  Andrew  Johnson's  life 182,  183,  184,  185,  186 

Born  in  North  Carolina  in  1808.     Served  nine  years  at  the  business  of  a  tailor, 
was  several  times  elected  a  representative  in  Congress,  twice  governor  of 
Tennessee,  a  U.  S.  senator,  and  was  appointed  governor  of  Tennessee  in  the 
beginning  of  the  Great  Civil  War.     (See,  also,  Topic  221,  Ap.  p.  80.) 

89.  Name  in  chronological  order  the  important  events  of  his  administration . .  189 

90.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Kentucky. ...  98,  107, 113,  166,  168,  169,  170, 177 
The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  by  Daniel  Boone.    (See  Topic  211, 
Ap.  p.  77  ;  olso  Table  of  States.) 

91.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  Kansas 110,  151,  152, 157  ;  T;ible  of  States. 

The  name  Kansas,  said  to  signify  smoky  water,  was  that  of  a  tribe  of  In 
dians.     (See  Introduction.) 

92.  What  can  you  state  of  Gen.  Lymanf 57,58 

Phineas  Lyman  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1716  ;  died  in  Florida  in  1775. 

93.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Gen.  Lincoln  ?...-. 88,  90,  91,  103 

Gen.  Lincoln,  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1733;   died 
there  in  1810.    Was  a  farmer  until  he  was  40  years  old  ;  was  in  the  battles  of 
White  Plains  (p.  75),  and  Bemis  Heights  (p.  84),  and  commanded  the  forces  " 
which  quelled  Shays's  Rebellion  (p.  99).    He  was  a  favorite  of  Washington. 

94.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  President  Lincoln 158-182 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1809.  His  early  life  was  passed 
at  hard  labor  on  his  father's  farm  in  Indiana.    At  the  age  of  19  he  made  a 
trip  to  New  Orleans  as  a  hired  hand  on  a  flat-boat,  and  afterward  removed  to 
Illinois  ;  served  as  captain  in  the  "Black  Hawk  War"  (p.  138)  ;  was  elected 
to  the  Illinois  Legislature,  and  was  a  representative  in  Congress. 

95.  How  many  and  what  persons  by  the  name  of  Lee  took  prominent  parts  in  th« 

Revolutionary  War? 73,  74,  78,  90 ;  Ap.  8 

96.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Gen.  Charles  Lee? 73,  75,  76,  79,  86 


70  QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

Born  in  England  in  1731 ;  was  with  Braddock  in  the  battle  of  the  Mononga- 
hela  (p.  57),  with  Abercromby  in  the  assault  on  Ticonderoga  (p.  59),  and  after 
ward  served  in  the  Russian  army.  Died  at  Philadelphia  in  1782. 

97.  What  can  you  state  of  Gen.  Eoberl,  E.  Lee 171,  172 ,  173,  178, 179,  182 

Was  born  in  Virginia;  graduated  at  West  Point,  and  served  in  the  Mexican 
War.    In  1865  he  was  elected  President  of  Washington  College,  Va.,  which, 
after  his  death,  occurring  in  October,  1870,  was  named  the  Washington  and 
Lee  University. 

98.  Give  a  sketch  of  Gen.  Lafayette's  life 78,  80,  96,  137.    Note  3,  p.  155  a. 

The  Marquis  de  Lafayetce  was  born  in  France  in  1757.     Was  in  the  battles 
of  Monmouth  (p.  86)  and  Yorktown  (p.  97),  and  was  a  member  of  the  court 
that  tried  Andre  (p.  94).     Died  at  Paris  in  1834.    (Give  a  further  account.) 

99.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  La  Salle 6,  Note  16,  p.  52  f . 

A  celebrated  French  navigator,  born  about  1635,  died  in  1687.    Made  four 
visits  to  America  :  in  the  first,  while  endeavoring  to  find  a  passage  by  water 
to  China,  he  explored  Lake  Ontario  ;  in  the  third  he  descended  the  Missis 
sippi  ;  in  the  fourth,  which  was  undertaken  to  settle  LouMana,  he  sailed 
from  France,  but  instead  of  landing  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  pro 
ceeded  by  mistake  to  Texas,  where  he  was  shot  by  one  of  Ids  men. 

100.  What  account  can  you  give  of  Marquette  f 6,  Note  6,  p.  17  d. 

Born  in  France  in  1637.     He  died  in  Michigan  in  1675,  near  a  small  river, 
which  still  bears  his  name. 

101.  Give  the  history  of  Louisiana..  .Note  157,  110,  120,  133,  158, 164,  169,  177,  191 
"In  1682  La  Salle  descended  the  Mississippi,  and  taking  possession  for 
France  of  the  whole  country  watered  by  the  river,  named  it  Louisiana,  in 
honor  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France."   The  French  held  the  whole  domain  known 
by  the  name  of  Louisiana  till  1762,  when  they  ceded  it  to  Spain.    In  1800  it 
was  retroceded  to  France.    In  1804  it  was  divided  into  two  governments^: 
that  of  the  "  Territory  of  Orleans,"  including  the  present  State  of  Louisi 
ana,  and  that  of  the  '•  District  of  Louisiana."    (See  Notes  4  and  5,  p.  113  b.) 

102.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  General  Montgomery 59,  71,  72 

Richard  Mont-ornery  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1736.    He  settled  in  New  York 
State,  and  in  1775  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress.    A  monument 
was  erected  to  his  memory  in  front  of  St.  Paul's  church,  New  York  city, 
beneath  which  his  remains  were  placed  in  1818. 

103.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  General  Marion  91 ,  Note  8,  p.  104  c. 

Francis  Marion  was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1732.    The  amount  of  aid 
which  he  rendered  the  patriot  cause  during  the  Revolution  can  hardly  be 
estimated.     All  attempts  of  the  enemy  to  baffle  him  were  entirely^  futile. 
He  was  an  honest  man  and  a  pure  patriot.     His  death  occurred  in  1795. 

104.  Give  the  history  of  Massachusetts,  23-27,  3v>-37,  51, 66-73,  99, 129, 136  ;  Ap.  11, 13 

105.  Give  the  history  of  Maine 16,  27,  33,  136  ;  Table  of  States,  190 

Authors  are  not  agreed  with  regard  to  the  derivation  of  the  name  of  tliia 
State.    The  prevailing  opinion  is,  that  Maine  was  so  called  in  compliment 
to  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I.  of  England,  who,  it  was  supposed, 
owned  the  province  of  Maine,  in  France. 

106.  What  can  you  state  of  Robert  Morris  f 

Born  in  England  in  1734  ;  came  to  America  when  thirteen  year?  old  ;  was 
educated  at  Philadelphia.  After  the  Revolution,  he  lost  by  land  speculation 
an  immense  fortune  gained  in  the  China  trade,  and  was  confined  a  long  time 
in  prison  for  debt.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1806. 

107.  Give  the  history  of  Fort  Ticonderoga 59,  60, 62,  69,  71,  81,  85 

It  was  commenced  by  the  French  in  1755,  and  by  them  called  Carillon  (chime  of 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  71 

bells),  in  allusion  to  the  music  of  the  waterfalls  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  George, 
near  it.  In  1759,  on  the  approach  of  the  English,  under  Amherst,  the  French 
retreated,  leaving  the  fort  in  flames  ;  Amluret  rebuilt  it.  A  large  part  of  its 
walls  L<  still  standing. 

108.  Give  the  history  of  Alabama 120.  121,  127,  135,  136,  153,  159,  169,  181,  190 

The  territory  now  comprising  the  States  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  ex 
cept  the  coast-strip  between  Florida  and  Louisiana  (see  Introduction),  was 
o  iginallya  part  of  Georgia,  but  in  1798  was  organized  as  the  Mississippi 
Territorj'.    The  word  Alabama  is  of  Indi.ui  origin,  signifying  here  we  rest. 
(Table  of  States.) 

109.  Give  the  history  of  Mississippi,  135,  136, 158,  159, 164, 166,  169,  175, 177, 186, 190 
The  word  Mississippi  is  of  Indian  origin,   signifying,  according  to  some 
writers,  the  Great  River  ;  according  to  others,  the  Great  Father  of  Waters. 
(See  above,  under  the  history  of  Alabama  ;  also,  Table  of  States.) 

110.  Give  a  sketch  of  General  Daniel  Morgan's  life .95 

Born  in  New  Jersey  in  1736 ;  died  in  Virginia  in  1802.    Was  wiih  Brad- 
dock  in  1755  (p.  57),  performing  the  duties  of  teamster  ;  joined  Washington 
at  Cambridge,  with  a  rifle  corps  (p.  72)  ;  accompanied  Arnold  across  the 
wilderness  to  Quebec,  participating  in  the  attempt  to  capture  that  city 
(p.  72) ;  and  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  battle  of  Bemis  Heights  (p.  84j. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  1795  to  1793. 

111.  Give  the  history  of  Maryland.  .41,42,  43,  68,  74,  76,  99,  127,  160,  172,  173,  179  ; 

Ap.  8,  11,14 

112.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  James  Madison 114-130 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1751  ;  died  there  in  1836.    Was  a  member  of  the  con 
vention  which  prepared  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  (p.  99) ;  united 
with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  advocating  its  adoption  (Note  16,  p.  104  f.) ;  op 
posed  Hamilton's  financial  measures  (p.  106)  ;  and  was  secretary  of  state  in 
Jefferson's  cabinet. 

1 13.  Name,  in  order,  the  events  of  Madison's  administration 130, 131, 132 

114.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  ofJamei  Monroe 125,  126,  127,  128,  137 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1758  ;  died  in  New  York  city,  July  4th,  1831.   Entered  the 
army  in  1776  ;  was  at  the  battle  of  White  Plains  (p.  75),  Trenton,  in  which 
he  was  wounded  (p.  76),  Brandywine  (p.  79),  Germantown  (p.  80\  and  Mon- 
mouth  (p.  86) ;  was  a  member  of  Congress  when  Washington  resigned  his 
commission  (p.  99)  ;  governor  of  Virginia ;  and  minister  to  France,  to  En 
gland,  and  to  Holland. 

115.  What  can,  you  state  of  General  Meade  f 173,  178,  179 

116.  Give  the  history  of  Missouri 110,  136,  162,  163,  168  ;  Table  of  States,  191 

The  name  Missouri,  an  Indian  one,  signifying  Mud  Elver,  was  first  applied 
to  the  river  of  that  name. 

117.  Give  the  history  of  Michigan 63.  98,  115,  118,  119  ;  Table  of  Stages  190 

The  name  Michigan,  supposed  to  be  formed  from  two  Indian  words,  signi 
fying  Great  Lake,  was  first  applied  to  the  lake. 

118.  Give  the  history  of  Arkansas  110,  159,  160  ;  Table  of  States,  191 

"  The  State  takes  its  namr>  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  now  extinct." 

119.  Givethehistory  of  Minnesota 98,110,157;  Table  of  States,  191 

The  name  Minnesota  was  first  applied  to  the  river.    It  is  compounded  of 
two  Indian  words,  signifying  sky-colored  water. 

120.  The  military  events  in  General  McClelland  life 16">,  164,  170,  171,  172. 

121.  Give  the  history  of  New  York  State .. 37-39,  51,  65,  68,  69,  71,  74,  75,  79,  81-85, 

87,  89,  90,  93,  94,  98,  116,  121-125  ;  Ap.  8,  9,  11,  14  ;  Table  of  States. 

122.  Give  the  histoi-y  of  New  York  City. .  .37-49,  68,  67,  73,  74,  75,  98,  106, 158,  170 


72  QUESTIONS    FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

123.  Give  the  history  of  New  Hampshire 27,  28,  33,  34,  51,  68 ;  Ap.  8,  9,  11,  15 

124.  Of  New  Jersey 37,  40,  41,  51,  68,  76--81,  86,  90,  94  ;  Ap.  8,  9-,  11,  14 

1-25.   Of  North  Carolina. .  13,  47,  68,  95,  96,  160,  163,  167,  181,  182 ;  Ap.  8,  9,  11,  14 

126.  Give  the  history  of  South  Carolina..   13,  47,  68,  7-i,  74,  89,  91,  92,  95,  96,  1:38, 

139,  158,  159,  160,  163,  164,  167,  182;  Ap.  8,  11,  14 

127.  Give  the  events  of  Charleston 47,  67,  73,  74,  91,  101,  139,  158,  160,  182 

128.  Give  the  history  of  the  Northwest  Territory  110,  136,  190 

Ihe  territory  north  of  the  Ohio,  which  was  surrendered  to  the  United 
States  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  was  claimed  by  individual  States.    In 
1787  it  was  organized  into  the  Northwest  Ttrritory,  though,  in  consequence 
of  delay  on  the  part  of  the  Slates  to  cede  their  claims  to  the  General  Govern 
ment,  the  latter  did  not  acquire  complete  jurisdiction  over  it  before  1800. 
(See  Topics  233,  23T  ;  Ap.  pp.  84,  85.) 

129.  Give  the  history  of  Ohio 107,  110,  113,  118,  119,  176,  190 

"  The  first  explorations  in  the  territory  were  made  by  the  French,  the  discov 
eries  of  LaSalle  in  this  region  dating  from  about   1680."    (See  also  Table  of 
States,  and  preceding  paragraph  in  relation  to  the  Northwest  Territory  ;  also 
Topics  212,  214,  215  ;  App.  pp.  r,7,  78.) 

130.  Give  the  history  of  Oregon 7,  157  ;  Note  157,  192  ;  Table  of  States. 

A  writer  of  note   states  that  the  name  Oregon  was  probably  invented  by 
Captain  Carver,  who  made  an   early  exploration  of  the  region.     Another 
writer  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  name  was  derived  from  the  Spanish 
oregano,  wild  sago,  which  grows  in  great  abundance  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

131.  Give  the  history  of  Nevada 7,  150  ;  Table  of  States.  193 

The  State  derived  its  name  from  the  mountain  range  on  the  west  of  it.     The 
two  words  sierra  and  nevada,  are  Spanish,  meaning  mountains  snow-covered 

132.  Give  an  account  of  William  Penn 40,  43,  44,  46 

Was  born  in  London  in  1644.    Though  reared  in  the  principles  of  the  Church 
of  England,  he  became  a  convert  t<>  Quakerism.    He  was  several  times  ar 
rested  and  imprisoned  for  attending  Quaker  meetings  and  for  preaching. 

133.  Give  the  history  of  Pennsylvania.    43,  44,  52,. 55,  53,  57,  60,  6S.  79,  80,  81,   87, 

108,  179,  180  ;  Ap.  8,  9,  11,  14 

134.  Give  the  Msfory  of  Philadelphia 44,  67,  68,  71,  74,  76,  79,  80,  86,  99,  108 

135.  What  can  you  state  of  William  Pitt  ? 59,  60 

Was  born  in  England  in  1708.     At  the  beginning  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion  he  favored  the  Americans.    At  the  close  of  a  speech  made  in  Parlia 
ment  in  1778,  against  the  motion  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  the 
United  States,  he  fell  to  the  floor  in  a  fit  and  died  a  few  weeks  after. 

186.   What  account  can  yon  gire  of  General  Putnam  f 75 

Israel  Putnam,  familiarly  known  as  "  Old  Put."  was  born  in  Massachusetts 
in  1718,  died  in  Connecticut  in  1700.  In  the  lattv  State  he  made  himself 
famous  by  his  daring  encounters  with  wolves  and  Indians.  Was  in  the  ex 
pedition  against  Ticonderoga  (p.  59).  during  which  he  was  captured  by  In 
dians,  tied  to  a  tree  to  be  burned,  bnt  was  saved  by  a  French  officer  ;  served 
in  the  Pontiac  War  (p.  63) ;  was  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill ;  and  in  1779 
opposed  Tryon's  expedition  (p.  89). 

137.  What  can  you  state  of  Count  PulasIA 80,  91 

138.  Name  as  many  early  navigators  as  you  can 9-37 

139.  Give  an  account  of  James  K.  Polk 143-150 

Born  in  North  Carolina  in  1795  ;  died  in  Tennessee  in  1849.    Was  a  repre 
sentative  in  Congress  from  Tennessee  for  fourteen  years,  and  was  speaker 
of  the  House  three  terms. 


QUESTIONS   FOR   TOPICAL   STUDY.  73 

140.  Give  an  account  of  Franklin  Pierced 151,  152 

Born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1834;  was  a  representative  in  Congress,  a  United 
States  senator,  and  served  in  ihe  Mexican  War.    Died  in  1869. 

141.  State  ivhat  you  can  of  General  Pope 168,  171,  172 

142.  State  what  you  can  of  Admiral  Porter 169,  173,  181 

143.  In  how  many  and  what  wars  have  the  United  States  been  engaaed? 65.  90, 

107,  110,  114,  115,  1-20,  130,  135,  138,  1S9,  143 

144.  In  ivhatwars,  when  they  were  Colonies? 21,  22,  29,  32,  34,  35,  36,  42,  48 

145.  What  rebellions  have  there  been  in  the  United  States  ? 99,  108,  138,  157 

146.  Give  the  hi&tory  of  Rhode  Island 31,  51,  68,  79,  86,  87,  141 ;  Ap.  8,  9,  11, 13 

147.  What  can  you  state  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  f  14,  15  ;  Note  10,  p.  17 

Born  in  England  in  1552.     The  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  1603,  proved 
{atal  to  his  fortunes.    He  was  tried  on  a  false  charge  of  treason,  convicted, 
and,  after  a  period  of  fifteen  years,  during  which  time  he  suffered  imprison- 
meut,  and  afterward  commanded  an  unsuccessful  expedition  to  the  coast  of 
South  America,  he  was  beheaded  in  London  in  1618.     He  never  visited  any 
part  of  the  new  world  now  belonging  to  the  United  States.    During  his  long 
imprisonment  he  wrote  a  "History  of  the  World,"  which  has  been  pro 
nounced  as'1  greatly  superior  both  in  style  and  matter  to  the  English  histori 
cal  compositions  which  had  preceded  it." 

148.  What  can  you  state  of  General  Rosecrans  ? 169,  17'0,  173,  175 

149.  State  what  yon  can  of  Captain  John  Smith 18,  19,  20,  23 

Born  in  England  in  1579  ;  died  there  in  1631.    His  life  was  an  eventful  one. 
The  narrative  of  the  part  he  took  in  wars  against  the  Turks,  of  his  captiv 
ity  by  them,  and  of  his  escape,  seems  more  like  a  romance  than  a  reality. 

150.  Give  the  history  of  Savannah 48,  87,  88,  90,  91,  180,  181,  182 

151.  What  can  you  state  of  Gen.  Philip  Sclunjlerf 71,-  72,  82,  a3,  84 

Born   at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1733  ;    died  there   in  1804.     Was  in  Johnson's 
expedition  in  1755  (p.  57),  and  was  a  member  of  Congress  prior  to  the  presi 
dency  of  Washington,  and  afterward  a  United  States  senator  from  New 
York.    One  of  his  (laughters  married  Alexander  Hamilton  in  1780. 

152.  What  can  you  state  of  General  John  Sullivan? 76,  86,  87,  90 

Born  in  Maine  in  1740 ;  died  in  New  Hampshire  in  1795.     Was  in  the  bat 
tles  of  Trenton  (p.  76),  Princeton  (p.  78),  B>'andywine  (p.  79),  Germantown 
(p.  80).    At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  Federal  judge. 

153.  Give  an  account  of  General  Arthur  St.  Clair 81,  82,  107 

Born  in  Scotland  in  1735;  died  in  Pennsylvania  in  1818.     Was  with  Wolfe 
in  1759  (p    62),  with  Washington  in  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton 
and  siege  of  Yorkrown,  was  president  of  Congress  in  1787,  and  governor  of 
the  Northwest  Territory  from  its  organization  in  1789  to  1802. 

154.  What  can  you  state  of  General  Thomas  Sumler  f 91,  102 

Born  in  South  Carolina  in  1734;  died  there  in  1832.    After  the  Revolution 
ary  War  he  was  a  representative  and  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina.     Fort  Sumter  (p.  158)  was  so  named  in  honor  of  him. 

155.  Give  the  early  history  of  St.  Augustine 13, 14 

156.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Winjield  Scott...  .124,  139,  147,  148,  149,  150,  161,  164 
Born  in  Virginia  in  1786  ;  died  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  in  1866.    In  the  battle 
of  Queenstown  (p.  116)  he  wa^  taken  prisoner,  but  was  soon  exchanged. 

157.  What  can  you  xtate  of  Gin.  WMiim  T.  Sherman  f...  176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 
Born  in  Ohio  in  1820  ;  graduated  at  West  Point,  an'!  served  in  Floi  ida.    Gen. 
Grant,  on  the  very  day  of  his  inauguration,  nominated  Sherman  for  the 
position  of  general  of  the  army,  and  the  nomination  was  at  once  confirmed 
by  the  United  States  Senate. 


74  QUESTIONS   FOE  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

158.  What  can  you  state  of  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan? 180,182 

Born  in  Ohio  of  Irish  parents  in  1831  ;  graduated  at  West  Point,  and  served 
against  the  Indians.  After  the  Great  Civil  War  he  was  placed  in  military  com 
mand  at  New  Orleans,  but  his  rigorous  course  toward  the  late  Confederates 
did  not  meet  the  approbation  of  President  Johnson,  and  he  was  transferred 
to  a  field  of  operations  against  the  hostile  Indians  of  the  far  West.    Gen. 
Grant,  almost  immediately  after  he  became  president,  nominated  Sheridan 
for  the  position  of  lieutenant-general,  in  place  of  Gen.  Sherma»,  promoted, 
and  the  nomination  was  at  once  confirmed  by  the  United  States  Senate. 

159.  What  can  you  state  of  certain  organizations  known  as  Commissions  that  ex 

isted  during  the  Great  Civil  War? 

There  were  several  or  them,  and  they  did  incalculable  service  in  relieving 
the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  not  only  in  the  hospitals  but  on  the  battle 
fields.  The  two  known  as  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  and  the 
Christian  Commission  were  the  largest.  Of  the  former,  the  Rev.  Henry  W. 
Bellows,  D.D.,  of  New  York,  was  the  president. 

160.  Give  the  history  of  Tennessee . .  107,  160, 168, 169, 173, 175, 180  ;  Table  of  States. 
"  The  name  is  derived  from  Tannassee  (signifying  river  of  the  big  bend),  the 
Indian  name  applied  to  the  little  Tennessee  River."    North  Carolina  ceded 
the  territory  to  the  General  Government  in  1789.    Two  years  after,  it  was 
organized,  with  Kentucky,  as  the  "  Territory  of  the  United  States  south  of 
the  Ohio." 

161.  Give  the  history  of  Texas 141,  143,  144,  158,  173  ;  Table  of  States,  192 

Las  Tekas,  from  which  the  name  Texas  is  derived,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  name  of  a  petty  tribe  of  Indians  in  Texas.    The  State  ceded  to  the 
General  Government  her  claim  to  lands  west  of  the  27th  meridian,  now  in 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

162.  Give  an  account  of  John  Tyler 141,  143 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1790  ;  died  there  in  1862. 

163.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor 140,  143,  144,  145, 147, 150,  151 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1784  ;  was  in  the  War  of  1812  (p.  114),  and  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War  (p.  138). 

164.  Give  an  account  of  Washington .12th  Question,  p.  113 

165.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  Joseph  Warren 71.    Note  2,  p.  104  a. 

Born  in  Massachusetts  in  1741  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  studied  medi 
cine,  became  a  physician  in  Boston,  and  was  one  of  the  most  earnest  and 
eloquent  leaders  in  resisting  the  unjust  measures  of  the  British  Govern 
ment.    His  loss  was  sincerely  lamented  by  his  countrymen. 

163.  Give  an  account  of  Gen.  James  Wilkinson 121,  122, 123,  124 

Was  born  in  Maryland  in  1757;  studied  medicine,  was  a  physician,  nn  of 
ficer  in  the  American  army  during  the  Revolution,  was  in  the  ba'tle  of  the 
Maumee  (p.  107),  governor  of  the  Louisiana  Territory  in  1805-6,  aided 
in  breaking  up  the  plans  of  Aaron  Burr  in  1806  (p.  111).  Died  in  1S25. 

167.  Give  the  history  of  Washington  City 106,  109,  126,  160 

168.  Give  the  history  of  the  District  of  Columbia 106,  109 

In  1788  Maryland  ceded  60  square  miles  of  land,  and  next  year  Virginia 
ceded  40  square  miles,  to  the  United  States  as  a  site  for  the  national  capi 
tal.    This  made  a  square  of  10  miles,  or  100  square  miles,  60  square  miles 
being  on  the  east  side  of  the  Potomac  and  40  on  the  west,  which  was  named 
the  District  of  Columbia,  in  honor  of  Christopher  Columbus.    The  tract  on 
the  Virginia  side  of  the  river  was  retrocedud  to  that  State  in  1846,  conse 
quently  the  District  now  consists  of  the  territory  ceded  by  Marylar.i  in 
1788.     It  contains  the  two  cities  of  Washington  and  Georgetown,  and  is 


QUESTIONS   FOR   TOPICAL   STUDY.  75 

subject  to  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  Congress.    The  population  in  1870 
was  131,700,  one-third  ol  whom  were  colored  persons. 

169.  Give  the  history  of  West  Point 93,  Note  6,  p.  104  b. 

As  early  as  1776  the  Americans  erected  a  fort  there.    Next  year  a  chain  was 
stretched  across  the  river  to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  enemy's  ships.    A 
U.  S.  military  academy  was  established  there  in  1802. 

170.  Give  the  history  of  Wisconsin 8,  98,  110,  150;  Table  of  States,  190 

"This  State  takes  its  name  from  a  large  tributary  of  the  Mississippi,  dis 
covered  by  Marquette  in  1673,  and  called  by  him  Masconsin  (wild  rushing 
channel).     Masconsin  became  changed  to  Ouisconsin,.  and  finally  to  Wis 
consin.''1    Detroit  and  its  dependencies,  including  Wisconsin,  remained  in 
the  possession  of  the  Englisii  until  after  Jay's  Treaty  (1794). 

171.  Give  the  history  of  West  Virginia 176 

172.  Give  a  sketch  of  t/ie  life  of  Martin  Van  Buren Table,  end  of  History,  140 

Born  at  Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  in  1782  ;  died  there  in  1862.   Was  a  United  States 
senator,  governor  ol  the  State  of  New  York,  and  vice-president  of  the  United 
States  during  President  Jackson's  second  term. 

173.  Give  the  history  of  Vermont 82,  S3,  106,  107,  113  ;  Table  of  States,  189 

174.  How  many  and  ichat  States  were  admitted  to  the  Union  during  Washington's 

administration  ? (T;ible  of  States,  end  of  History.) 

175.  Give  the  names  of  those  admitted  during  each  administration.  (Same  Table.) 

176.  Give  the  history  of  Virginia 14, 18-23;  66,  68,  71,  96,  97,  157,  160,  161,  102, 

167,  170,  171,  172,  176,  178,  179,  180,  182  ;  Ap.  11,  14 

177.  Give  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Daniel  Webster 

Bora  in  New  Hampshire  in  1782  ;  died  in  Massachusetts  in  1852.    A  large 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  at  Washington,  either  as  a  member  of  Congress 
or  in  the  President's  cabinet.    In  1842:  while  secretary  of  state,  he  nego 
tiated  with  Lord  Ashburton  a  treaty,  settling  the  differences  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  relation  to  the  Northeastern  boundary, 
which  had  disturbed  the  relations  of  the  two  countries  many  years. 

178.  Hoiv  and  when  were  the  Northioestern  differences  fettled  f Introduction. 

179.  Give  the  history  of  Nebraska 110,  and  Table  of  States,  191 

The  word  Nebraska  is  of  Indian  origin,  signifying  Ne,  water,  and  braska, 
wide  or  shallow  ;  and  being  applied  to  the  Plattc  River,  which  runs  through 
the  State,  was  afterward  used  to  name  the  Territory. 

180.  Name,  in  order  of  succession,  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States Table. 

181.  Name  those  who  served  two  terms,  or  eight  years  each Table. 

182.  Name  those  who  served  one  term,  or  four  years  each Table. 

183.  Name  tho*e  who  served  leas  than  four  years  each Table. 

184.  Nam.e  tho*e  who  died  in  office 141,  151,  182 

185.  State  how  each  President  was  elected  to  his  position •. .  106-186 

188.  Name,  in  their  order  of  settlement,  the  thirteen  original  States Table. 

187.  Name,  in  their  order  of  admission  to  the  Union,  the  other  States Table. 

188.  What  territory  has  bean  added  to  (he  United  States  since  1782  ? 6,  7 

189.  State  how  and  when  each  portion  was  added 6,  7 

190.  Give  the  story  of  Jane  McCrea '.....82,  83 

The  Indians  asserted  that  they  did  not  kill  her,  and  the  evidence  afterward 
collected  went  to  sustain  the  assertion,  and  also  to  show  that  she  was  killed 
by  a  shot  intended  for  her  captors,  which  was  flred  from  Ft.  Edward  by  one 
of  the  patriots,  a  number  of  whom  still  lingered  though  the  place  had  been 
evacuated  by  Schuyler.     "The  story  has  been  related  in  various  ways,  and 
under  the  hands  of  successive  narrators  has  been  expanded  into  a  pathetic 
love  romance." 

191.  Give  the  history  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 74 ;  App.  p.  8. 


76  QUESTIONS    FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

192.  Give  the  history  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation 85,  99  ;  Ap.  9,  10 

193.  Give  the  history  of  the  Federal  Constitution 99,  183,  186  ;  Ap.  9,  10,  11,  36 

191.  Give  the  history  of  the   United  States  Jlaj.    Ans.     At  the   beginning  of 

the  Revolution,  and  for  some  months  after,  no  distinctive  flag  was  adopted 
by  the  Americans.  In  1176  the  British  Union  flag  was  used,  the  only  change 
being  that  the  field  was  composed  of  thirteen  stripes,  alternate  red  and 
white,  to  denote  the  union  of  the  thirteen  colonies.  The  American  flag, 
"Stars  and  Stripes,"  was  adopted  by  Congress  on  the  14th  of  June,  1777. 

195.  Give  the  history  of  the  Plymouth  Colony 24,  25,  26,  32,  33,  34,  35 

It  has  been  stated  that  Plymouth  was  not  so  called  in  memory  of  the 
hospitalities  bestowed  upon  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth,  England  ;  but  the 
weight  of  authority  does  not  favor  the  statement.     Baylies,  however,  in 
his  "Historical  Memoirs  of  the  Colony,"   says:     "They   (the  Pilgrims) 
named  their  settlement  Plymouth,  because  this  place  had  been  so  called  by 
Capt.    Smith,  who  had  previously  surveyed  the   harbor,  and  they  remem 
bered  the  kindness  which  they  had  experienced  from  the  people  of  Ply 
mouth  in  England."     Smith,  when  he  examined  the  New  England  coast, 
in  1614,  made  a  map  of  the  region,  which  was  published  in  1616.    On  this 
map  was  the  name,  Plymouth  ;  but  there  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  the 
Pilgrims  ever  saw  the  map,  they  "  having  selected  for  their  settlement  the 
country  near  the  Hudson." 

196.  What  was  the  length  of  each  of  the  following  wars  f     The  French  and  In 
dian  f    The  Revolution?    T 'he  second  with  England ?     The  war  with  Mexi 
co?    The  Great  Civil  War  f 

197.  State  the  causes  of  each  of  the  five  wars 54,  65,  66.  114, 143,  157,  158 

198.  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  military  movements  during  the  Revolu 

tion 71-97 

199.  How  many  years  hare  the  United  States  been  involved  in  war? 74-182 

200.  Name  the  commanders  who  were  compelled  to  surrender 56-190 

201.  Give  the  names  of  the  ctlebrated  foreigners  who  fought  for  the  United 

States 76,  78,  80,  84,  85,  90,  92,  97  ;  Ap.  G6-73 

202.  State  the  object  of  establishing  each  of  the  eight  colonies  that  were  in  New 

England 18-31 

203.  The  object  in  establishing  each  of  the  o'her  colonies  37-48 

204.  Name  the  States  that  have  been  formed  from  territory  acquired  in  conse 

quence  of  war 187,188,189 

205.  From  territory  acquired  by  purchase,  without  war 187,  188,  189 

206.  What  other  States  are  there  th  it  were  formed  from  territory  otherwise  ac 

quired?  187,  188,  189 

207.  How  was  such  territory  acquired  / 187,  188,  189 

203.   What  can  you  state  a<  regards  the  naming  of  this  continent,  America  ? ....  10 

"  The  name  America  was  first  applied  to  the  New  World  in  a  work  written 
in  Latin  by  Martin  Waldseemuller,  under  an  assumed  name,  and  printed  in 
Lorraine,  in  1507."  A  copy  of  this  work  is  among  the  "  Literary  Curiosi 
ties,"  under  a  glass  ca.^e,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  is  described  as  "A 
book  which  has  become  famous,  because  in  it  is  to  be  found  for  the  first 
time  the  proposition  to  bestow  on  the  New  World  the  name  America,  in 
hono»  of  Amerigo  Vespucci."  A  second  copy  of  the  book  was1  procured  by 
the  late  Hon.  Charles  Sumner  during  his  last  visit  to  Europe.  It  is  not 
known  that  there  is  a  third  copy  in  existence.  Humboldt  acquits  Amerigo 
Vespucci  of  any  design  to  have  the  country  named  after  himseJf. 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  77 

809.  Early  Occupation  of  the  Mi$sis$ipj>i  Valley 6,  12,  191 

"The  oldest  permanent  European  settlement  in  the  Valley  of  the  Missis 
sippi,  is  Kaskaskia,  111.,  the  seat  of  a  Jesuit  mission,  which  gradually  be 
came  a  central  point  of  French  colonization  (about  1673)."  In  1699,  Le- 
moine  D'Iberville,  with  about  two  hundred  French  colonists,  made  a  settle 
ment  at  Biloxi,  the  first  in  the  present  State  of  Mississippi.  Three  years 
later,  he  began  the  settlement  of  Mobile.  "In  1702,  a  party  of  French 
Canadians,  descending  the  Wabash,  established  Vincennes  and  other  posts 
on  its  banks."  (Bancroft.)  In  1712,  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  claiming  the  en 
tire  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  as  Louisiana,  leased  it  to  Anthony  Crozat, 
under  whose  direciion  Fort  Rosalie  (the  beginning  of  Natchez)  was  built  in 
1716  ;  but,  next  year,  Crozat  gave  up  his  lease.  Next,  for  a  period  of  fifteen 
years,  the  Mississippi  Company  had  controlof  the  region  (See  topic  210,  Ap., 
p.  77)  ;  and,  under  the  direction  of  Governor  Bienville,  began  the  settle 
ment  of  New  Orleans  (1718).  St.  Genevicve  (Mo.)  was  founded  in  1755. 
"  In  1775,  St.  Louis,  originally  a  depot  for  the  fur  trade,  contained  800  iu- 
habit-mts." 

210.  The  Mississippi  (or  Law's)  Bubble Topic  209,  App.,  p.  77 

"A  name  given  to  a  delusive  speculation  projected  by  John  Law.    In  1716, 
be  established  a  bank"  in  France,  by  royal  authority,  which  became  the 
office  for  all  public  receipts,  and  there  was  annexed  to  it  a  Mississippi 
Company,  which  had  grants  of  land  in  Louisiana,  and  was  expected  to 
realize  immense  sums  by  planting  and  commerce.     In  1718,  it  was  declared 
a  royal  bank,  and  its  shares  rose  to  twenty  times  their  original  value,  eo 
that,  in  1719,  they  were  worth  more  than  eighty  times  the  amount  of  all  the 
current  specie  in  France.    In  1720,  the  shares  sunk  as  rapidly  as  they  had 
risen,  nearly  overthrowing  the  French  government,  and  occasioning  great 
and  wide-spread  financial  distress  and  bankruptcy." 

211.  Daniel  Boone 107;  topic  90,  App.,  p.  69 

Daniel  Boone,  the  pioneer  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky,  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1735,  and  died  in  Missouri  in  1820.    At  the  age  of  eighteen, 
he  went  with  his  father's  family  to  North  Carolina,  where,  a  few  years  later, 
he  was  married.    After  making  several  hunting  excursions,  he  set 'out,  in 
1769,  with  five  companions,  to  explore  the  Kentucky  country.     During  the 
next  twenty-fi 76  years  his  life,  as  an  explorer,  pioneer,  hunter,  guide,  and 
settler,  was  the  most  prominent  one  in  the  history  of  that  region.    lie  had 
many  encounters  with  the  Indians,  and  was  three  times  captured,  but  in 
each  case  effected  his  escape.    In  1775,  he  built  a  fort  on  the  Kentucky 
River,  around  which  grew  up  the  settlement  and  village  of  Boonsboro'. 
After  Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  Boone  removed  to  Missouri. 

2J2.  Slavery  not  permitted  north  of  the  Ohio 99;  190  ;  topic  17,  App.,  p.  63 

In  1787,  Congress,  then  assembled  in  New  York  City,  by  a  unanimous  vote, 
passed  an  act  for  the  government  of  "the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio 
River,"  which  is  known  as  the  ORDINANCE  or  1787.  The  act  concludes 
with  six  articles,  the  last  of  which,  the  famous  anti-slavery  proviso,  declares 
that  "  there  shall  be  neither  slavery,  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  said 
territory,  otherwise  than  in  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall 
have  been  duly  convicted." 

218.  Mason  and  Dixorfs  Lins Topic  17,  App.,  p.  63 

41 A  name  given  to  the  southern  boundary  line  separating  the  free  State  of 
Pennsylvania  from  the  former  slave  states  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  It 


78  QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

lies  in  latitude  39°  43' 20.3",  and  was  run,  with  the  exception  of  about 
twenty-two  miles,  by  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  English 
mathematicians  and  surveyors,  between  November  15,  1763,  and  December 
26,  1767.  During  the  excited  debate  in  Congress  in  1820,  on  the  question  of 
excluding  slavery  from  Missouri  (seep.  136,  *[6),  the  eccentric  John  Ran* 
dolph,  of  Roanoke,  Va.,  made  great  use  of  this  phrase,  which  was  caught 
up  and  re-echoed  by  every  newspaper  in  the  laud,  and  thus  gained  a  pro 
verbial  celebrity  which  it  still  retains." 

814.  The  Western  Reserve 190 

"A  name  given  to  a  region  of  country  reserved  by  the  States  of  Virginia 
and  Connecticut  at  the  time  of  the  cession  of  the  North-west  Territory  to  the 
general  government.  Disputes  arose,  after  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  be 
tween  several  of  the  States,  respecting  the  right  of  soil  in  this  territory, 
which  were  only  allayed  by  the  cession  of  the  whole  to  the  general  govern, 
ment,  Virginia  reserving  3,709.848  acres  near  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  for  ht  r 
State  troops,  and  Connecticut  a  tract  of  3,666,921  acres  near  Lake  Erie  (in 
the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  present  State  of  Ohio,  and  thence  known  as 
the  '  Connecticut  Reserve  ')•  In  1800,  jurisdiction  over  these  two  tracts 
was  relinquished  to  the  federal  government,  the  (two)  States  reserving  the 
right  to  the  soil,  and  disposing  of  it  in  small  lots  to  settlers  (from  which 
sales  Connecticut,  obtained  her  magnificent  school  fund),  while  the  Indian 
titles  to  the  rest  of  the  soil  were  bought  up  by  the  general  government." 

215.  The  Connecticut  Reserve (See  preceding  topic,  No.  214.) 

B16.  The  Wilmot  Proviso ir>0,  151 

"  A  name  popularly  given  to  an  amendment  to  a  bill  placing  $2,000,000  at 
the  disposition  of  President  Polk,  to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Mexico.  It 
was  introduced  in  the  national  House  of  Representatives  (Aug.  8,  1846)  by 
the  lion.  David  Wilmot,  a  Democratic  Representative  from  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  in  these  words:  'Provided  that,  as  an  express  and  fundamental 
condition  to  the  acquisition  of  any  territory  from  the  Republic  of  Mexico 
by  the  United  States,  by  virtue  of  any  treaty  which  may  be  negotiated  be 
tween  them,  and  to  the  use,  by  the  Executive,  of  the  moneys  herein  appro 
priated,  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall  ever  exist  in  any 
part  of  said  territory,  except  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  first  be  duly 
convicted.'  The  bill,  with  this  amendment,  was  passed  in  the  House,  but 
was  not  reached  in  the  Senate.  At  the  next  session  of  Congress,  another 
bill,  with  a  similar  proviso,  was  passed  by  the  Senate,  but  was  rejected  by 
the  House." 

J17.  The  Dred  Scott  Case 157,  and  topic  17,  App.,  p.  63. 

Dred  Scott,  a  negro  slave,  had  been  taken  by  a  former  master.  Dr.  Emerson, 
from  Missouri  (then  a  slave  State)  to  Illinois  (a  free  State),  and  there  held  as 
a  slave  about  two  years,  and  thence  removed  to  Port  Snelling,-  now  in  Min 
nesota.  While  here,  he  was  married  to  a  female  slave  of  the  same  master. 
In  1838,  Dr.  Emerson  removed  Scott,  his  wife,  and  child,  to  Missouri,  where 
he  sold  them.  Scott  now  sued  for  his  freedom  and  that  of  his  wife  and 
child,  in  the  Circuit  Court,  and  obtained  a  judgment  in  his  favor.  The 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State  reversed  the  judgment.  By  writ  of  error,  the 
case  was  brought  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  where,  on 
the  Gth  of  March,  1857,  the  judgment  of  the  Circuit  Court  was  reversed,  it 
being  held  that  whatever  claim  Scott  had  to  freedom,  he  lost  by  his  return 
to  Missouri.  Chief  Justice  Taney,  in  behalf  of  the  majority  of  the  Court, 


QUESTION'S   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  79 

expressed  the  opinion  that  "  free  negroes,  whose  ancestors  were  slaves,  can 
not  become  citizens." 

§13.  Capture  and  destruction  of  the  schooner  Gaspee 31,  67 

"In  the  year  1772,  the  British  government  stationed  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  a 
sloop-of-war,  with  her  tender,  the  schooner  Gaspee,  for  the  purpose  of  pre 
venting  the  clandestine  landing  of  articles  subject  to  the  payment  of  duty." 
One  day  in  June  (8th),  Capt.  Lindscy,  commanding  the  packet  Hannah,  ar 
rived  at  Newport  from  New  York,  and  thence,  without  stopping  to  have 
his  vessel  examined,  proceeded  up  the  bay  for  Providence.  "The  Gaspee, 
as  usual,  gave  chuse,  but  ran  aground  on  Namquit  (now  Gaspee)  Point, 
while  the  Hannah  escaped,  arriving  at  Providence  about  sunset  (June  9)." 
The  situation  of  the  hated  "  enemy  was  soon  proclaimed  at  Providence  by 
beat  of  drum,  calling  upon  those  who  desired  to  go  and  destroy  her,  to 
meet  that  evening.  *  *  Eight  long-boats  were  provided,  and  soon  after 
10  o'clock  the  party  embarked.  It  was  past  midnight  when  they  approached 
the  Gaspee,  where  they  were  joined  by  another  boat  from  Bristol."  The 
attacking  party  boarded  the  schooner,  and,  after  a  brief  struggle,  the  crew 
surrendered  and  were  put  on  shore,  their  vessel  being  set  fire  to  and  com 
pletely  destroyed  (June  10).  The  British  government  offered  a  large  reward 
for  information  against  the  offenders,  but  without  success.  "The  affair  of 
the  Gaspee  is  deserving  of  commendation,  as  it  was  the  first  blow,  in  all 
the  colonies,  for  freedom." 

319.  The  first  colleges  in  the  country 27 

"  The  oldest  and  the  most  amply  endowed  institution  of  learning  in  the 
United  States  is  Harvard  College,"  situated  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  In  1636, 
"  the  Massachusetts  Court  agreed  to  give  £400  towards  a  school  or  college, 
but  the  project  lay  in  abeyance  until  1638,  when,  by  the  will  of  the  Rev. 
John  Harvard,  about  £700  were  secured,  and  the  first  class  was  foimed." 
In  1700,  ten  Connecticut  clergymen  came  together,  and  each  one  laying 
some  books  on  a  table,  paid,  "  I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of  a  col 
lege  in  this  colony."  It  was  afterward  called  Yale  College,  in  honor  of 
Elihu  Yale,  of  England,  who  gave  it  a  large  sum  of  money.  The  College  of 
New  Jersey  (at  Princeton)  was  organized  in  1746;  Columbia  College  (es 
tablished  by  royal  authority  as  King's  College,  and  so  known  till  1784)  was 
organized  in  New  York  City,  in  1754;  and  five  other  colleges,  all  of  them 
still  in  existence,  were  successively  established  before  the  Revolution. 

220.  The  successive  capitals  of  the  United  States 74,  99,  106,  109 

Philadelphia  was  the  first  capital  of  the  United  States,  Congress  being  in 
session  in  that  city  when  the  Independence  of  the  States  was  declared  (p. 
74).  A  little  more  than  five  months  after  that  event,  while  the  British  forces 
were  advancing  through  New  Jersey  towards  the  Delaware  River  (p.  76), 
Congress  adjourned  to  Baltimore  (Dec.,  1776),  but  returned  to  Philadelphia 
less  than  three  months  later  (March,  1777).  On  the  approach,  by  Chesapeake 
bay,  of  the  British  army  under  Howe  (p.  80),  Congress  adjourned  at  first 
to  Lancaster,  Pa.  (Sept.  27th  to  30th,  1777),  and  then  to  York,  Pa.  (Sept. 
80th),  but  after  the  British  evacuated  Philadelphia  (p.  86),  Congress  returned 
to  that  city  (July,  1778),  which  city  continued  to  be  the  capital  till  June, 
1783,  when  Congress  adjourned  to  Princeton,  N.  J.  (June  30),  and,  in  No 
vember  of  the  same  year,  to  Annapolis,  Md.  (p.  99).  The  next  session  was 
opened  at  Trenton,  N.  J-  (Nov.  30,  1784),  but  in  January,  1785,  Congress 
adjourned  to  New  York  (p.  106).  In  1790,  the  seat  of  government  was  re- 


80  QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

moved  to  Philadelphia  (p.  106),  and  in  1800,  to  Washington  City  (p.  109).  (See 
also  information  respecting  the  District  of  Columbia,  at  the  bottom  of  p.  21, 
of  the  Appendix.) 

221.  Which  of  the  ex-presidents,  after  their  presidential  terms,  became  Members 

of  Congress  ? 109,  185. 

John  Quincy  Adams,  two  years  after  his  presidential  term,  was  elected  to 
represent  his  district  in  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  and  he  continued, 
by  successive  elections,  to  occupy  the  seat  in  Congress  till  his  death.    In 
1875,  Andrew  Johnson  was  elected  by  the  Legislature  of  Tennessee  to 
represent  that  State  in  the  United  States  Senate  for  a  period  of  six  years  ; 
but  he  died  on  the  last  day  of  July  of  the  same  year. 

222.  Old  Hickory 138 

'•  The  name  of  '  Old  Hickory  '  (conferred  upon  General  A.ndrew  Jackson  in 
1813,  by  the  soldiers  under  his  command)  was  not  an  instantaneous  inspi 
ration,  but  a  growth.    First  of  all,  the  remark  was  made  by  gome  soldier 
•who  was  struck  with  his  commander's  pedestrian  powers,  that  the  general 
was 'tough.'    Next,  it  was  observed  that  he  was  as   'tough  as  hickory.' 
Then  he  was  called  '  Hickory.'    Lastly,  the  afiectiouaie  adjective  '  old  '  was 
prefixed,  and  the  general  thenceforth  rejoiced  in  the  completed  nickname, 
usually  the  first- won  honor  of  a  great  commander."—  Parton.     "Accord 
ing  to  another  account,  the  name  sprung  from  his  having,  on  one  occasion, 
set  his  men  an  example  of  endurance  by  feeding  on  hickory-nuts,  when 
destitute  of  supplies." 

223.  The  Mormons  or  Latter  Day  Saints 141 

These  are  the  followers  of  a  religioa  founded  by  Joseph  Smith,  who  was 
born  in  Vermont  in  1805.    According  to  Smith's  own  account,  "an  angel 
appeared  to  him  and  informed  him  that  God  had  a  work  for  him  to  do.  and 
that  a  record,  written  upon  gold  plates,  and  giving  an  account  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  America,  and  the  dealings  of  God  with  them,  was  deposited 
in  a  particular  place  in  the  earth."    The  record  from  these  plates,  translated 
by  Smith,  is  the  "Book  of  Mormon,"  which  was  first  published  in  1830. 
The  Mormons  accept  the  Holy  Bible,  but  regard  their  book  as  an  additional 
revelation.    Their  first  church  was  organized  at  Manchester,  N.  Y.,  in  1830, 
whence,  next  year,  they  removed  to  Kirtland,   Ohio.    During  the  next 
eight  year?,  large  numbers  of  Mormons  collected  in  Missouri,  principally  in 
and  about  Independence,  but  becoming  involved   in   disputes  with  the 
people,  they  crossed  the  Mississippi  to  Illinois,  and  there,  by  authority  of  a 
charter  granted  by  the  Illinois  legislature,  built  a  city,  wliich  they  called 
Nauvoo  (1840-45).     Quarrels  with  the  surrounding  people  occurring,  Joseph 
Smith  and  his  brother  Hyrum, being  charged  with  violating  the  laws  of  the 
State,  surrendered  themselves  to  the  authorities  at  Carthage,  111.,  where  a 
mob,  chiefly  Missourians,  attacked  the  jail  in  which  they  were  confined, 
and  killed  the  two  men  (1844).    Brigham  Young  was  chosen  president  as 
Smith's  successor.     The  charter  which  had  been  granted  to  Nauvoo  having 
been  repealed  by  the  legislature  (in  1845).  the  Mormons  began  to  remove  to 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region.     Those  who  lingered  in  Nauvoo  were  attacked 
and  driven  out  of  the  city.    Most  of  the  Mormons  gathered  at  Council 
Bluffs,  Iowa,  whence,  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  years,  they  crossed  the 
plains  to  Salt  Lake  Valley.    Salt  Lake  City  was  founded  by  them  in  1847. 
Thousands  of  converts,  many  from  Europe,  having  since  joined  them,  they 
have  "  subdued  the  soil,  reclaimed  the  wilderness,  and  clothed  the  Great 
Valley  with  towns  and  cities,  and  covered  it  with  farms." 


QUESTIONS   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY.  81 

124.  Political  Parties 99,  108,  109,  135,  137,  138,  141,  151,  152 

*When,  after  the  Revolution,  the  Constitution  was  presented  to  the  States 
for  adoption  (Sept.  1787),  it  met  with  decided  opposition  from  a  large  part 
of  the  people  "who  were  opposed  to  conferring  so  much  power  upon  the 
general  government ; "  and,  "  in  the  differences  in  opinion  between  its 
friends  and  opponents  originated  the  two  great  political  parties  into  which 
the  people  were  divided  during  a  period  of  about  thirty  years."  The  friends 
of  the  Constitution,  "regarding  its  adoption  indispensable  to  the  Union, 
took  the  name  of  Federalists,  and  bestowed  upon  the  other  party  that  of 
Anti-Federalists,  intimating  that  to  oppose  the  adoption  of  the  Constitu 
tion,  was  to  oppose  any  union  of  the  States."  The  Federal  party  embraced 
a  large  number  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  that  period,  including  Washing 
ton,  Hamilton,  Adams,  Jay,  and  Marshall  ;  while  in  the  opposite  ranks 
were  those  known  as  Anti-Federalists,  or  Republicans,  and  subsequently 
as  Democrats,  under  the  leadership  of  Jefferson,  George  Clinton,  Burr,  and 
others.  "  In  the  contests  of  the  French  Revolution  (p.  107,  t  7),  the  Feder 
alists  leaned  to  the  side  of  England,  the  Republicans  to  that  of  France.'' 
The  opposition  of  the  Federalists  to  the  war  of  1812,  the  favor  they  ex 
tended  to  the  Hartford  Convention  (p.  129),  and  other  causes,  contributed 
to  their  destruction,  and  in  1820  the  party  was  disbanded.  The  two  elec 
tions  of  Jefierson  and  the  two  of  Madison  were  triumphs  of  the  Repub 
licans.  The  two  of  Monroe  may  also  be  regarded  as  triumphs  of  the  same 
party,  though  party  lines  were  almost  obliterated,  the  first  years  of  Mon 
roe's  administration  being  known  as  "  the  era  of  good  feeling.'11  The 
nomination  of  John  Quincy  Adams  was  supported  by  a  union  of  Republicans 
with  most  of  the  old  Federalist?  (p.  137).  The  presidential  contest  of  1828, 
"  the  most  bitter  in  American  history,"  was  largely  oi  a  personal  character. 
The  candidates  were  Adams  and  Jackson,  the  latter  succeeding.  "The 
Jackson  party  being,  in  most  part,  the  old  Republican  party,  took  the  name 
of  Democrats,  while  their  opponents  assumed  the  name  of  Whigs."  The 
former,  during  Jackson's  first  term,  took  ground  against  the  re-chartering 
of  the  United  States  Bank,  and  afterward  against  a  high,  or  "protective 
tariff."  The  Whigs  favored  these  measures.  "  The  election  of  Van  Bnren 
was  a  continuation  of  Jackson's  policy  ;  "  that  of  Harrison  was  a  triumph 
of  the  Whigs.  In  the  presidential  contest  of  1844,  the  Democratic  party 
favored  "the  annexation  of  Texas,"  as  also  "the  claim  to  Oregon  ns  far 
north  as  54  degrees  40  minutes.  Their  rallying  cry  was  54,  40,  or  fight." 
They  elected  James  K.  Polk  over  Henry  Clay,  the  candidate  of  the  Whig?. 
In  the  contest  of  184S,  a  third  party,  composed  mostly  of  northern  men 
who  were  "opposed  to  the  extension  of  slavery  into  the  territory  of  the 
United  States,"  and  known  as  the  Free  Soil  Party,  nominated  Martin  Van 
Bnren.  Gen.  Tavlor,  the  Whig  candidate,  was  elected  (p.  150).  In  the 
contest  of  1852,  the  candidate  of  the  Democrats  was  Franklin  Pierce;  that 
of  the  Whig?  was  Gen.  Winfteld  Scott  (D.  151).  Before  the  next,  the  eight 
eenth  contest  took  place,  the  Whi?  party  ceased  to  exist,  and  two  new 
parties  came  into  bcin<r,  the  Republican  and  the  American;  the  latter 
favoring  native-born  citizens  for  political  offices,  and  also  favoring  a  longer 
residence  in  the  United  States  on  the  part  of  persons  of  foreign  birth,  as  a 
requisite  of  citizenship.  Then  there  were  three  parties  (p.  152).  (For  the 
19th  contest  see  p.  158.)  Gen.  Grant's  competitor,  in  the  20th  contest, 
was  Horace  Greeley,  the  distinguished  journalist.  The  latter  had  been 


82  QUESTION'S   FOR  TOPICAL   STUDY. 

nominated  by  a  small  portion  of  the  Republican  party,  knowu  as  Liberal 
Republicans  t  and  afterward  by  the  Democrats  (p.  18(5). 

225.  General  John  Stark 83 

Was  bora  in  New  Hampshire  in  1728  ;  died  there  in  1822.    In  1752  he  waa 
captured  by  Indians,  and  was  their  prisoner  several  weeks  until  ransomed. 
In  the  French  and  Indian  War  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery  in 
several  engagements.    During  the  Revolution  he  took  a  prominent  part, 
doing  good  service  as  Colonel  in  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  in  the  expedition 
against  Canada,  and  in  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton.    He  was  a 
member  o(  the  court-martial  that  tried  and  condemned  Andre.    On  the  eve 
of  the  Battle  of  Bennington  he  "  promised  his  men  the  plunder  oi'  the 
British  camp.    The  homely  speech  made  by  him  when  in  sight  of  the 
enemy,  has  often  been  cited:  '  Now,  my  men  1    There  are  the  red-coats  1 
Before  night  they  must  be  ours,  or  Molly  Stark  will  be  a  widow.'"    He 
v/as  made  a  brigadier-general  by  Congress  lor  his  gallantry  at  Bennington. 

226.  How  many  inhabitants  must  a  Territory  have  before  it  can  be  admitted  as  a 
State? 

"  No  exact  number  of  inhabitants  as  a  condition  of  the  admission  of  a 
Territory  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  is  required  eiiher  by  law  or  usage. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  possessed  by  a  Territory  is  merely  one  of  the 
circumstances  going  to  show  how  much  of  the  elements  of  statehood  the 
applicant  possesses." 

227.  The  Speedwell  and  the  Mayflower. 25 

The  Speedwell  was  a  small  vessel  of  only  about  sixty  tons.    She  was  bought 
in  Holland  by  the  Pilgrims,  and  was  intended  to  be  taken  to  America  and 
kept  there  for  fishing  and  other  purposes.    She  sailed  to  England  with  not 
less  than  one  hundred  persons  crowded  on  board.     The  Mayflower  had 
been  hired  in  London  by  agents  of  the  Pilgrims  sent  from  Holland,  and 
she  sailed  for  Southampton  with  less  than  twenty  passengers.    When,  after 
the  two  vessels  had  put  back  a  second  time  and  had  entered  the  port  of  Ply 
mouth,  it  was  determined  to  leave  the  Speedwell  in  England,  all  the  pas 
sengers,  of  both  vessels,  to  the  number  of  one  hundred  and  two,  that  could 
find  accommodation  in  the  Mayflower,  were  put  on  board  that  vessel.    The 
term  Pilgrims  was  first  applied  to  them  by  Bradford  in  his  history  of  the 
colony.    They  are  now  affectionately  known  as  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 

228.  Leisler  and  Milborne 39 

In  consequence  of  the  arbitrary  conduct  of  James  II.,  a  revolution  took  place, 
the  king  fled  to  France,  and  the  English  crown  was  bestowed  upon  William 
and  Mary  (1688-9).    The  news  of  these  proceedings  was  received  in  New 
York  with  demonstrations  of  satisfaction.    Jacob  Leisler,  aided  by  several 
hundred  armed  men,  and  with  the  general  approbation  of  the  citizens,  took 
possession  of  the  fort  there  in  the  name  of  the  new  sovereigns.    He  continued 
at  tke  head  of  affairs,  managing  with  prudence  and  energy,  for  more  than  two 
years,  his  son-in-law,  Milborne,  acting  as  his  deputy.  On  the  arrival  of  Governor 
Sloughter,  bearing  a  commission  direct  from  William  and  Mary,  Leisler  sur 
rendered  all  authority.     This  would  not  satisfy  his  enemies;  they  were  bent 
upon  his  destruction.    So  he  and  Milborne  were  arrested,  tried  on  a  charge  of 
treason,  and  condemned  to  death.    Sloughter,  while  drunk  at  a  feast,  signed 
the  death-warrant,  and  both  men  were  executed. 

229.  Captain  Kidd 39 

In  1698  the  Earl  of  Bellamont  became  Governor  of  the  colony  of  New  York. 


QUESTIONS  FOR  TOPICAL  STUDY.          83 


As  commerce  was  greatly  disturbed  by  pirates,  he  sent  out  a  bold  captain, 
named  William  Kidd,  to  capture  their  vessels.  But  Kidd  was  a  bad  man, 
and,  knowing  that  there  were  many  Spanish  ships  carrying  gold,  silver,  and 
other  treasures  across  the  ocean  from  America,  he  turned  pirate  himself,  and 
soon  became  the  terror  of  the  seas.  He  obtained  immense  quantities  of  gold 
and  other  rich  treasures,  some  of  which  he  is  reported  to  have  buried  in 
various  parts  of  America.  At  length,  appearing  in  the  streets  of  Boston,  he 
was  seized  and  sent  to  England,  where  he  suffered  death  for  his  crimes  (May, 
1701).  His  buried  treasures  have  been  sought  for  in  vain. 

230.  John  Locke  and  his  Grand  Modtl  of  Government 47 

The  grant  of  Carolina  in  1663  was  made  by  Charles  II.  to  a  company  of  eight 
English  courtiers,  Sir  Ashley  Cooper,  afterwards  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  being 
of  ihe  number.     "They  begged  the  country  under  the  pretence  of  a  pious 
zeal  for  the  propagation  of  the  Gospel,  and  their  sole  object  was  the  increase 
of  their  wealth  and  dignity."    A  new  charter,  granted  to  these  same  eight 
persons,  in  1665,  extended  the  limits  of  their  possessions  so  as  to  include  all 
the  region  from  Virginia  to  about  the  middle  of  Florida  (as  both  States  now 
are),  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.     To  Sir  Ashley  was  assigned  the  task 
of  drawing  up  a  form  of  government  for  the  new  province,  and  he  induced 
John  Locke,  the  most  eminent  philosopher  of  his  time,  to  aid  him  in  its  prep 
aration.    Ad  the  proprietors  believed  that  Carolina,  in  the  course  of  time, 
would  become  a  great  and  populous  empire,  a  constitution,  known  as  the 
Great  Mndei,  was  prepared  and  adopted  in  keeping  with  the  grandeur  of 
their  expectations.    The  provisions  of  this  instrument,  if  carried  into  effect, 
would  have  m^de  a  government  of  lords  and  noblemen.     "  As  far  as  depend 
ed  on  the  proprietors,  the  government  was  organized,"  but,  not  being  suited 
to  the  circumstances  of  the  people,  it  never  went  into  effect,  and  within  a 
quarter  of  a  centmy  (1693)  the  constitution  was  abandoned  by  the  proprietors 
themselves. 

231.  Burning  of  Charkstown 71 

"Two  days  after  the  massacre  of  Lexington,  Gage  had  threatened  that,  if  the 
Americans  should  occupy  Charlestown  heights,  the  town  should  be  burned. 
ltd  inhabitants,  however,  had  always  been  willing  that  the  threat  should  be 
disregarded.    The  tiue  (during  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill)  for  the  holocaust 
was  now  to  come.    Pretending  that  his  flanking  parties  were  annoyed  from 
houses  in  the  village,  Howe  sent  a  boat  over  (to  Boston)  with  a  request  to 
Clinton  and  Burgoyne  to  burn  it.     The  order  was  immediately  obeyed  by  a 
discharge  of  shells  from  Copp's  Hill  (Boston).    The  inflammable  buildings 
caught  in  an  instant,  and  a  party  of  men  landed  and  spread  the  fire." 

^32.  England's  Foes  and  Friend*  during  the  Revolution 74,  81,  85,  87 

The  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  and  the  defensive  treaty  of  alliance  con 
cluded  between  France  and  the  United  States  (Feb.,  1778)  made  Frauce  an 
enemy  of  England  till  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1779,  Spain,  influenced  largely 
bythedeske  to  recover  Florida  and  Gibraltar,  but  with  no  wish  to  aid  the 
Americans,  joined  France  and  declared  war  against  England.  In  consequence 
of  the  refusal  of  Holland  to  loan  troops  to  England,  and  also,  at  a  later 
period,  because  of  the  sympathy  otherwise  shown  by  Holland  to  the  Ameri 
can  cause,  England  made  war  upon  that,  power  (Dec.,  1780),  and  captured  a 
number  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  Indies.  The  forces  of  the  English 
king  in  America  were  recruited  from  Germany  to  the  number  of  30,000  troops, 
and  from  emigrants  driven  by  want  from  Ireland  and  Scotland.  Recruits 


84:  QUESTIONS   FOH   TOPICAL   STUDY. 

were  also  secured  in  Canada,  and  large  bodies  of  Indians  joined  the  royal 
forces.  On  the  very  day  of  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  (Sept.  3, 1783),  a  treaty  was  signed  at  Versailles,  Frnnce,  be 
tween  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Spain,  but  the  war  with  Holland  continued 
till  June,  1784. 

233.  General  George  Rogers  Clark 90 

Born  in  Virginia  in  1752;   died  in  Kentucky  in  1818.     Directly  after  the 
colonies  had  declared  themselves  independent  of  Great  Britain,  Clark  formed 
a  plan  for  securing  to  them,  more  especially  to  Virginia,  the  territory  north 
west  of  the  Ohio  river,  which  was  then  in  the  possession  of  the  British. 
Aided  by  Patrick  Henry,  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  and  by  Jefferson  and 
other  distinguished  men  of  that  State,  and  commissioned  as  a  colonel  in  the 
service  of  Virginia,  he  conducted  an  enterprise  "which,  for  the  valor  of  the 
actors,  their  fidelity  to  one  another,  the  seeming  feebleness  of  their  means, 
and  the  great  result  of  their  hardihood,  remains  forever  memorable  in  the 
history  of  the  world."    His  first  success  was  at  Kaskaskia.    This  place  he 
surprised  and  captured  without  a  struggle  (July  4,  17<"8).    There  he  found  a 
French  Catholic  priest,  who  dissuaded  him  from  proceeding  against  Vin- 
cennes,  but  who  repaired  thither  as  a  mediator  and  induced  its  inhabitants  to 
espouse  the  -cause  of  the  United  States.     To  dispossess  the  Americans, 
Hamilton,  the  British  commander  at  Detroit,  with  a  small  force  of  soldiers 
and  three  hundred  and  fifty  warriors,  arrived  at  Vincennes  and  took  posses 
sion  of  its  fort  and  town  without  opposition  (Dec.).    In  the  early  part  of 
February  (1779),  learning  that  Hamilton  had  sent  his  warriors  away  for  the 
winter,  Clark  left  Kaskaskia,  with  one  hundred  and  thirty  men,  to  go  against 
Vincennes,  280  miles  away.      During  this  wonderful  march  of  sixteen  days 
the  Americans   suffered  terribly.      The  season  was   inclement,  and   they 
crossed  the  drowned  lands  of  the  Wabash  river,  often  up  to  their  breasts  in 
water.    Vincennes  surrendered,  and  then,  after  a  brief  siege,  Hamilton  and 
his  garrison  also  surrendered  (Feb.  24).     "By  these  events  was  the  north 
western  boundary  of  the  new  American  Union  removed  from  the  Ohio  to  the 
Great  Lakes,  and,  except  for  George  Rogers  Clark  and  his  victories,  the 
North- West  would  have  been  to-day  a  British  Canadian  colony." 

234.  Execution  of  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne 91 

When,  in  1781,  the  fortunes  of  the  British  at  the  South  began  to  decline, 
their  commander,  Rawdon,  called  upon  all  persons  who  had  given  in  their 
adhesion  to  the  royal  cause  to  repair  at  once  to  his  standard.     Among  the 
persons  so  called  was  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne,  a  distinguished  patriot  of  South 
Carolina,  who  had  been  assured,  when  he  took  the  oath  of  adherence  at  the 
fall  of  Charleston  (May  12, 1780),  that  he  would  never  be  required  to  take  up 
arms  against  his  countrymen.    Believing  this  call  to  be  in  violation  of  the 
agreement,  and  being  thus  compelled  to  assume  the  sword  either  for  or 
against  the  patriots,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  choose  the  former.    At  the  head 
of  a  troop  of  horse  he  gained  some  advantages,  but,  being  surprised  and  cap 
tured,  he  was  taken  to  Charleston,  briefly  examined,  and  sentenced  to  be 
hung;  and,  though  the  citizens  petitioned  for  his  pardon,  the  sentence  was 
duly  executed  (Aug.  4,  1781). 

235.  The  Alien  and  Sedition  Lnws 109 

These  were  two  Acts  passed  by  Congress  in  1798,  during  the  administration 
of  John  Adams.     They  were  intended  to  counteract  the  schemes  of  the 
French  Directory,  whose  emissaries  in  this  country  abused  the  freedom  of 


QUESTIONS  FOB  TOPICAL  STUDY.  85 

the  press  by  defaming  the  administration  and  exciting  the  opposition  of  tho 
people  to  the  government.  The  Alien  law,  to  be  in  force  two  years,  author 
ized  the  President  to  banish  from  the  country  all  foreigners  whom  he  should 
consider  dangerous  to  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  United  States.  The 
Sedition  law,  to  continue  in  force  till  March  3, 1801,  provided  for  the  punish 
ment  of  all  persons  found  guilty  of  abusing  the  freedom  of  speech  or  of  the 
press.  Both  laws  were  denounced  by  the  enemies  of  the  administration,  as 
in  the  highest  degree  tyrannical,  and  their  unpopularity,  it  was  generally 
believed,  contributed  more  than  any  other  cause  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Federal  party.  Both  expired  by  their  own  limitations. 

236.  Organization  of  the  President's  Cabinets 138 

The  first  cabinet  consisted  of  the  Secretary  of  Foreign    Affairs  (afterwards 
called  the  Secretary  of  State),  the  Secret  iry  of  the  Treasury,  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  the  Attorney  General.     Though  the  Post   Office  Department  was 
organized  at  that  time,  the  office  of  Postmaster  General  did  not  confer  a  seat 
in  the  cabinet  till  Jackson  (in  IS'^J)  made  that  officer  a  member  of  his  cabinet. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Navy  Department  (in  1798)  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  became  a  member  of  the  President's  (John  Adams)  cabinet.    The  De 
partment  of  the  Interior  having  been  established,  President  Taylor,  at  the 
beginning  of  his  administration  (1849),  appointed  Thomas  Evving,  of  Ohio, 
its  first  secretary.     This  increased  the  number  of  the  President's^cabinet  to 
seven  persons,  the  present  number. 

237.  Cessions  of  Territory  by  the  Staffs  to  the  General  Government. r 190 

Previous   to  the  year  1781,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode    Island,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Delaware  were  the  only  States  that  had  ex 
actly  defined  boundaries.    In  1781,  New  York  ceded  her  claims  to  all  lands 
west  of  the  present  limits  of  the  State.    The  cession  of  Virginia  was  in  1784, 
and  included  Kentucky  and  the  parts  of  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Indiana  south  of 
the  41st  parallel.     From  this  Virginia  reserved  for  military  bounty  lands  tho 
entire  territory  between  the  Scioto  and  Little  Miami  Rivers.    Massachusetts 
ceded  her  claims  in  1785  ;  Connecticut  in  1786.   (See  Topic  214,  Ap.,  p.  78.)  In 
1787,  South  Carolina  ceded  her  claim,  the  territory  given  up  being  a  strip  of 
land  about  twelve  miles  wide,  extending  along  the  entire  southern  boundaries 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.    In  1790,  North  Carolina  ceded  Tennessee. 
In  1802,  Georgia,  receiving  that  part  of  the  cession  of  South  Carolina  lying 
within  her  present  limits,  ceded  all  west  of  her  present  western  boundary  ex 
tending  to  the  Mississippi.     In  1850,  Texas  ceded  all  her  claims  to  lands 
west  of  her  present  limits. 

238.  Fulton  and  his  First  Steamboat 197 

Robert  Fulton  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1765';'  he  'died*  in  New  York  in 

1815.  He  was  the  author  of  several  useful  inventions,  but  his  steamboat, 
named  the  Clermont,  constructed  in  1807,  is  regarded  as  the  most  important. 
Boats,  propelled  by  steam,  had  been  built  by  John  Fitch  and  James  Rumsey, 
both  Americans,  more  than  twenty  years  before,  but  the  voyage  from  New 
York  City  to  Albany,  made  by  Fulton  in  the  Clermont  in  1807,  gave  an  im. 
pulse  to  steamboat  enterprise  which  soon  created  a  revolution  in  navigation. 

239.  Colorado .  <  188  191 

This  word  is  Spanish,  meaning  red  or  ruddy'. "''The  fiVst'weli-authenticated 
account  of  the  discovery  of  what  is  now  the  State  of  Colorado,  is  the  record 
of  Coronado  (see  note,  page  next  after  17).    Before  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century  there  is  no  record  of  nny  inhabitants  there,  except  ia 
the  south  portion,  where  a  few  Mexicans  and  Spaniards  were  settled." 


86  QUESTIONS  FOK  TOPICAL  STUDY. 


NOTABLE  HISTORICAL  SAYINGS. 


"Don't  fae  till  you  see  the  whites  of  their  eyes."  The  patriots  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  had  but  a  scanty  supply  of  powder.  To  avoid  wasting  it  by  in 
effectual  shots,  Colonel  Prescott,  as  the  British  advanced  to  the  attack,  en 
joined  his  men  as  above. 

"  Don't  give  vp  the  skip."    (See  the  History,  p.  123.) 

"First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.'11  These 
words  occur  in  the  resolutions  prepared  by  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia,  on  the 
death  of  Washington,  and  passed  by  the  House  of  Representatives  (Dec.,  1799). 

"  Give  them  a  little  more  grape,  Captain  Bragg."  In  the  last  desperate  en 
counter  of  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (Feb.,  1847),  Bragg's  battery,  as  soon  as  it 
came  into  action,  caused  the  Mexicans  to  waver.  Perceiving  this,  General 
Taylor  exclaimed  as  above.  The  order  was  promptly  obeyed,  the  enemy 
were  repulsed,  and  a  great  victory  was  won. 

"  I  am  not  worth  purchasing,  but,  such  as  1  am,  the  Icing  of  Great  Britain  is  not 
rich  enough  to  do  it."  After  the  evacuation  of  Philadelphia  by  the  British 
(June,  1778),  General  Joseph  Reed,  then  a  member  of  Congress,  was  ap 
proached  there  by  a  lady  acting  under  the  direction  of  a  British  agent  named 
Johnstone,  and  offered  £10,000  and  any  colonial  office  in  his  Majesty's  gift, 
if  he  would  exert  his  influence  to  restore  a  union  of  the  two  countries. 
Pilled  with  indignation,  Reed  replied  as  above. 

"  If  any  one  attempts  to  haul  down  the  American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot." 
This  was  the  closing  part  of  a  telegram  sent  from  Washington  to  New 
Orleans  (December,  1860),  by  General  John  A.  Dix,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
Mr.  Dix  had  ordered  two  revenue  cutters  to  be  taken  to  New  York,  New 
Orleans  being  at  the  time  in  virtual  possession  of  the  secessionists  ;  but  the 
captain  of  one  of  the  cutters  refusing  to  obey,  he  sent  a  telegram  to  the  lieu 
tenant,  ordering  the  arrest  of  the  captain  and  closing  with  the  above  words. 

"  r!l  try,  sir."    (See  the  History,  p.  124.) 

"  rd  rather  be  right  than  be  President  of  the  United  States."  This  was  said  by 
Henry  Clay  after  a  presidential  contest,  in  which  he  had  been  one  of  the  can 
didates. 

"  In  the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress.'''1  Ethan  Allen, 
in  command  of  the  expedition  against  Ticonderoga,  arrived  at  the  fort  at  early 
dawn,  May  10,  1775,  and  demanded  its  surrender.  Its  commander,  Captain 
Delaplace,  hastily  arising  from  his  bed,  and  appearing  at  the  door  of  his 
room,  inquired:  "  By  what  authority  do  you  act  ? "  Allen,  raising  his  sword, 
replied  as  above,  and  Delaplace  was  compelled  10  yield. 

"  I  propose  to  fight  it  out  on  this  line  if  it  takes  all  summer."  This  was  part  of  a 
dispatch  sent  by  General  Grant  to  the  Honorable  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  Secre 
tary  of  War,  ou  the  8th  of  May,  1864,  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Spottsyl- 
vania. 

'''•Liberty  and  Union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable."  From  a  speech 
delivered  in  Congress  by  Daniel  Webster. 

*'  Millions  for  defense,  but,  not  a  cent  for  tribute."      President  John  Adams 


QUESTIONS  FOB   TOPICAL   STUDY.  87 

appointed  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  Elbridge  Gerry  and  John  Marshall  as  envoys 
to  France,  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  amicable  adjustment  of  the  difficul 
ties  with  that  country  (See  the  History,  p.  109).  The  envoys  were  insultingly 
met  by  the  French  Directory,  and  finally  informed  that  nothing  would  be 
accomplished  until  a  present  of  money  was  made.  It  being  intimated  to  the 
envoys  that  the  penalty  of  refusal  would  be  a  war,  Pinckney  replied:  "  War 
be  it  then  I  Millions  for  defense,  but  not  a  cent  for  tribute." 

1  Molly  Stark  will  be  a  widow. ' '    (See  Topic  225,  App. ,  p.  82.) 
Our  Country!  In  her  intercourse  with  foreign  nations  may  she  always  be   In 
(he  right ;  but  our  country,  right  or  wrong."    This  was  a  toast  given  by  Com 
modore  Stephen  Decatur  at  a  dinner  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1816. 

I8ink  or  swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or  perish,  1  give  my  hand  and  my  heart  to  this 
vote."  This  occurs  in  a  supposed  speech  made  in  Congress  by  John  Adams 
(in  1776),  previous  to  his  voting  for  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  It 
forms  part  of  Daniel  Webster's  great  oration  in  eulogy  of  Adams  and  Jeffer 
son,  pronounced  on  the  2d  of  August,  1826. 

1  The  Americans  must  light  the  lamps  of  industry  and  economy.'''1  When  the 
Stamp  Act  was  passed  (1765),  Dr.  Franklin  was  in  London,  as  the  agent  of 
Pennsylvania.  On  the  very  night  of  its  passage,  after  its  passage,  ho  wrote 
a  letter  to  Charles  Thomson,  "  who  was  Secretary  of  Congress  for  fifteen  con 
secutive  years,"  in  which  occurs  the  above  sentence. 

'  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours."    (Sec  the  History,  p.  HG.) 

'  Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  it  way"  This  occurs  in  Bishop  Berkeley's 
six  verses  "  On  the  Prospect  of  Planting  Arts  and  Learning  in  America."  In 
1729,  Berkeley  came  to  this  country,  intending  to  establish  a  college  for  the 
training  of  pastors  for  the  churches  in  the  colonies,  and  of  missionaries  for 
the  Indians.  The  poem  was  written  in  anticipation  of  the  happy  results  of  the 
scheme.  After  residing  less  than  three  years  near  Newport,  R.  I.,  he  returned 
to  England.  A  very  large  painting,  representing  Berkeley's  thought,  as  given 
in  the  poem,  is  in  the  National  Capitol,  Washington. 

'  With  malice  toward  none,  with  charity  for  all."  This  occurs  in  President 
Lincoln's  second  inaugural  address,  March  4,  1865. 


POPULAR  NAMES   GIVEtf  TO   THE   STATES. 


Arkansas  is  called  the  Bear  State,  because  of  the  number  of  bears  that  infested 
its  forests. 

California  io  known  as  the  Golden  State,  it  being  the  most  important  gold-pro 
ducing  region  in  the  world. 

Connecticut,  the  Land  of  Steady  Habits,  in  allusion  to  the  staid  deportment  of  its 
inhabitants.  Also,  the  Nutmeg  State,  "  the  inhabitants  of  which  have  such  a 
reputation  for  shrewdness  that  they  have  been  jocosely  accused  of  palming 
off  wooden  nutmegs  on  unsuspecting  purchasers,  instead  of  the  genuine 
article." 

Delaware  is  sometimes  called  the  Diamond  Slate,  from  its  small  size  and  great 
importance.  Also,  the  Blue  JTfn,  Captain  Caldwell,  of  the  First  Delaware 
Regiment,  having  asserted  that  no  fighting  cock  could  be  truly  game  whoso 
mother  was  not  a  blue  hen. 


88         QUESTIONS  FOE  TOPICAL  STUDY. 

Florida,  the  Peninsular  Slate,  from  its  shape. 

Illinois,  the  Prairie  State,  in  allusion  to  the  wide-spread  and  beautiful  prairies  in 

the  State. 
Indiana.    This  State  is  known  as  the  Hoosier  State,  and  the  inhabitants.  Hoosiers. 

"  The  word  is  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  husher,  formerly  a  common  term  for 

a  bully  throughout  the  West." 
Iowa,  the  Hawkeye  State,  after  an  Indian  Chief. 
Kansas.    The  name,  Garden  of  the  West,  is  often  given  to  this  State,  but  it  is 

also  given  to  Illinois  and  other  Western  States  that  are  noted  for  their 

prodactiveness. 

Kentucky  is  called  the  Corn- Cracker  State,  and  its  inhabitants,  Corn- Crackers. 
Louisla-ii  is  called  the  Creole  State,  the  descendants  of  the  original  French  and 

Spanish  settlers  being  a  large  part  of  the  inhabitants. 
Maineis,  the  Lumber  State,  "the  inhabitants  being  largely  engaged  in  cutting  and 

raftinglnmber." 
Massachusetts,  the  Say  State,  or  the  0-d  Bay  State,  its  name  before  the  Revolution 

having  been  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 
Michigan  is  known  as  the  Lake  State,  it  bordering  on  four  great  lakes.    Also,  as 

the  Wolverine  Stale,  because  of  the  great  number  of  wolverines  formerly 

abounding  there.     The  inhabitants  ;ire  sometimes  designated  as  Wolverines. 
Mississippi,  the  Bayou  State,  because  of  the  numerous  bayous  or  creeks  there. 
New  Hampshire  is  known  as  the  Granite  State,  the  mountainous  portions  being 

largely  composed  of  granite. 
New  York,  the  Empire  State,  the  most  populous  and  the  wealthiest  State  in  the 

Union.    Also  known  as  the  Excelsior  State,  the  motto,  Excelsior,  being  on  its 

coat  of  arms. 
North  Carolina,  the  Old  North  State.    Also  as  the  Turpentine  State,  immense 

quantities  of  turpentine  being  produced  here. 
Ohio  is  called  the  Buckeye  Stale,  from  the  buckeye  tree  which  abounds  there. 

The  inhabitants  are  often  called  Buckeyes, 
Pennsylvania  is  called  the  Keystone  State,  "  from  its  having  been  the  central 

State  of  the  Union  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  Constitution.    If  the 

names  of  the  thirteen  original  States  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  an  arch, 

Pennsylvania  will  occupy  the  place  of  the  keystone.1' 
Rhode  Island  is  called  Little  Rhody,  it  being  the  smallest  of  the  States. 
South  Carolina,  called  the  Palmetto  State,  "from  the  arms  of  the  State,  which 

contain  a  picture  of  a  palmetto  tree.1' 
Texas,  called  the  Lone  Star  State,  the  Texas  flag,  before  the  admission  of  the 

State  into  the  Union,  having  a  single  star.    The  coat  of  arms  of  the  State  has 

a  "lone  star. " 
Vermont  is  called  the   Green  Mountain  State,  the  Green  Mountains  being  the 

principal  range  in  the  state.    The   male  inhabitants  are  frequently  called 

the  Green  Mountain  Boys. 
Virginia.    The  popular  name  for  this  State  is  the  Old  Dominion,  but  the  origin 

of  the  term  has  not  been  satisfactorily  determined.    It  is  also  called  the 

Mother  of  States,  because,  from  its  extensive  original  domain  a  number  of 

States  have  been  formed,  in  whole  or  in  part.    The  name  Mother  of  Presi 
dents  is  likewise  given  to  it,  because  six  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States 

were  born  in  the  state. 
Wisconsin  is  called  the  Badger  State,  from  the  great  number  of  badgers  formerly 

abounding  in  the  State.     The  State's  coat  of  arras  has  a  picture  of  a  badger- 


QUESTIONS   FOB  TOPICAL   STUDY.  89 


FAMILIAE  NAMES 

APPLIED     TO    PERSONS     AND    THINGS     IN    THE    HISTORY     OP     THE 
UNITED    STATES. 

American  Fabius.  This  name  was  applied  to  Washington,  because  his  cautious 
generalship  resembled  that  of  the  Roman  General  Fabius. 

Apostle  of  Hie  Indians.  By  this  designation  was  the  Rev.  John  Eliot  known.  He 
was  a  successful  missionary  among  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts  in  the 
early  history  of  the  colony,  over  whom  he  had  an  influence  almost  unbounded. 
He  wrote  several  books,  but  his  greatest  works  were  an  Indian  Grammar  and  a 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian  tongue.  He  died  in  1690,  at  the  age 
of  86. 

Barnburners.  This  nickname  was  given  to  the  more  radical  and  progressive 
section  of  the  Democratic  party,  who  aimed  at  correcting  the  abuses  in  con 
nection  with  banks  and  other  corporations,  in  allusion  to  the  story  of  an  old 
Dutchman  who  relieved  himself  of  rats,  by  burning  his  barn,  which  they 
infested.  (Van  Buren's  Administration.) 

Black,  Republicans.  This  name  was  applied  to  the  members  of  the  Republican 
party  by  their  opponents.  (See  His.,  p.  158.) 

Boston,  Tea  Party.    (See  the  History,  p.  67.) 

Brother  Jonathan.  This  is  a  sportive  name  applied  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States.  Several  accounts  have  been  given  as  to  its  origin,  but  this  remains  in 
doubt. 

Cradle  of  Liberty.  During  the  Revolution,  Faneuil  Hall,  in  Boston,  was  the 
usual  place  of  meeting  of  the  patriots,  hence  its  name  as  above. 

Dixie.  "An  imaginary  place  somewhere  in  the  Southern  States  of  America. 
The  term  is  also  used  as  a  collective  designation  of  the  Southern  States." 

Expounder  of  the  Constitution.  Daniel  Webster  was  so  called,  because  of  his 
elaborate  expositions  of  the  Constitutions.  (See  App.,  p.  75,  topic  177.) 

Father  of  his  Country.    A  title  conferred  upon  Washington. 

Little  Giant.  This  name  was  popularly  given  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  a  dis 
tinguished  statesman,  his  small  stature  procuring  him  the  title. 

Little  Magician.  Martin  Van  BTiren  was  BO  called,  because  of  his  political 
sagacity  and  talents.  » 

Loco-Focos.  "  A  nickname  formerly  given  to  adherents  of  the  Democratic  party 
It  originated  in  1834,  from  an  incident  that  occurred  at  a  meeting  in  Tam 
many  Hall,  New  York.  There  being  a  great  diversity  of  sentiment  among 
those  who  were  present,  a  scene  of  confusion  and  tumult  took  place,  during 
which  the  chairman  left  his  seat,  and  the  gas-lights  were  extinguished  with  a 
view  to  break  up  the  meeting.  But  the  opposite  faction  produced  loco-foco 
matches  and  candles,  relighted  the  Hall,  continued  the  meeting,  and  accom 
plished  their  object." 

Mad  Anthony.  "  General  Wayne,  though  by  his  impetuous  bravery  he  gained 
the  sobriquet  of  Mad  Anthony,  was  discreet  and  cautious,  fruitful  in 
expedients,  quick  in  decision,  and  prompt  in  execution."  (See  the  His.,  pp. 


90  QUESTIONS  FOE  TOPICAL  STUDY. 

MUl-Boy  of  the  Slashes.    (See  Topic  32,  App.,  p.  64.) 

Old  Bullion.  When  the  charter  of  the  United  States  Bank  expired,  Colonel 
Thomas  II.  Bcnton,  a  distinguished  statesman  representing  Missouri  in 
Congress,  urged  the  adoption  of  a  gold  and  silver  currency  as  the  true  remedy 
for  the  financial  embarrassments  of  the  times ;  hence  he  obtained  the  sobriquet 
of  "  Old  Bullion."  (See  the  History,  p.  138.) 

Old  Hickory.    (See  Topic  222,  App. ,  p.  80.) 

Old  Hunkers.  "A  nickname  applied  to  the  ultra-conservative  portion  of  the 
Democratic  party,  especially  to  that  portion  in  the  State  of  New  York.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  intended  to  indicate  that  those  to  whom  it  was  given  had 
an  appetite  for  a  large  '  hunk '  of  the  spoils."  (Van  Buren's  Administration.) 

Old  Ironsides.  By  this  name  the  frigate  Constitution  is  familiarly  known.  (Sec 
His.,  p.  117,)  The  vessel  is  still  in  good  condition.  She  was  moored  in  the 
Schuylkill  river,  and  there  visited  during  the  Centennial  Exhibition  (1876). 

Old  Public  Functionary.  President  Buchanan  first  applied  this  expression  to 
himself  in  his  annual  message  to  Congress  in  1859.  During  his  life  it  was 
humorously  abbreviated  O.  P.  F. 

Old  Put.    (See  Topic  136,  App.,  p.  72.) 

Hail  Splitter.  This  designation  was  applied  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  in  allusion  to 
his  having  one  winter,  in  early  life,  split  rails  for  fencing.  He  was  also 
called  Honest  Abe. 

Hough  and  Ready.  This  sobriquet  was  given  to  General  Taylor  by  his  soldiers 
in  the  Mexican  War. 

Sage  of  Monticello.  This  title  President  Jefferson  won  because  of  his  learning. 
Monticello,  Va.,  was  his  residence  during  the  long  period  of  retirement 
which  extended  from  the  termination  of  his  presidency  to  his  death,  and 
there  he  extended  a  generous  hospitality  to  visitors  from  Europe  as  well 
as  from  his  own  country. 

South  Carolina  Game  Cock.  "  The  valorous  achievements  of  General  Sumter, 
during  the  campaign  1780,  acquired  for  him  this  title." 

Stonewall  Jackson.    (See  Topic  81,  App.,  p.  69.) 

Swamp  Fox.  This  title  was  given  to  General  Marion,  hia  retreat  from  pursuit 
being  in  the  swamps  of  the  Carolinas. 

Uncle  Sam.    "  A  jocular  or  vulgar  name  of  the  United  States  Government." 

Wagon  Boy.  This  name  was  applied  to  Thomas  Corwin,  a  prominent  states 
man,  who,  when  a  boy,  during  the  war  of  1812,  drove  a  wagon  with  supplies 
for  Harrison1  s  army. 

White  House.    (See  Note  3,  end  of  Section  V.) 


IKDEX. 


OR 

LIST  OF  TOPICS 

TO  BE  FOUND   ON  THE  PAGES  DHIECTLT  PRECEDING  THIS. 

(The  numbers  refer  to  the  numbers  of  the  topics.) 


Adams,  John 1 

Adams,  John  Q, 3 

Adams,  Samuel 2 

Alabama 108 

Allen,  Ethan  4 

Anderson,  Gen 10 

Andre,  Major 5 

Andros,  Edmund 6 

Armstrong,  John 7 

Armstrong,  John,  Jim 8 

Arkansas 118 

Arnold,  Benedict 9 

Articles  of  Confederation 192 

Bacon,  Nathaniel 11 

Bainbridge,  Com It 

Baker,  Gen.  E.  D 12 

Banks,  N.  P 13 

Beaurcgard,  Gen 15 

Boone,  Daniel 211 

Boston 40 

Braddock,  Gen 22 

Bragg,  Braxton 21 

Brown,  Gen.  Jacob 23 

Buchanan,  James 24 

Buell,  Gen 25 

Burgoyne,  Gen 26 

Btiruside,  Gen 27 

Burr,  Aaron 28 

Butler,  B.  F 29 

Cabot,  John  and  Sebastian 30 

Calhptin,  John  C 31 

California 51 

Capitals  ofthe  United  States 220 

Causes  of  U.  S.  Wars 197 

Charleston 127 

Clay,  Henry 32 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry 33 

Colleges,  Early 219 

Colorado 239 

Columbus,  Christopher 34 

Committee  of  Correspondence 16 

Connecticut 52 

Connecticut  Reserve 215 

Constitution,  Federal 193 

Cornwallis,  Lord 35 

Cortez,  Fernando 36 

Croghan,  Major 37 

Curtis,  Gen.  S.  R 38 

Davenport,  John 41 

Davis,  Jefferson 42 

Deane,  Silas 44 

Dearborn,  Gen 43 

Decatur,  Com 45 

Declaration  of  Independence 191 

De  Kalb,  Baron 49 

Delaware 48 


D'Estaing 47 

Dieskau,  Baron 46 

District  of  Columbia 168 

Dred  Scott  Case 217 

Early  Navigators 138 

European  Wars  in  the  Colonies 18 

Ex-Presidents  in  Congn  83 221 

Farragut,  Admiral  .   57 

Fillmore,  Millard 56 

Florida 54 

Foote,  Admiral 58 

Foreign  Officers  in  Am.  Army 199 

Franklin,  Dr 53 

Fremont,  John  C 55 

Gage,  Gen 59 

Gaspee,  Destruction  of  the 218 

Gates,  Gen (iO 

Georgia 61 

Gosnold.  Bartholomew  62 

Grant,  Ulysses  S G3 

Greene,  Gen 64 

Hale.  Nathan 66 

Hamilton,  Alexander 65 

Hancock,  John 68 

Harper's  Ferry 75 

Harrison,  Wm.  H 69 

Henry,  Patrick 70 

Hooker,  Gen 71 

Hudson,  Henry 72 

Hull,  Capt 74 

Hull,  Gen 73 

Illinois 76 

Indiana 77 

Inhabitants  required  for  State  org.  226 

Iowa 78 

Jackson,  Andrew 79 

Jackson,  Gen.  T.  J 81 

Jay,  John 82 

Jefferson,  Thomas „ 84 

Jersey  Prison  Ship 50 

Johnson,  Andrew  88 

Johnson,  Sir  Wm , 83 

Johnston,  Gen.  Jos.  E 87 

Jones,  Paul 86 

Kansas 91 

Kentucky 90 

Kosciusko 39 

Lafayette 98 

LaSalle  99 

Law's  Bubble 21C 

Lee,  Gen.  Charles 96 

Lee,  Gen.  Robert  E 97 

Length  of  U.  S.  Wars 196 

Lincoln,  Abraham 94 

Lincoln,  Gen 93 

Louisiana 101 


LIST  OF  TOPICS. 


Lyman,  Gen.  P 92 

Madison,  James 112 

M  aine 105 

Marlon,  Gen 103 

Marquette 100 

Maryland Ill 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line 213 

Massachusetts. 104 

McClellan,  Gen 120 

McCrea,  Jane 190 

Meade,  Gen 115 

Michigan 117 

Minnesota 119 

Mississippi 109 

Mississippi  Valley  Settlements. . . .  209 

Mississippi  Bubble 210 

Missouri 116 

Monroe,  James 114 

Montgomery,  Gen 102 

Morgan,  Gen 110 

Mormons,  The ..  223 

Morris,  Robert 106 

Nebraska 179 

New  Hampshire 123 

New  Jersey 124 

New  York  City 122 

NewYorkState 121 

Nevada      131 

New  Mexico 0 

North  Carolina 125 

"  Northwestern  Difficulties  " 178 

Northwest  Territory 128 

Object  of  New  England  Colonies. ..  202 

Object  of  other  Colonies 203 

Ohio 129 

OldHickory 222 

Ordinance  of  1787 212 

Oregon 130 

Penn,Wm 132 

Pennsylvania 133 

Philadelphia 134 

Pierce,  Franklin 140 

Pitt,  Win 135 

Plymouth  Colony 195 

Political  Parties 224 

Polk,  James  K 139 

Pope,  Gen  141 

Porter,  Admiral 142 

Presidents  of  the  United  States.. ..  180 
Pulaski,  Count 137 


Putnam,  Gen 138 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 147 

Rebellions  in  United  States 145 

Rhode  Island  146 

Rosecrans,  Gen 148 

Sanitary  Commissions 159 

Savannah 150 

Schuyler,  Gen 151 

Scott,  Gen 156 

Sheridan,  Gen 153 

Sherman,  Gen 157 

Slavery 17 

Smith,  John 149 

South  Carolina 126 

States  from  conquered  territory 204 

States  from  purchased  territory 205 

States  from  other  territory 206 

Stark,  Gen  225 

St.  Augustine 155 

St.  Clair,  Gen 153 

Succession  of  States 187 

Sullivan,  Gen 152 

Sumter,  Gen 154 

Surrendered  Commanders 200 

Taylor,  Zachary 163 

Tennessee  160 

Territory  acquired 188 

Territory,  how  acquired 207 

Texas 161 

Ticonderoga,  Ft 107 

Treaties 19 

Tyler,  John 162 

United  States  Flag 194 

Van  Buren,  Martin 172 

Vermont .   173 

Virginia 176 

Warren,  Gen 165 

Wars  during  the  Colonial  Period..  144 

Wars  with  the  U.  S 143 

Washington  City 167 

Washington,  George 164 

Washington's  military  movements.  198 

Webster,  Daniel 177 

Western  Reserve 214 

West  Point \ 169 

West  Virginia 171 

Wilkinson,  Gen 166 

Wilmot  Provisio 216 

Wisconsin ..170 


ADDITIONAL  INDEX. 


Speedwell  and  the  Mayflower 227 

Leisler  and  Milborne 2:38 

Kidd,  Captain  William 229 

Locke  and  his  Grand  Model 230 

Burning  of  Charlestown 231 

England's  Foes  and  Friends  of  the  232 
Revolution  . . 


Clark,  Gen.  George  Rogers. 


.  233 

Hayne,  Isaac — His  Execution.....  234 

Alien  and  Sedition  Laws 235 

Presidents1  Cabinets 236 

Cessions  by  the  State  to  the  General 

Government 237 

Fulton  and  his  first  steamboat 238 


Notable  Historical  Sayings App.,  p.  86 

Popular  Names  given  to  the  States "  87 

Familiar  Names  applied  to  persons  and  things  in  the  History  of  the 

United  States... "  "  88 


Total  number  of  pages,  848,  besides  Maps  and  Illustrations. 


VEEMONT. 


1.  AN  especial  interest  attaches  to  Vermont,  as  being 
the  first  of  the  "  new  States,"  or  the  States  admitted  after 
the  formation  of  the  government  in  1"89  (page  107,  ^[3). 
It  is  supposed  that  Samuel  Champlain,  who  discovered  the 
lake  which  now  bears  his  name,  was  the  first  white  man 
to  visit  (1609)  any  portion  of  fche  country  included  within 
the  limits  of  this  State.*  On  his  return  from  the  expedi 
tion,  he  prepared  and  published  a  map  of  the  lake. 

2t  During  the  wars  between  the  French  and  the  Eng 
lish,  hostile  parties  passed  up  and  down  the  lake  ;  but  no 
portion  of  the  country  bordering  on  its  eastern  shore  was 
occupied  by  Europeans  until  1890,  when  an  expedition 
was  sent  by  the  governor  of  New  York  to  the  mouth  of 
Otter  Creek,  and  a  small  stone  fort  was  built  at  Chimney 
Point, f  in  the  present  county  of  Addison,  in  order  to 
aid  in  the  operations  against  the  Indians  during  that 
dreadful  period.  This  position  was  afterward  aban 
doned  ;  but  a  French  settlement  was  subsequently  made 
there. 


NOTE.—"  It  is  now  agreed  that  at  the  time  of  the  first  knowledge  of  New  Eng 
land  by  white  men  the  territory  now  called  Vermont  had  no  permanent  Indian 
inhabitants  ;  that  it  was  disputed  territory  over  which  the  Iroquois  and  the  Huron 
roamed  and  hunted,  and  fought  wherever  they  met."—  Charles  Heed,  Librarian 
of  the  Vermont  Historical  Society,  in  his  report  for  1872. 

*  It  is  not  certain  that  the  French  explorer,  in  this  memorable  expedition, 
actually  landed  on  the  eastern  shore,  but  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  he  did.  since 
he  explored  it,  and  made  a  map  of  the  lake. 

t  Chimney  Point  :  is  in  Addison  township,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  fifrv 
imles  b  W.  from  Montpelier.  Previous  to  the  erection  of  this  fort,  a  fort  had 
been  built  on  Isle  La  Motte,  and  called  St.  Anne.  From  this  post  the  French 
sent  an  important  expedition  against  the  Mohawks,  in  October  of  1666. 

1.  Why  does  an  especial  interest  attach  to  Vermont?  Who  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  first  white  man  to  visit  this  region  ?  What  did  Champlain  do  on 
nis  return  ? 


TTT.  was  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake  first  occupied  by  Europeans? 

tain  d  f      t0  ^  ?    ™**  fort  was  erected  ?    For  what  purpose  ?    Was  it  main- 


82  BRIEF   SKETCH   OF   THE 

3,  During  Queen  Anne's  War  (1702-1713,  page  35),  the 
country  was  repeatedly  traversed  by  war  parties  ;  but  no 
permanent  settlement  was  made  in  it  until  1724,  when  a 
fort  was  built  on  the  present  site  of  Brattleboro,*,  called 
Fort  Dummer,f  and  a  settlement  was  commenced  on  the 
"  Dummer  Meadows/'  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
fort.     This  fort  was  soon  afterward   attacked  by  the  In 
dians,  and  many  of  the  settlers  were  killed  or  carried  into 
captivity.     Several  other  attempts  at  settlement  in  this 
region  were  made,  during  the   next  thirty  years  ;  J  but 
owing  to  the  wars  between  the  French  and  English,  and 
their  Indian  allies,  they  were  unsuccessful. 

4.  After  these  troubles  were  ended,  by  the  conquest  of 
Canada,  in  1760  (page  62),  people  nocked  into  this  region, 
and  many  thriving  settlements  were   formed.      In   that 
year  Guilford  was  settled,  which,  in  a  short  time,  became 
the  most  populous  town  in  the  State.     Previous  to  this, 
however  (1749),  Governor  Benning  Went  worth,  of  New 
Hampshire,  began  to  issue  grants  of  land  west  of  the 
Connecticut  River;  and  among  the  first  of  the  townships 
thus  founded  was  Bennington,  so  called  in  allusion  to  his 


*  "  Among  those  born  at  Brattleboro  were  Wilbur  Fisk,  the  Methodist  divine 
who  twice  refused  a  bishopric,  and  was  President  of  Wesleyan  University,  Ct., 
1830-39;  R.  M.  Hunt,  the  architect;  W.  M.  Hunt,  the  painter  of  genre  pictures  ; 
and  Larkin  G.  Mead,  the  sculptor,  who,  while  yet  a  mere  lad,  worked  one  long 
winter  night  on  a  snow  figure,  at  the  head  of  Main  street,  and  next  morning 
(New  Year's)  the  citizens  were  startled  to  see  there  a  statue  of  the  '  Recording 
Angel'  modeled  in  purest  snow."—0sgood's  New  England  Hand-Book. 

t  This  fort  was  constructed  to  protect  the  towns  in  the  valley  of  the  Connec 
ticut  River  against  the  attacks  of  the  Indians,  which  extended  along  the  whole 
northern  frontier  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  named  after  William  Dummer,  then 
acting  governor  of  that  province.  The  settlement  was  commenced  by  John, 
Thomas,  and  David  Sargeart,  Nathan  Willard,  John  Alexander,  Fairbank  Moore 
and  son,  John  Ames,  and  Samuel  Wells.  John  Sargeant  was  the  first  white  per 
son  born  in  Vermont. 

%  One  of  those  was  at  Putney,  in  1742;  but  it  was  soon  abandoned.  Bridg- 
man's  fort  and  Sartwell's  fort  were  built  in  Vernon  within  the  next  three  or  four 
years.  These  two  forts  were  captured  by  the  Indians  in  1747.  A  settlement 
was  begun  at  Rockingham  in  1753 ;  and  in  1754  a  settlement  was  again  made  at 
Putney.  

3.  When  and  where  was  the  first  settlement  ?    What  was  the  fort  called  ?   Its 
history  ?    What  other  attemps  at  settlement  were  made  ?    With  what  result? 

4.  What  took  place  after  the  conquest  of  Canada  ?     What  is  said  of  Guilford  ? 
What  grants  were  issued?     What  township  was  formed?     What  stopped  the 
settlements  ? 


HISTOKY    OF  VEKMONT.  83 

own  Christian  name.  These  grants  were  rapidly  taken 
by  people  from  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  ;  but  emi 
gration  was  soon  stopped  by  the  breaking  out  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War  (page  54). 

5.  After  the  termination  of  hostilities  in   1760,  emi 
grants  rapidly  settled  along  both  sides  of  the  Upper  Con 
necticut,  under  grants  from  Wentworth,   some  of  these 
settlements  being  west  of  the  Green  Mountains,  toward 
the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain.     This  granting  of  lands 
west  of  the  Connecticut  River  led  to  a  violent  controversy 
between  Wentworth  and  Golden,  lieutenant-governor  of 
New  York,  who  claimed  the  river  as  the  eastern  boundary 
of  that  colony  ;  and  in  1764  a  royal  order  was  issued, 
confirming  the  claim.     The  settlers,  however,  who  held 
their  lands  under  Wentworth's  grants,  contended  that  the 
order  did  not  affect  the  validity  of  their  titles  ;  and  a 
royal  order,  issued  in  1767,  forbade  that  lands  previously 
granted  by  New  Hampshire,  should  be  again  granted  by 
New  York.     The  territory  was  for  many  years  afterward 
known  as  the  "  New  Hampshire  Grants." 

6.  After  the  royal  orders  above  referred  to,  the  south 
western  townships  of  the  newly-settled  region  were  an 
nexed  to  the  County  of  Albany,  and  the  others  formed 
into  two  additional  counties  of  the  Colony  of  New  York. 
The  demand  that  the  proprietors,  who  had  already  paid 
for  their  lands,  should  take  out  new  patents  from  the  Gov 
ernor  of  New  York,  at  an  exorbitant  price,  met  with  violent 
resistance,  in  which  the  chief  leaders  were  Ethan  Allen* 

*  Ethan  Allen  was  born  in  Connecticut  on  the  10th  of  January,  1737.  He  emi 
grated  at  an  early  age  to  Vermont.  After  the  difficulties  referred  to  in  the  text, 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle. 
Through  his  skill  and  daring  Fort  Ticonderoga  was  captured  by  the  American 
patriots  May  10,  1775;  after  which  he  made  a  bold  attack  upon  Montreal,  but 
was  defeated ;  and  being  taken  prisoner,  was  sent  to  England  in  irons  (Septem- 

5 .  When  was  emigration  renewed  ?     How  far  did  the  settlements  extend  ? 
What  controversy  ensued  ?    What  led  to  it  ?    What  royal  orders  were  issued  in 
17&4  and  1767  ?    What  position  was  taken  by  the  settlers  ?    What  was  the  terri 
tory  called  ? 

6.  What  was  done  with  the  southwestern  townships  ?  What  met  with  violent 
resistance  ?    Who  were  the  chief  leaders  in  this  ? 


84  BEIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 

and  Seth  Warner,*  afterward  so  celebrated  for  their 
patriotic  zeal  and  courage  during  the  revolutionary 
struggle.f 

7.  Through  the  influence  of  their  appeals,  the  people 
were  greatly  excited,  and  at  meetings  held  in  several  of 
the  towns,  appointed  "  Committees  of  Safety,"  to  provide 
for  the  common  defense  ;  and  very  severe  measures  were 
taken  against  any  of  the  settlers  who  yielded  to  the  aggres 
sive  claims  of  the  people  and  governor  of  New  York. 
Military  companies  of  the  settlers  were  also  formed,  which 
received  the  name  of  "  Green  Mountain  Boys."  After  the 
government  of  New  York  was  assumed  by  Tryon,  he  en 
deavored  to  arrange  matters  with  the  people,  but  failed 
of  success.J 

8i  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  the 
men  of  this  district  took  a  prominent  part  in  organizing 
resistance  to  the  unjust  claims  of  Great  Britain,  and 
operations  were  commenced  against  the  British  posts  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain.  In  these  measures  Ethan 
Allen  took  a  distinguished  part  (See  page  69,  Tf  17,  and 

ber  25, 1775).  After  suffering  a  captivity  of  more  than  two  years  in  England. 
Halifax,  and  one  of  the  prison-ships  of  New  York,  he  was  released  by  exchange. 
He  never  afterwards  actively  engaged  in  military  service,  but  died  at  Burlington 
in  1789.  A  heroic  statue  of  Allen  was  inaugurated  at  Burlington,  July  4th,  1873. 
when  ten  thousand  persons  were  present,  and  the  Hon.  L.  E.  Chittenden,  a  great 
grand&on  of  the  first  governor  of  the  State,  delivered  the  oration.  A  heroic  sta 
tue  previously  made  of  the  same  hero,  stands  in  the  capitol  of  the  State. 

*  Seth  Warner  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1743.  He  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Ticonderoga  and  captured  Crown  Point  in  1775;  was  at  the  battles  of  Hub- 
bardton,  Benuiugton.  and  Bernis  Heights,  and  served,  as  related  in  the  text,  with 
Montgomery  in  Canada.  He  died  in  Connecticut  in  December,  1784. 

t  "  The  maps  of  the  period,  published  under  the  eye  of  the  British  Court,  and 
circulated  through  all  the  colonies,  extended  from  New  Hampshire  to  Lake 
Champlain.  Never  doubting  the  authority  of  the  agent  (Gov.  Wentworth)  to 
give  them  a  perfect  title,  they  had  paid  for  these  lands  in  hard-earned  money, 
had  entered  upon  them,  felled  the  forests,  planted  the  crops,  and  established 
their  homes. "— Z/.  E.  Chittenden1  s  Oration,  July  A,  1873. 

%  "  In  the  early  contest  with  New  York,  Remember  Baker  was  the  associate 
and  worthy  peer  of  Allen  and  Warner.  He  was  killed  in  the  early  part  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  at  the  head  of  a  scouting  party  sent  out  by  Montgomery 
when  he  first  entered  Canada."—^.  R.  C.  Benton. 


7.  What  was  done  by  the  people  ?    What  were  the  military  companies  called  ? 
What  was  done  by  Governor  Tryon  ? 

8.  What  was  done  by  the  men  of  the  district  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revo 
lution  ?     What  operations  were  undertaken  ?     Who  took  a  prominent  part  in 
these? 


HISTORY   OF  YEEMOKT.  85 

note  on  this  page) ;  *  as  also  did  Col.  Seth  Warner  (See 
note),  by  whom  Crown  Point  was  captured  in  1775. 

9»  In  capturing  the  remaining  posts,  as  well  as  in  the 
invasion  of  Canada,  which  soon  after  occurred,  the  in 
habitants  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  also  took  an 
active  part,  and  were  greatly  distinguished  for  their  mili 
tary  daring  and  skill.  After  Montgomery's  death  (See 
page  72,  ^f  25),  Col.  Warner,  who  had  joined  the  army 
before  the  attack  on  Quebec,  rendered  gallant  service 
during  the  retreat  in  bringing  up  the  rear. 

10*  In  consideration  of  the  important  service  thus  ren 
dered,  Congress  authorized  a  new  regiment  of  Continental 
Regulars  to  be  raised,  and  selected  the  officers  from 
among  the  Green  Mountain  boys  who  had  served  in 

*  CAPTURE  OF  TICONDEROGA.— "  Just  then  (May  8,  1775)  Benedict  Arnold  ar 
rived  at  Castleton,  Vt.,  with  only  one  attendant.  He  brought  a  commission  from 
the  Massachusetts  Committee  of  Safety,  which  was  disregarded  ;  the  men  had 
unanimously  elected  Eihan  Allen  their  chief.  On  the  !Hh,  the  party  began  the 
march  ;  late  on  the  9th,  they  arrived  at  Shoreham,  opposite  Ticonderoga,  in  Ver 
mont.  With  the  utmost  difficulty  a  few  boats  were  got  together,  and  eighty- 
three  men  crossing  the  lake  with  Allen,  landed  near  the  garrison.  The  boats 
were  sent  back  for  Seth  Warner  and  the  rear  guard ;  but  if  they  were  to  be 
waited  for,  there  could  be  no  surprise.  The  men  were,  therefore,  at  once  drawn 
up  in  three  ranks,  and  as  the  first  beams  of  morning  (May  10)  broke  upon  the 
mountain  peaks,  Allen  addressed  them  :  '  Friends  and  fellow  soldiers  :  We  must 
this  morning  quit  our  pretensions  to  valor,  or  possess  ourselves  of  this  fortress ; 
and  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  desperate  attempt,  I  do  not  urge  it  on  contrary  to  your 
will.  You  that  will  undertake  voluntarily,  poise  your  firelocks.'  At  the  word 
every  firelock  was  poised.  '  Face  to  the  right,'  cried  Allen  ;  and  placing  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  centre  file,  Arnold  keeping  emulously  at  his  side,  he  marched 
to  the  gate.  It  was  shut,  but  the  wicket  was  open.  The  sentry  snapped  a  fuzee 
at  him.  The  Americans  rushed  into  the  fort,  darted  upon  the  guards,  and  rais 
ing  the  Indian  war-whoop,  such  as  had  not  been  heard  there  since  the  days  of 
Montcalm,  formed  on  the  parade  in  hollow  square,  to  face  each  of  the  barracks. 
One  of  the  sentries,  after  wounding  an  officer  and  being  wounded  himself, 
cried  out  for  quarter  and  showed  the  way  to  the  apartment  of  the  commanding 
officer.  '  Come  forth  instantly,  or  I  will  sacrifice  the  whole  garrison,'  cried  Allen, 
as  he  reached  the  door.  At  this,  Delaplace,  the  commanaer,  came  out  undressed, 
with  his  breeches  in  his  hand.  'Deliver  to  me  the  fort  instantly.' said  Allen. 
'  By  what  authority  ?'  asked  Delaplace.  '  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and 
the  Continental  Congress  ! '  answered  Allen.  Delaplace  began  to  speak  again, 
but  was  peremptorily  interrupted,  and  at  sight  of  Allen's  drawn  sword  near  his 
head,  he  gave  up  the  garrison,  ordering  his  men  to  be  paraded  without  arms."— 
Bancroft's  Hist.  77.  S. 

"  Colonel  Seth  Warner,  who  had  brought  over  the  residue  of  the  party,  was 
now  sent  with  a  detachment  against  Crown  Point,  which  surrendered  on  the 
llth,  without  firing  a  gun."— Irving' s  Life  of  Washington. 


9 .  What  else  was  done  by  the  people  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  ?    What 
is  said  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  ?    What  is  said  of  Colonel  Warner  ? 

10.  What  did  Congress  authorize  on  that  account?    What  is  said  of  the 
regiment  ? 


86  BKIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 

Canada,  Warner  being  appointed  lieutenant-colonel.  This 
was  the  regiment  which  afterward  gained  so  much  renown 
at  Hubbardton  and  Bennington  (App.,  p.  91,  If  26). 

11.  Meanwhile,  New  York  continued  her  claims  to  the 
control  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants,  but  the  people  in 
habiting  that  region  were  determined  not  to  yield  submis 
sion  to  it.     They  were,  consequently,  very  greatly  embar 
rassed  by  the  want  of  established  laws,  and  civil  officers 
of  acknowledged  authority.    Accordingly,  on  the  16th  of 
January,  1776,  a  convention  met  at  Dorset,  and  drew  up 
a  petition  to  Congress,  which  they  styled  "  The  humble 
petition,  address,  and  remonstrance  of  that  part  of  Amer 
ica,  being  situate  south  of  Canada  line,  west  of  Connecticut 
river,  commonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  the 
'  New  Hampshire  Grants.'  5: 

12.  In  this  petition,  they  avowed  their  readiness  to  bear 
their  full  part  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  to  com 
ply  with  all  the  demands  of  Congress,  but  declared  their 
unwillingness  to  act  under  the  provincial  government  of 
New  York.     They  therefore  asked  that  whenever  Congress 
should  find  it  necessary  to  call  upon  them  for  any  aid  or 
service,  they  should  be  recognized  as  inhabitants  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Grants,  not  as  subject  to  the  government 
of  New  York. 

13.  The  committee  of  Congress  to  whom  this  petition 
was  referred,  reported  :  "  That  it  be  recommended  to  the 
petitioners  to  submit  for  the  present  to  the  government 
of  New  York,  and  to  assist  their  countrymen  in  their  con 
test  with  Great  Britain  ;  but  that  such  submission  ought 
not  to  prejudice  their  right  to  any  lands  in  controversy,  or 
be  construed  to  affirm  or  admit  the  jurisdiction  of  New 
York  over  the  country,  after  the  present  troubles  have 

11.  What  claim  continued  to  be  made  by  New  York  ?    What  was  the  reeult  of 
this  ?    What  convention  met  ?    What  did  they  style  their  memorial  ? 

12.  What  did  they  avow  in  this  ?    What  did  they  ask ? 

13.  What  report  did  the  committee  of  Congress  make  ?    What  was  done  with 
the  petition  ? 


HISTORY   OF  VERMONT.  87 

ceased."     To  avoid  any  decision  at  that  time,  the  petition 
was  withdrawn. 

14.  The  Declaration  of  Independence  (July  4th,  1776)  left 
the  people  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  in  a  still  more 
embarrassing  condition.     New  Hampshire  had  renounced 
all  political  connection  with  them  ;  and  the  controversy 
with  New  York  was  resumed.     The  convention  of  the  lat 
ter  State  had  unanimously  voted,  August  2d,  1776,  "  That 
all  quit-rents  formerly  due  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain 
are  now  due  and  owing  to  this  Convention,  or  such  future 
government  as  shall  hereafter  be  established  in  this  State." 

15.  To  submit  to  the  claims  of  New  York  was  to  give 
up  the  whole  of  their  property  and  to  reduce  themselves 
to  a  state  of  dependence  and  beggary.     To  oppose  her 
claims  and  authority  would  unavoidably  bring  on  a  con 
test,  not  only  with  New  York,  but  with  Congress  also  ; 
and  to  continue  without  some  form  of  government  was 
impossible. 

16.  In  this  situation,  some  were  disposed  to  renew  their 
allegiance  to  New  Hampshire,  while  others  saw  no  way  of 
avoiding  a  submission  to  New  York  ;  but  the  more  cour 
ageous  and  spirited  of  the  people  were  in  favor  of  assum 
ing  the  powers  of  an  independent  State  or  Government, 
and  hazarding  all  the  consequences  of  such  a  measure. 
To   determine    the  prevailing  opinion,  therefore,  it  was 
found  necessary  to  call  a  convention. 

17.  This  convention,  called  by  circular  letters  from  in 
fluential  persons,   consisted  of  fifty-one  members,  repre 
senting  thirty-two  towns.     It  met  at  Dorset,  July  24th, 
1776.     The  result  of  its  *  deliberations  was  an  agreement 
that  no  association  should  be  entered  into  with  either  of 


14.  How  did  the  Declaration  of  Independence  leave  the  people?    What  had 
the  New  York  Convention  voted  ? 

15.  In  what  embarrassing  position  did  the  people  find  themselves  ? 

16.  What  sentiments  were  held  by  different  parties?    What  was  done  to  de 
termine  the  prevailing  opinion  ? 

IT.  Of  whom  did  this  Convention  consist?    Where  and  when  did  it  meet? 
What  was  the  result  of  its  deliberations  ? 


88  BRIEE   SKETCH   OF   THE 

the  counties  formed  within  their  territory  by  New  York, 
or  submission  made  to  its  government ;  and  that  any  of 
the  people  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  who  should  act 
in  opposition  to  this  agreement  should  be  deemed  enemies 
to  the  common  cause. 

18.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Convention  (Septem 
ber  25th)  a  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted,  "  To  take 
suitable  measures,  as  soon  as  may  be,  to  declare  the  New 
Hampshire  Grants  a  free  and  separate  district ; "  also  that 
"  no  laws  or  directions  from  the  State  of  New  York  should 
be  accepted."    The  Convention  met  again  at  Westminster 
October  30th,  but  adjourned.     January  15th,  1777,  it  met 
once  more  at  Westminster,  and  after  a  very  serious  debate 
resolved  to  form  a  new  State. 

19.  They  (Jan.  16th)  made  and  published  the  following 
declaration  :  "  This  Convention,  whose  members  are  duly 
chosen  by  the  free  voice  of  their  constituents  in  the  several 
towns  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants,  in  public  meeting 
assembled,  in  our  own  names,  and  in  behalf  of  our  con 
stituents,  do  hereby  proclaim,  and  publicly  declare,  that 
the  district  of  territory  comprehending,  and  usually  known 
by  the  name   and  description   of  the   New  Hampshire 
Grants,  of  right  ought  to  be,  and  is  hereby  declared  for 
ever  to  be  considered  as  a  free  and  independent  jurisdic 
tion,  or  State,  to  be  forever  hereafter  called,  known  and 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  New  Connecticut  [afterwards 
called  Vermont] . 

20.  "  And  that  the  inhabitants  that  at  present  are,  or 
that  may  hereafter  become,  resident  within  said  territory, 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  privileges,  immunities,  and 
enfranchisements  which  are,  or  that  may  at  any  time  here 
after  be,  allowed  to  the  inhabitants  of  any  of  the  free  and 
independent  States  of  America.  And  that  such  privileges 

18.  What  was  done  at  a  subsequent  meeting?    What  resolution  was  finally 
adopted  ? 

19,  30.  What  declaration  did  the  Convention  make  and  publish? 


HISTORY   OF  VERMONT.  80 

and  immunities  shall  be  regulated  in  a  bill  of  rights,  and 
by  a  form  of  government,  to  be  established  at  the  next 
session  of  this  Convention." 

21.  In  a  declaration  and  petition  to  Congress,  they  an 
nounced  to  that  body  the  step  which  they  had  taken  ; 
with  a  renewal  of  the  assurance,   previously  given,  that 
"  they  were  at  all  times  ready,  in  conjunction  with  their 
brethren  in  the  United  States,  to  contribute  their  full  pro 
portion  towards  maintaining  the  present  just  war  against 
the  fleets  and  armies  of  Great  Britain."     They  also  peti 
tioned  that  Vermont  might  be  ranked  among  the  free  and 
independent  American  States. 

22.  This  measure  on  the  part  of  the  people  of  Vermont, 
in  declaring  their  independence,  was  variously  viewed  by 
the  adjacent  States.     New  Hampshire  was   disposed   to 
favor  it ;  and  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  it  was 
rather  applauded  than  condemned.     New  York,  however, 
looked  on  it  in  no  other  light  than  a  revival  of  the  rebel 
lion  with  which  her  lawful  authority  had  been  opposed  by 
the  people  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants. 

23.  The  Committee  of  Safety  of  New  York,  therefore, 
took  up  the  matter  at  once  ;  and,  by  their  direction,  the 
president  of  the  New  York  convention  sent  information 
to  Congress  of  the  "revolt  of  a  part  of  the  State- against 
its  lawful  authority,"  and   asked  that   the  commissions 
issued  to  Col.  Warner  and  others  should  be  revoked.     A 
second  application  of  the  same  nature  was  made  in  the 
following  March. 

24.  For  some  time,  Congress  seemed  quite  unwilling  to 
take  any  action  in  regard  to  the  subject :   but  a  letter 
signed  by  Thomas  Young,  of  Philadelphia,  and  addressed 


3 1 .  What  announcement  did  they  make  to  Congress  ?    What  did  they  petition  ? 

32.  How  was  this  measure  viewed  in  New  Hampshire?    In  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut  ?    In  New  York  ? 

33.  What  was  clone  by  the  Committee  of  Safety  of  New  York  ?    What  further 
application  was  made  ? 

34.  What  induced  Congress  to  act?    What  resolutions  were  adopted  by  itf 
What  effect  did  this  have  on  the  people  of  Vermont  ? 


90  BRIEF   SKETCH  OF  THE 

to  the  people  of  Vermont,*  called  upon  them  to  send  dele 
gates  to  Congress,  and  assured  them  of  a  favorable  recep- 
tion.f  This  induced  Congress  to  act,  and  resolutions 
were  adopted  condemning  the  action  of  Vermont,  and  re 
fusing  to  give  any  sanction  to  it,  as  being  opposed  to  the 
interests  of  the  States  represented  in  their  body.  The 
people  of  Vermont,  however,  determined  to  stand  by  their 
action,  and  to  maintain  their  independence. 

25.  The  Convention,  which  declared  the  independence 
of  Vermont,  in  January,  had  adjourned  to  meet  again  in 
June,  at  Windsor.     They  (in  June)  appointed  a  committee 
to  draft  a  constitution  for  the  new  State,  and  also  recom 
mended  the  election  of  delegates  to  meet  in  the  following 
July,  to  consider  and  adopt  the  constitution  to  be  sub 
mitted  to  them  at  that  time. 

26,  The  session  of  the  subsequent  convention  at  Wind- 

*  THE  NAME,  VERMONT. — "  This  name  (Vermont)  was  given  to  the  district  of 
the  New  Hampshire  Grants,  as  an  emblematical  one,  from  the  French  of  Verd- 
mont,  green  mountains,  intended  to  perpetuate  the  name  of  the  Green  Mountain 
Boys.'  —  Ira  Allen's  Natural  and  Political  History  of  the  State  of  Vermont. 

"The  first  appearance  of  the  name  in  print  was,  without  doubt,  in  the  letter  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Young,  of  Philadelphia,  dated  the  llth  of  April,  1777,  addressed  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Vermont,  'a  free  and  independent  State.'  At  the  date  of  the 
letter,  the  agents  (of  Vermont)  appointed  to  present  the  declaration  and  petition 
for  a  new  State  to  Congress — Jonas  Fay,  Thomas  Chitteuden,  Heman  Allen,  and 
Reuben  Jones— were  in  Philadelphia,  where  they  doubtless  learned  what  had  been 
unknown  to  them  in  January,  that  there  was  already  a  New  Connecticut  on  the 
Susquehanna  river,  and  that  it  would  therefore  be  necessary  to  find  another  name 
for  the  State.  That  of  Vermont  being  proposed  by  Dr.  Young,  was,  no  doubt, 
approved  by  those  gentlemen,  and  was  thus  announced  in  his  letter  under  the  ex 
pectation  that  it  would  be  adopted  by  the  Convention  that  was  to  assemble  (at 
Windsor)  in  June  following,  as  was  then  actually  done  by  a  unanimous  vote  (June 
4th,  1777)."  (See  above  1  25.)—Hiland  Hall's  History  of  Vermont. 

t  YOUNG'S  ADDRESS.— This  address  contained  a  resolution  of  Congress,  passed 
the  previous  year,  which  recommended  to  any  people,  where  no  government 
suited  to  their  condition  had  been  formed,  to  constitute  such  a  government  as  the 
safety  of  the  people  required.  The  people  of  Vermont  were  assured  by  the  writer 
that  they  had  nothing  to  do  but  regularly  to  choose  delegates  to  meet  in  conven 
tion,  with  the  view  to  appoint  delegates  to  Congress,  and  to  form  a  Constitution. 
It  closed  with  the  following  words:  "I  tell  you  to  organize  fairly,  make  the  ex 
periment,  and  I  will  insure  you  success,  at  the  risk  of  my  reputation  as  a  man  of 
honor  or  common  sense.  You  have  as  good  a  right  to  choose  how  you  will  be  gov 
erned,  and  by  whom,  as  they  [Congress]  had."  This  paper  not  only  excited  the 
people  of  New  York,  but,  when  laid  before  Congress  by  one  of  its  members,  in 
duced  that  body  immediately  to  give  attention  to  the  dispute. 

25.  What  is  said  of  the  Convention  that  declared  the  independence  of  Ver 
mont? 

36.  How  was  the  session  of  the  Convention  at  Windsor  interrupted?  What 
information  did  they  receive  ? 


HISTORY   OF  VERMONT.  91 

sor  was  interrupted  by  the  alarming  intelligence  of  the 
successful  invasion  of  Burgoyne  [See  page  81],  who,  it 
was  stated,  at  the  head  of  ten  thousand  men,  had  occu 
pied  a  position  on  Mount  Defiance  (See  map,  page  82),* 
and  compelled  the  abandonment  of  the  Americans'  posi 
tion  at  Ticonderoga  ;  also  that  the  rear  guard  of  the 
retreating  army,  under  Col.  Warner,  had  been  overtaken 
at  Hubbardton,  and  overpowered  by  numbers,  Colonel 
Francis  being  slain. 

27.  The  people  in  most  of  the  towns  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Green  Mountains  were  obliged  to  abandon  their 
habitations  ;  but  through  the  efforts  of  the  Committee  of 
Safety,  appointed  at  Windsor,  aid  was  promptly  obtained 
from  New  Hampshire.  The  assembly  of  that  State  put 
a  large  body  of  militia  under  the  command  of  General 
Stark,  and  gave  him  orders  to  repair  to  Charlestown,  on 
the  Connecticut  river,  there  to  consult  with  a  committee  of 
the  New  Hampshire  Grants,  respecting  his  future  opera 
tions,  and  the  supply  of  his  men  with  provisions.  Mr. 
Weare,  Governor  of  New  Hampshire,  also  wrote  to  the 

*  Mount  Defiance,  a  rocky  eminence  near  the  fort,  and  so  situated  a?  to  com 
mand  it.  General  St.  Clair.  who  commanded  the  garrison,  on  finding  that  the 
British  had  gained  this  position,  made  a. speedy  retreat  (July  5,  1777).  "On  the 
retreat,  Colonel  Bale's  battalion  \vas  ordered  to  cover  the  rear  of  the  invalids,  by 
which  means  he  was  seven  miles  behind  the  main  body."  The  rear  guard  con 
sisted  of  three  regiments  under  the  command  of  Colonels  Warner,  Francis,  and 
Hale.  These  were  surprised  at  sunrise  (July  7)  by  the  advanced  gmird  of  the 
enemy  under  General  Fraser,  at  Hubbardton.  There  is  ample  evidence  that  the 
three  regiments  were  all  engaged  in  the  conflict,  and  no  evidence  worthy  of  the 
name  that  any  one  of  them  was  wanting  in  its  duty.  The  testimony  of  Earl 
Balearras.  who  commanded  the  Light  Infantry  of  Burgoyne's  army  and  led  the 
assault  at  Hubbardton,  given  before  the  Parliamentary  Committee  of  investiga 
tion  on  Burgoyne's  campaign,  is  conclusive  as  to  the  good  conduct  of  all  the 
American  forces  in  that  battle.  As  stated,  Francis  was  killed.  Hale,  with  some 
300  officers  and  men,  was  taken  prisoner.  Warner,  with  the  larger  part  of  the  de 
tachment,  escaped,  and  joined  St.  Clair  at  Rutland.  Floating  rumors  imputing 
cowardice  to  Hale  coming  to  the  ears  of  that  officer,  they  were  indignantly  re 
pelled  by  him.  He  demanded  a  court-martial,  but  before  one  could  be  held  or 
himself  exchanged,  he  died  a  prisoner  on  Long  Island.  Colonel  Hale's  memory 
has  been  repeatedly  vindicated  from  this  charge— notably  in  an  article  by  Hon. 
Winslow  C.  Watson  in  Lossing's  "Amer.  Historical  Record"  (Philadelphia)  for 
Oct.  1873.  Vol.  2,  p.  455. 


27.  How  did  this  affect  the  people  on  the  west  side  of  the  Green  Mountains? 
How  was  aid  furnished  'i  What  was  done  by  the  Assembly  of  New  Hampshire  "i 
What  orders  were  given  to  General  Stark  ?  What  was  done  by  Governor 
Weare  f( 


93  BKIEF   SKETCH   OF   THE 

Secretary  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  announcing  the  assist 
ance  sent,  in  terms  which  were  a  virtual  recognition  of  the 
independence  of  the  new  State. 

28.  The  New  Hampshire  Assembly,  on  the  urgent  ap 
peal  of  the  Council  of  Safety  which  had  been  appointed 
at   Windsor,   ordered  into  service  a  brigade  of  militia. 
These  troops,  under   General  Stark,  were  mustered  at 
Charlestown,  N.  H.,  and  soon  joined  those  of  Col.  Warner, 
at  Manchester,  whither  he  had  proceeded  a  short  time 
after  the  defeat  at  Hubbardton.    From  that  place  Stark 
marched  to  Bennington,  accompanied  by  Warner,  whose 
regiment  was  left  at  Manchester,  under  Lieutenant-Col. 
Safford. 

29.  Meanwhile,  Burgoyne,  having  reached  Fort  Edward, 
N.  Y.,  after  a  wearisome  march,  found  himself  greatly  in 
need  of  provisions,  and  therefore  resolved  to  send  a  de 
tachment  of  his  troops  to  Bennington,  to  seize  the  stores, 
which  he  heard  the  Americans  had  collected  there.     The 
expedition  was  entrusted  to  the  command  of  Col.  Baum, 
a  veteran  German  officer  ;    and  the  force  consisted  of 
about   five   hundred   men,   together  with   one   hundred 
Indians. 

30.  On  approaching  within  a  few  miles  of  Bennington, 
he  discovered  that  the  position  was  held  by  a  much  larger 
force  than  had  been  supposed  ;    and  having  therefore 
halted,  and  thrown  up  entrenchments,  he  sent  to  notify 
Burgoyne  of  his  position  (Aug.  14,  1777).     A  storm  on 
the  following  day  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  strengthen 
ing  his  works  ;   but  on  the  next  day  (Aug.  16),  he  was 
assailed  at  all  points  by  General  Stark.    The  Indians  fled, 
but  the  other  troops  defended  themselves  bravely;  they 


28.  Where  were  Stark1  s  troops  mustered?   By  whom  was  he  joined?  Whither 
did  Stark  march  ?    With  whom  ? 

29.  What  is  said  of  Burgoyne  ?    Who  led  the  expedition  to  Bennington  ?    Of 
what  did  the  force  consist  f 

30.  What  did  Baum  find  on  approaching  Bennington?    What  course  did  he 
adopt  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  assault  by  Stark,  and  its  result  ? 


HISTOKY   OF   VERMONT.  93 

were,  however,  unable  to  withstand  the  onset  of  the 
Americans,  and  were  nearly  all  killed  or  taken  prisoners. 
Col.  Bauin  was  mortally  wounded. 

31.  In  the   meantime,  another  detachment  had  been 
sent  by  Burgoyne  to  reinforce  Baum.     This  consisted  of 
five  or  six  hundred   British  German  regulars,  with  two 
pieces  of  artillery,  commanded  by  Colonel  Breyman;  and 
scarcely  had  the  battle  with  Baum's  troops  ended,  when 
the  second  detachment  made  its  appearance. 

32.  At  this   juncture,   Colonel  Warner's  regiment  ar 
rived  from   Bennington,   and   the   battle   wrhich   ensued 
lasted  till  sunset,  resulting  in  another  decisive  victory  for 
the  Americans,  the  British  only  saving  themselves  from 
capture  by  the  darkness   of  the  night.     In  these  battles, 
the  British  lost  four  brass  field-pieces,  several  hundred 
stand  of  arms,  two  hundred  and  seven  men  left  dead  on 
the  field,  and  about  seven  hundred  wounded   and   pri 
soners.     The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  thirty  killed  and 
forty  wounded.      Two  of  the  captured  cannon  are  still 
preserved  in  the  State  House  at  Montpelier,  with   the 
inscription — "  Taken  from  the  Germans  at  Bennington, 
August  16,  1777." 

33.  Colonel  Warner,  who  was  Stark's  chief  counsellor, 
and  who  kept  by  his  side  during  the  action,  is  justly 
entitled  to  a  share   of  the  glory  of  these  victories.     Col. 
Samuel  Herrick,  who  led   the  Vermont   militia   in   the 
attack  upon  the  rear  of  Baum's  entrenchments,  and  other 
Vermonters,    greatly   distinguished    themselves    on    the 
occasion.     Burgoyne,  in  a  letter  written  a  few  days  after 
the  battle,  indirectly  paid  a  very  high  compliment  to  the 
bravery  and  patriotism  of  the  Vermont  troops.     After 


31.  What  other  detachment  was  sent  by  Burgoyne  ? 

32.  What  regiment  arrived  from  Bennington  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  battle 
that  ensued.     What  was  the  British  loss  in  these  battles  ?    The  American  loss  ? 
What  relics  are  preserved  at  Montpelier  ? 

33.  What  is  said  of  Colonel  Warner?    Of  Colonel  Herrick?    What  compli 
ment  did  General  Burgoyne  pay  to  the  people  of  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  ? 


94  BRIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 

speaking  of  the  general  hostility  of  the  people,  he  re 
marks  :  "  The  New  Hampshire  Grants,  in  particular,  a 
country  unpeopled,  and  almost  unknown  in  the  last  war, 
now  abounds  with  the  most  active  and  .most  rebellious 
race  of  the  continent,  and  hangs  like  a  gathering  storm 
on  my  left."  * 

34.  The  loss  of  the  battle  of  Bennington  was  a  serious 
blow  to  Burgoyne,  particularly  in  the  moral  effect  of  the 
defeat.  It  was  the  first  check  he  had  received  in  his 
triumphant  march  from  Canada,  and  dispirited  his  troops, 

*  BATTLE  OF  BENNINGTON.—"  At  the  first  pound  of  fire-arms,  Stark,  who  had 
remained  with  the  main  body  in  camp,  mounted  his  horse  and  gave  the  word, 
Forward !  He  had  promised  his  men  the  plunder  of  the  British  camp.  The 
homely  speech  made  by  him,  when  in  sight  of  the  enemy,  has  often  been  cited  : 
4  Now,  my  men  !  There  are  the  red-coats  I  Before  night  they  must  be  ours,  or 
Molly  Stark  will  be  a  widow ! '  Baum  soon  found  himself  assailed  on  every 
side,  but  he  defended  his  works  bravely.  His  two  pieces  of  artillery,  advanta 
geously  planted,  were  very  effective ;  and  his  troops,  if  slow  in  march,  were 
steady  in  action.  For  two  hours  the  discharge  of  fire-arms  was  said  to  have  been 
like  the  constant  rattling  of  the  drum.  Stark,  in  his  despatches,  compared  it  to 
a  continued  clap  of  thunder !  It  was  the  hottest  fight  he  had  ever  seen.  He 
inspired  his  men  with  the  same  impetuosity.  They  drove  the  royalist  ti-oops 
upon  the  Hessians,  and  pressing  after  them,  stormed  the  works  with  irresistible 
fury.  A  Hessian  eye-witness  declares,  that  this  time  the  rebels  fought  with  des 
peration,  pressing  within  eight  paces  of  the  loaded  cannon,  to  take  surer  aim  at 
the  artillerists.  The  latter  were  slain  and  the  cannon  captured.  The  royalists 
and  Canadians  took  to  flight,  and  escaped  to  the  woods.  The  Germans  still  kept 
their  ground,  and  fought  bravely,  until  there  was  not  a  cartridge  left.  Baum 
and  his  dragoons  then  took  to  their  broadswords,  and  the  infantry  to  their 
bayonets,  and  endeavored  to  cut  their  way  to  a  road  in  the  woods,  but  in  vain ; 
many  were  killed,  more  wounded,  Baum  among  the  number,  and  all  who  sur 
vived  were  taken  prisoners.  The  victors  now  dispersed,  some  to  collect  booty, 
some  to  attend  to  the  wounded,  some  to  guard  the  prisoners,  and  some  to  seek 
refreshment,  being  exhausted  by  hunger  and  fatigue.  At  this  critical  juncture, 
Breyman's  tardy  reinforcement  came,  making  its  way  heavily  and  slowly  to  the 
scene  of  action,  joined  by  many  of  the  enemy  who  had  fled.  Attempts  were 
made  to  rally  the  militia,  but  they  were  in  complete  confusion.  Nothing  would 
have  saved  them  from  defeat,  had  not  Colonel  Seth  Warner's  corps  fortunately 
arrived  from  Bennington,  fresli  from  repose,  and  advanced  to  meet  the  enemy, 
while  the  others  regained  their  ranks.  It  was  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon 
when  this  second  action  commenced.  It  was  fought  from  wood  to  wood  and  hill 
to  hill  for  several  miles,  until  sunset.  The  last  stand  of  the  enemy  was  at  Van 
Schaick's  mill,  where,  having  expended  all  their  ammunition,  of  which  each  man 
had  forty  rounds,  they  gave  way,  and  retreated  under  favor  of  the  night,  leaving 
two  field-pieces  and  all  their  baggage  in  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  Stark 
ceased  to  pursue  them,  lest  in  the  darkness  his  men  should  fire  upon  each  other. 
'Another  hour  of  daylight,'  said  he.  in  his  report,  '  and  I  should  have  captured 
the  whole  body.'  The'  veteran  had  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  but  escaped 
without  wound  or  bruise.  The  number  of  slain  was  very  considerable,  hut 
could  not  be  ascertained,  many  having  fallen  in  the  woods.  The  brave  but  un 
fortunate  Baum  did  not  long  survive."— Irviny's  Life  of  Washington. 


34:.  How  was  Burgoyne  affected  by  his  defeat  at  Bennington?  What  effect 
did  the  victory  have  on  the  patriots  ?  What  was  the  end  of  Burgoyne's  expedi 
tion? 


HISTORY    OF  VERMONT.  95 

situated  as  they  were  in  the  enemies'  country,  in  propor 
tion  as  it  raised  the  courage  of  the  patriots.  The  latter 
afterwards  proved  invincible  ;  and  Burgoyne  was  com 
pelled  to  surrender  his  entire  army  to  General  Gates. 
(See  page  84,  ^f  66.)  This  event  led  to  the  alliance  with 
France,  and  secured  the  independence  of  the  United 
States. 

35.  The  Council  of  Safety  again  called  the  convention 
together  in  December,  to  complete  the  work  interrupted 
in  July.     Having  revised  the  Constitution,  they  decided 
to  organize  the  State  government  without  waiting  to  sub 
mit  the  Constitution  to  the  people,  appointing  as  the  time 
for  the  organization,  the  second  Thursday  of  March,  1778.* 

36.  New  difficulties  now  occurred  with  New  Hampshire. 
Sixteen  towns   on   the  Connecticut   river,   and   situated 
within  that  State,  applied  for  permission  to  unite  them 
selves  with  Vermont.    This  application  led  to  a  violent  con 
troversy  in  the  Assembly  of  Vermont,  at  the  close  of  which 
it  was  decided  by  vote  to  receive  the  towns,  the  delegates 
from  which  accordingly  took  their  seats  in  the  Assembly. 

37.  The  President  of  the  New  Hampshire  Council  of 
State,  Mesheck  Weare,  at  once  wrote  to  Governor  C  bitten - 
den,  of  Vermont  (the  first  governor  of  the  State),  claim 
ing,  in  the  name  of  the  Assembly,  the  sixteen  towns  as  a 
part  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.     He  also  gave  infor- 

*  EMINENT  MEN. — Of  the  men  who  participated  in  the  formation  of  the  State 
government,  THOMAS  CHITTENDEN,  the  first  governor ;  JONAS  FAT,  the  author 
of  the  "  State  Declaration  of  Independence  "  ;  and  IRA  ALLEN,  brother  of  Ethan 
Allen,  are  deserving  of  particular  mention.  JACOB  BAYLEY,  of  Newbury,  held  a 
responsible  position  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  "  in  which  he  performed 
valuable  service  with  purse,  pen,  and  sword."  STEPHEN  R.  BRADLEY,  of  West 
minster,  a  man  of  eminent  abilities,  was  one  of  the  great  lights  of  the  new  State. 
NATHANIEL  CHIPMAN,  of  Tinmouth,  was  also  one  of  the  great  men.  u  The  peo 
ple  of  the  State  probably  owe  to  him.  more  than  to  any  other  man,  whatever  credit 
is  due  for  the  wisdom  of  their  early  judicial  and  constitutional  proceedings." 


35.  When  was  the  convention  again  called  ?    What  was  done  by  it  ? 

36.  What  new  difficulties  occurred?    To  what  did  this  lead  ?    What  was  de 
cided  ? 

37.  What  was  done  by  Gov.  Weare?    What  information  did  he  give  ?    What 
did  he  urge  ? 


96  BRIEF  SKETCH   OF  THE 

mation  that  the  minority  in  those  towns  had  claimed  pro 
tection  from  that  State,  which  the  latter  was  bound  to 
afford  ;  and  urged  that  so  irregular  and  dangerous  a  con 
nection  should  be  at  once  dissolved.  The  interposition 
of  Congress  was  also  solicited,  through  the  delegates  of 
New  Hampshire. 

38«  In  October  (1778),  the  Assembly  of  Vermont  met 
at  Windsor,  representatives  from  ten  of  the  sixteen  towns 
being  present.  This  body  refused  to  erect  a  county  out  of 
the  towns  east  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and  the  delegates 
from  those  towns,  with  some  others,  accordingly  with 
drew.  These  towns  subsequently  called  a  convention,  to 
consider  the  expediency  of  forming  a  government,  the  seat 
of  which  should  be  upon  the  river.  The  convention  met 
in  December,  and  resolved  to  urge  the  formation  of  such 
a  State,  or  to  endeavor  to  unite  the  whole  of  Vermont 
with  New  Hampshire. 

39.  To  free  themselves  from  a  connection  by  which  they 
had  been  involved  in  so  much  trouble,  the  Assembly  of 
Vermont,  February  12,  1779,  voted  to  dissolve  the  union 
wTith  the  towns  in  New  Hampshire,  and  notified  the 
authorities  of  that  State  of  the  fact. 

40*  New  Hampshire  then  renewed  her  claim  to  the 
whole  territory  comprised  in  Vermont  ;  and  New  York 
again  set  up  her  counter  claim,  both  appealing  to  Congress 
to  settle  the  controversy.  Massachusetts,  about  the  same 
time,  laid  claim  to  a  portion  of  the  same  territory.  The 
dispute  with  New  York  became  so  violent,  that  civil  war 
seemed  to  be  imminent,  particularly  as  a  considerable 
part  of  the  inhabitants  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the 
State  desired  to  submit  to  New  York,  and  sent  to  that 


38.  When  did  the  Vermont  Assembly  meet  ?    Who  were  present  ?    What  did 
it  refuse  ?    What  course  did  the  towns  adopt  ?    When  did  the  convention  meet, 
and  what  resolve  ? 

39.  What  did  the  Assembly  of  Vermont  vote  February  12, 1779? 

4:0.  What  was  done  by  New  Hampshire?     New  York?     Massachusetts? 
Civil  war  ? 


HISTORY  OF  VERMONT.  97 

State  a  requisition  for  militia  to  be  sent  from  Albany  to 
defend  them. 

41*  Colonel  Ethan  Allen  was  therefore  ordered  to  call 
out  a  part  of  the  Yermont  militia  to  protect  the  govern 
ment  in  that  part  of  the  State.  This  he  did,  and  several 
of  the  most  active  in  their  opposition  were  arrested  and 
confined  in  prison,  among  them  a  colonel  and  militia 
officers  who  were  acting  under  the  authority  of  New  York. 
Complaint  was  thereupon  made  to  Governor  Clinton,  of 
New  York,  with  an  earnest  appeal  for  assistance.  Infor 
mation  of  the  proceedings  were  forwarded  by  Clinton  to 
Congress. 

42.  In   June,   commissioners    appointed  by   Congress 
repaired  to  Bennington,  with  the  view  to  accomplish  a 
reconciliation  of  the  parties  ;  but  in  this  they  were  unsuc 
cessful.     It  was  now  obvious  to  Congress  that  it  would  be 
necessary  to  interpose  its  authority  to  settle  the  conflict 
ing  claims  to  the  territory  in  question.     Accordingly,  on 
the  24th  of  September,  1779,  resolutions  were  adopted  by 
that  body,  recommending  to  the  States  of  Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire,  and  New  York  formally  to  submit  their 
claims  to  the  decision  of  Congress,  and  in  the  mean  time 
to  abstain  from  the  exercise  of  any  jurisdiction  over  the 
lands  in  dispute.     It  was  also  recommended  to  the  people 
of  Vermont  not  to  attempt  to  exercise  any  government 
over    any  persons   who    professed   allegiance    to    other 
States. 

43.  The  object  of  Congress  in  this  measure  was  to  pacify 
the  contending  parties,  and  to  maintain  quiet  while  the 
struggle  with  Great  Britain '  remained  undecided.     This 
object  was  effected  in  respect  to  all  the  parties  except  Ver 
mont.     New  York  and  New  Hampshire  submitted  their 
claims  to  the  decision  of  Congress.     Massachusetts  did 

4 1 .  What  order  was  given  to  Colonel  Ethan  Allen  ?    What  followed  ? 

42.  Attempt  at  reconciliation?    Result?    Resolutions  in  Congress ? 
*3.  What  was  the  object  of  Congress  in  this  measure  ?    Was  it  effected  ? 


BRIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 


not,  as  it  feared  that  Vermont  would  become  the  prey  of 
one  or  both  of  the  other  claimants. 

44.  As  for  Vermont,  it  positively  refused  to  be  guided 
by  the  resolves  of  Congress,  contending  that,  as  it  was 
without  representation  in  that  body,  no  act  of  Congress 
was  binding  upon  the  State,  and  that  it  was  impossible 
that  four  different  governments  should  exercise  jurisdic 
tion  in  the  same  town  or  country.     It  had  declared  its 
independence,  and  it  was  resolved  at  all  hazards  to  stand 
by  the  declaration.     Nor  would  it,  while  bearing  its  full 
proportion  of  the  burden  and  expense  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain,  give  up  everything  worth  fighting  for— the 
right  on  the  part  of  the  people  to  choose  their  own  gov 
ernment  and  make  their  own  laws. 

45.  It  was  not  until  the  2d  of  Jane,  1780,  that  Congress 
resumed  the  consideration  of  this  subject ;  and  it  then 
resolved  that  "  the  proceedings  of  the  people  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Grants  were  highly  unwarrantable,  and  sub 
versive  of  the  power  and  welfare  of  the  United  States,  and 
that  they  be  strictly  required  to  forbear  from  any  acts  of 
authority,  civil  or  military,  over  those  people  who  pro 
fessed  allegiance  to  other  States."     The  farther  considera 
tion  of  the  matter  was  postponed  till  September  following. 

46.  On  the  receipt  of  these  resolves,  the  Governor  of 
Vermont,  by  the  advice  of  his  council,  sent  to  Congress  a 
spirited  reply,  in  which  he  urged  again  the  right  of  the 
district  to  be  treated  as  an  independent  State,  intimating 
also,  if  representation  in  Congress  was  refused  it,  the  pos 
sibility  that  it  might  treat  with  Great  Britain  for  a  cessa 
tion  of  hostilities,  since  it  was  not  for  the  interest  of  the 
people  of  Vermont  to  protect  so   important  a  frontier, 
merely  to  be  enslaved  by  one  or  the  other  of  the  neighbor- 

4:&.  What  position  was  taken  by  Vermont  ?    For  what  did  it  contend  ? 

4:5.  When  did  Congress  resume  the  consideration  of  the  subject  ?  What  reeo. 
lutions  did  it  adopt? 

4r6.  What  reply  was  sent  by  the  Governor  of  Vermont?  What  was  again 
solicited  ? 


HISTOKY   OF  VERMOKT.  99 

ing  States.     Union  with  the  thirteen  States  was  once  more 
solicited  in  this  communication. 

47.  In  September,  the  matter  was  again  taken  up  by 
Congress,  and  the  agents  of  New  York  and  New  Hamp 
shire  were  heard  in  relation  to  their  respective  claims  ; 
but  the  agents  of  Vermont  retired,  protesting  against  the 
action  of  Congress,  and  the  subject  was  again  postponed. 
Meanwhile,  the  cause  of  Vermont  was  growing  in  favor 
with  the  people  of  the  United  States,  arid  her  power  was 
steadily  increasing.     The  spirit  sho  had  manifested  showed 
clearly  that  she  would  never  submit  to  New  York  or  New 
Hampshire  ;  and  to  decide  in  favor  of  the  claims  of  either 
of  these  States  might  endanger  the  Union. 

48.  A  number  of  towns  in  New  Hampshire  applied  to 
be  united  with  Vermont,  as  did  also  the  northeastern  part 
of  New  York  ;  and  the  requests  were  granted.     Thus  Ver 
mont  retorted  on  her  opponents  by  claiming  portions  of 
their  territory,  and  admitting  the  representatives  of  thirty- 
five  towns  in  New  Hampshire  and  twelve  districts  in  New 
York  to  seats  in  its  Legislature.* 

49.  The   British   generals   took    the   occasion   offered 
by  these  disputes,  to   endeavor  to  persuade  the  people 
of  Vermont   to    submit  to   Great   Britain  ;    and  letters 
inviting  to   this  course  were   sent   by  them  to  Colonel 
Ethan  Allen.     To  these,  however,  he  made  no  reply,  but 
forwarded  them  to  Congress,  with  the  assurance  that  he 
wished  for  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  as  his 
previous  services  amply  testified. 

50.  Further  efforts  to  make  Vermont  a  British  prov 
ince,  or  to  annex  it  to  Canada,  were  made  in  1780,  during 
negotiations  for   an   exchange  of  prisoners  ;   but  by  the 

*  "In  October,  1781,  there  were  60  representatives  from  45  New  Hampshire 
towns  in  the  Vermont  Assembly." 

4:7.  What  was  done  in  Congress  in  September?  How  was  the  can«e  of  Ver 
mont  affected  by  the  delay  ?  What  did  the  spirit  she  manifested  show  ? 

48 .  What  application  was  made  to  Vermont  ?  What  course  did  the  State  adopt  ? 

*^°  S£w  clld  the  British  tjT  to  Profit  ty  these  disputes  ?    Allen's  course  ? 

oil.  What  further  efforts  were  made  to  make  Vermont  a  British  province  * 
W  hat  use  was  made  of  these  by  Allen  ?  What  was  the  ret-ult  ? 


100  BKIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 

address  of  Governor  Chittenden  and  his  council,  these 
overtures  were  evaded,  while  the  British  were  induced, 
by  the  expectation  of  success,  to  favor  the  interests  of 
Vermont.  On  this  account,  during  1780  and  the  follow 
ing  year,  the  British  refrained  from  hostilities  against  the 
State  ;  and  the  people  were  thus  saved  from  the  ravages 
from  which  they  would  otherwise  have  seriously  suffered. 

51.  These  negotiations  were  continued  until  the  formal 
close  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1783  ;  and  various 
tempting  offers  were  made  by  the  British  agents  to  gain 
over  the  State,  all  which  were  met  with  the  most  consum 
mate  address,  while  they  were  steadily  and  patriotically 
resisted.     By  this  means  many  lives  and  much  property 
were  saved,  and  the  State  was  preserved  from  the  ruin 
wThich   would   have    inevitably   followed   the   unchecked 
devastations  of  the  British  forces. 

52.  The  close  of  the  war  left  the  question  of  the  inde 
pendence  of  Vermont  still  to  be  settled  ;  and  a  civil  war, 
attended    with    considerable   bloodshed,    seemed   to   be 
imminent  on  several  occasions,  between  1783  and  1787. 
New  York  manifested  a  determination  to  exercise  author 
ity  over  the  district  which  she  claimed,  and  Vermont  was 
equally  resolved  to  protect  those  who  acknowledged  her 
government.     Congress,  fearful  of  the  consequences  of  a 
longer  refusal,  began  to  show  a  willingness  to  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  Green  Mountain  State. 

53.  After  the  close  of  the  war,  however,  the  people, 
feeling  fully  able  to  protect  their  independence,  manifested 
little  anxiety  for  union  with  the  Confederacy.     This  hav 
ing  been  previously  refused,  they  were  freed  from  all 
obligation  to  aid  in  paying  the  debts  incurred  by  the 

51.  How  long  were  these  negotiations  continued?  How  were  lives  and 
property  saved  in  Vermont  ? 

53.  How  did  the  close  of  the  war  leave  the  question  of  independence  in  Ver 
mont  ?  What  did  New  York  manifest  ?  How  was  this  spirit  met  by  Vermont  ? 
What  did  Congress  begin  to  show  ? 

53.  What  were  the  feelings  of  the  people  in  this  regard?  What  was  the 
condition  of  the  State  ? 


HISTORY   OF  VERMONT.  101 

war  ;  and  emigrants  nocking  into  the  State,  new  settle 
ments  were  rapidly  formed,  and  everything  promised 
increased  influence  and  prosperity. 

54.  At  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  and  the   election  of  Washington  as 
President,  New  York  had  abandoned  all  hope  of  subduing 
Vermont,   and  it  had  become   the  general  wish  of  the 
other  New  England  States  that  she  should  be  admitted 
into  the  Union.     An  agreement  was  accordingly  entered 
into  with  New  York  that  she  should  relinquish  all  her 
claims  to  lands  in  the  State  for  the  sum  of  thirty  thous 
and  dollars,  which  Vermont  engaged  to  pay.* 

55.  Early  in  the  year  1791,  a  convention  was,  there 
fore,  called  by  the  Assembly  of  Vermont,  to  consider  the 
expediency  of  that  State's  joining  the  American  Union. 
This  convention  met  at  Bennington  ;    and  at  first  the 
proposition  met  with  considerable  opposition.     After  a 
debate  of  three  days,  however,  it  was  adopted  by  a  vote 
of  105  to  2.     Commissioners  were  appointed  to  present 
the  application  to  Congress,  and  on  the  18th  of  February, 
1791,  the  admission  of  Vermont  was  completed. 

56.  The  constitution  of  the  State,  which  was  formed  in 
1777,  was  amended  in  1786,  and  again  in  1793, 1828, 1836, 
and  1850.     The  last  revision  took  place  in  1870,  when 
several  important  amendments  were  made.     This  instru 
ment,  as  it  now  stands,  fully  secures  the  liberty  of  the 
citizens,  while  it  distributes  the  powers  of  the  govern 
ment,  so  as  to  insure  effective  control,  and  a  careful  obe- 


*  "  The  (New  York)  Commissioners  made  their  final  report  (April  23,  1799), 
dividing  the  thirty  thousand  dollars  among  seventy-six  claimants,  assigning  to 
them  proportionate  shares  according  to  the  number  of  acres  to  which  they  had 
respectively  shown  themselves  entitled."— Hiland  Hairs  Hist,  of  Vt. 


54.  What  induced  New  York  to  relinquish  her  claims  ?     What  sum  was 
agreed  upon  ? 

55.  What  convention  was  called  in  1791?    What  proposition  was  adopted? 
When  and  how  was  the  admission  of  Vermont  into  the  Union  completed  ? 

56.  What  is  said  of  the  State  constitution  ? 


102  BRIEF   SKETCH   OE   THE 

dience  to  law,  on  the  part  of  all  who  owe  allegiance  to 
the  State. 

57.  During  the  conflicts  of  parties,  as  narrated  in  con 
nection  with  the  history  of  the  United  States,  Vermont, 
like  its  sister  States,  suffered  considerable  agitation.     In 
the  several  wars  in  which  the  Union  has  been  involved; 
this  State  has  borne  a  distinguished  part.     Her  citizens 
have  ever  been  characterized  by  patriotic  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  the  State,  as  well  as  the  nation  ;  and  none  have 
won  a  more  brilliant  renown  for  military  skill  and  valor. 

58.  When  the  great  rebellion  of  the  Southern  States 
broke   out   in   1861,   Vermont  was   among   the   first   to 
respond  to  the  call  of  the  national  government  for  troops 
to  subdue  it.     During  this  struggle  she  furnished  34,655 
soldiers,  exceeding  by  679  the  number  which  she  was  re 
quired  to  furnish.     Of  these,  5,128  were  killed  in  battle, 
or  died  of  wounds  or  disease.      The  expenses  incurred 
by  Vermont  in  support  of   the  war   amounted  to  more 
than  three  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars.     The  bravery 
of  the  Vermont   regiments   was  conspicuous  in  all  the 
great   engagements   of    the   war.       At   Gettysburg,   her 
soldiers  had  the  honor  of   turning  the  scale  of  victory 
at  a  most  critical  moment  ;  and  they  thus  took  an  active 
and  important  part  in  the  battle  which  fully  broke  the 
power  of  the  rebellion.     [See  page  173,  ^  57.] 

59.  The   "St.   Albans    raid,"   in   1864,   caused    great 
excitement  in  the  State.      On  the   19th   of   October  in 
that  year,  a  party  of  armed  men,  professing  to  be  Con 
federate  soldiers,  twenty-two  in  number,  suddenly  made 
their  appearance  in  St.  Albans,  and  commenced  firing 
upon  the  people,  two  of  whom  were  wounded.     Some  of 

57.  What  part  has  Vermont  taken  in  the  general  affaire  of  the  Union  ?    How 
have  her  citizens  been  characterized  ? 

58.  What  did  she  do  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  in  18fil  f    What  did 
she  furnish  ?    How  many  of  these  perished  ?    What  further  is  said  of  the  Ver 
mont  regiments  ? 

59.  What  caused  great  excitement  in  1864?    Describe  it.     Was  there  any 
further  invasion  ? 


HISTORY   OP  VERMONT.  103 

them  entered  the  banks,  and  plundered  them  of  more 
than  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,*  and,  after  seizing  a 
number  of  horses,  escaped  into  Canada.  Numerous  com 
panies  of  infantry  and  cavalry  were  at  once  organized  to 
protect  the  frontier,  and  no  further  invasion  of  the  State 
was  attempted. 

60.  During  the  summer  of  1870,  considerable  excite 
ment  was  produced  throughout  the  country  by  the  move 
ments  of  bodies  of  men  from  the  northern  frontiers  of 
New  York  and  Vermont  against  Canada,  their  base  of 
operations  being  St.  Albans.  These  men,  called  Fenians, 
were  mostly  Irish  residents  of  the  United  States.  Their 
object  was  the  independence  of  Ireland,  which  they  hoped 
to  secure  by  seizing  Canada,  and  thus,  while  the  British 
were  engaged  in  recovering  their  lost  province,  giving 
their  countrymen  in  Ireland  "  a  chance  to  strike  a  blow 
for  freedom."  But  President  Grant  issued  a  proclama 
tion  against  the  invaders,  and  United  States  troops  cap 
tured  a  number  that  had  been  in  Canada,  as  well  as  some 
that  did  not  get  beyond  St.  Albans  ;  and  all  were  per 
mitted  to  leave,  or  were  sent  home  under  promise  that 
they  would  not  renew  the  attempt.  And  thus  the  scheme 
"  to  liberate  Ireland  "  failed. 

61  „  Government  of  the  State.  The  peculiar  circumstances 
under  which  this  State  was  organized,  and  the  difficulties 
which  its  people  encountered  in  achieving  their  indepen 
dence,  and  establishing  their  right  to  control  their  own  af 
fairs,  naturally  insured  it  a  republican  form  of  government. 

*  "Eighty  thousand  dollars  of  which  were  afterward  returned  to  the  banks  by 
the  British  government."—  Osgood's  Hand-Book. 

NOTE.— "The  most  destructive  freshet,  or,  as  it  might  more  properly  be  styled, 
deluge,  ever  known  in  Vermont,  occurred  in  October,  1869.  A  heavy  rain  pre 
ceded  the  flood,  swelling  the  mountain-streams  to  a  frightful  extent.  Bridges, 
fences,  and  even  houses  were  swept  away,  producing  scenes  the  most  desolating, 
and,  in  a  few  instances,  loss  of  life." 


60.  Give  an  account  of  the  "Fenian  Raid." 

61.  What  insured  a  republican  form  of  government  to  this  State?    What  is 
said  of  the  bill  of  rights  ?     Of  the  Constitution  ?     What  provisions  are  men 
tioned  ? 


104  BRIEF   SKETCH   OF  THE 

A  bill  of  rights,  which  was  early  adopted,  gave  the  largest 
liberty  to  the  inhabitants.  It  declares  that  all  men  have 
a  right  to  life,  liberty,  and  property,  as  well  as  to  worship 
God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  conscience. 
The  Constitution  which  was  at  first  adopted,  and  which 
remained  without  essential  alteration  for  more  than  half 
a  century,  provided  for  the  election  of  a  governor,  lieu 
tenant-governor,  twelve  councillors  to  advise  the  governor, 
and  a  Legislature,  to  consist  of  one  member  from  each 
town. 

62.  The  Legislature  proposed  laws,  to  be  laid  before  the 
governor  and  council  for  their  concurrence,  if  approved 
of,  and  if  not,  for  proposals  of  amendment ;  and  if  the 
Assembly  did  not  agree  to  these  proposals,  the  passage  of 
the  bill  was  postponed  till  the  next  session.     The  Consti 
tution  also  provided  for  the  appointment,  once  in  seven 
years,  of  a  Council  of  Censors,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to 
examine  the  acts  of  the  Legislature,  and,  if  they  shouid  be 
found  unconstitutional,  to  recommend  their  repeal.     This 
council  was  also  authorized  to  propose  amendments  to  the 
Constitution,  and  to  call  a  convention  to  consider  the 
same. 

63.  By  subsequent  amendment,  a  Senate  was  substituted 
for  the  advisory  council ;  with  the  provision  that  all  laws 
should  have  the  assent  of  both  branches  of  the  Legislature 
before  being  submitted  to  the  governor  for  his  approval. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  thirty  members  chosen  in  the 
counties,  and  apportioned  among  the  same  according  to 
their  respective  population.     Thus,  some   counties  have 
only  one  Senator,  others  two  or  more.     The  House  of 
Eepresentatives  consists  of  one  member  from  each  town. 
The  term  of  office  of  senators  and  members  of  the  House, 

62.  How  were  laws  passed  according  to  this  instrument?    Describe  the 
Council  of  Censors. 

63.  What  amendment  was  made  to  the  Constitution  ?    Of  whom  is  the  Senate 
composed  ?    The  General  Assembly  ?    What  is  the  term  of  office  of  Senators  and 
Representatives  ?    How  often  does  the  Legislature  meet  ? 


HISTORY    OF   VERMONT.  105 

as  well  as  of  "  State  officers,"  is,  by  the  amendments  of 
1870,  two  years  ;  and  the  sessions  are  biennial,  the  Coun 
cil  of  Censors  being  abolished.  Both  branches  form  the 
General  Assembly. 

64.  Education.     From  the  earliest  history  of  the  State, 
great  attention  was  paid  to  education,  common  schools 
being  established  in  every  town,  and  several  academies 
and  two  colleges  incorporated.     During  many  years,  the 
want  of  efficient  supervision  prevented  the  progress  of 
public  education  ;  but  this  has  been  supplied  by  judicious 
legislation.     A  State  Board  of  Education  was  provided  for 
in  1856.     The  Secretary  of  the  Board  was  the  principal 
educational  officer  of  the  State.     In  1874  this  Board  was 
abolished  and  a  State  Superintendent  of  Education  elected. 
The  Superintendent's  chief  duties  are  to  lecture  upon  the 
subject  of  education  to  the  people,   visit  schools,  hold 
teachers'  institutes,  and  report  to  the  Legislature. 

65.  In  1866,  a  law  was  passed  authorizing  the  establish 
ment  of  three  normal  schools,  for  the  education  and  train 
ing  of  teachers  ;  and,  in  pursuance  of  the  law,  such  schools 
were  established  at  Kandolph,  Johnson,  and   Castleton. 
Middlebury  College,  the  University  of  Vermont  and  Agri 
cultural  College  at  Burlington,  and  the  Norwich  Univer 
sity*  afford  education  of  an  advanced  grade  to  their  stu 
dents.     A  medical  college  exists  at  Burlington,  and  yearly 
educates  a  large  number  of  physicians. 

66.  The  future  character  of  the  people  of  the  State 
depends  very  much  on  the  efficiency  of  the  means  pro 
vided  for  public  education.     Make  the  common  schools  as 
useful  as  they  can  be,  and  Vermont  will  continue  to  hold 

*  A  large  military  school,  established  at  Norwich  in  1834.    In  1866  its  buildings 
were  burned  when  the  school  was  removed  to  Northfleld. 

64.  What  is  said  of  education?    What  were  established?    What  prevented 
progress  for  some  time  ?    What  was  provided  by  the  Legislature  of  1856  ? 

65.  What  law  was  passed  in  1866?    What  schools  were  established?    What 
higher  institutions  of  learning  exist  ?    What  other  educational  institutions  ? 

66.  What  is  remarked  of  the  influence  of  educational  institutions  ? 


106  BRIEF   SKETCH   OF   HISTORY   OF   VERMONT. 

its  present  elevated  position  among  her  sister  States,  and 
the  people  will  retain  their  present  characteristics  of 
morality,  intelligence,  enterprise,  and  patriotism. 

67.  Population.  The  aggregate  population  of  this  State, 
according  to  the  census  of  1870,  was  330,551,  of  which 
329,613  were  whites,  924  colored,  and  14  Indians.  In 
I860,  the  aggregate  population  was  315,098,  showing  that 
the  rate  of  increase  in  the  population  during  the  ten  years 
was  about  5  per  cent.,  which  is  much  larger  than  it  had 
been  for  several  preceding  decades.  The  effective  opera 
tion  of  the  common  school  system  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  out  of  the  whole  native  population  of  twenty  years  of 
age  and  upward,  only  933  were  unable  to  read  and  write. 

67.  What  was  the  population  of  Vermont  according  to  census  of  1870? 
Whites  ?  Colored  ?  What  in  1860  ?  Rate  of  increase  ?  How  is  the  benefit  of  the 
*ommou  school  system  shown  ? 


GOVERNORS   OF   VERMONT. 


107 


GOVERNORS    OF    VERMONT 


NAMES. 

WHERE  BORN  AND  WHEN. 

DIED. 

TIME  IN 
OFFICE. 

Thomas  Chittenden 

E.  Guilford,  Ct... 
Hard  wick.  Ms  
(See  above) 

1730 
1741 
1730 
1745 
1754 
1759 
1754 
1753 
1769 
1753 
1778 
1782 
1763 
1768 
1781 

1791 

1799 

1777 
1786 
1804 
1792 
1782 
1792 
1804 
1787 
1799 
1795 
1792 
1813 
1818 
1799 
1826 
1814 
1832 
1825 
1799 
1803 
1820 
1831 
1827 

1797 
1813 
1797 
1824 
1838 
1810 
1&38 
1834 
1841 
1834 
18.33 
1852 
1838 
1853 
1860 

1849 

1853 
1847 
1859 
1855 
1866 
1853 
1864 
1860 
1868 

'l864' 

1778  to  1789 
1789       1790 
1790       1797 
1797 
1797       1807 
1807       1808 
1808       1809 
1809       1813 
1813       1815 
1815       1820 
1820       1823 
1823       1826 
1826       1828 
1828       1831 
1831       1835 
(  1835       1836 
1  1836       1841 
1841       1843 
1843       1844 
1844       1846 
1846       1848 
1848       1850 
1850       1852 
1852       1853 
1853       1854 
1854      1856 
1856       1858 
1858       1860 
1860       1861 
1861       1863 
1863       1865  i 
1865       1867 
1867       1869 
1869       1870 
1870 
1870    '  1872 
1872      1874 
1874       1876 
1876       1878 
187'8       1880 
1880 

Moses  Robinson  

Paul  Brigham  (Lt.-Gov.  Act.)- 
Isa;ic  Tichenor      

Coventry.  Ct  
Newark,  N.  J  
Suffleld,  Ct  
(See  above)  
Norwich,  Ct  
Salisbury  Ct 

Isaac  Tichenor  
Jonas  Galusha  
Martin  Chittenden 

Joua^  Galusha       

(See  above)  
Litchfield,  Ct  
Kinderhook,  N.  Y. 
Lancaster,  Ms  
Woodstock,  Ct..., 
Hebron,  Ct  

Richard  Skinner 

Cornelius  P.  Van  Ness  
Ezra  Butler 

Samuel  C.  Crafts  
William  A   Palmer.... 

S.  H.  Jenison    (Lt.-Gov.  Act.) 
Silas  H.  Jenison  
Charles  Paine            

j-Shoreham,  Vt.... 

Williamstown,  Vt. 
Hartford,  Ct  
Cornwall,  Vt  
Barnard   Vt 

William  Slade 

Horace  Eaton  
Carlos  Coolid^e        

Windsor,  Vt  
Cambridge,  Ms  
Brimfiela,  Ms  
Bennington,  Vt  
Tin  mouth,  Vt  
Cavendish,  Vt  
Bennington,  Vt.  .  .  . 
(See  above)  
E.  Windsor,  Ct.... 
St.  Albans,  Vt  
Shutesbury,  Ms.  .  .  . 
Rutland  Vt  
Lynn,  Ms  
Stowe,  Vt  
Middlebury,  Vt.... 
Stafford,  Ct  
Royalston,  Ms  
Barnet,  Vt  
Cavendish,  Vt  

Charles  K.  Williams       
Erastus  Fairbanks  

John  S  Robinson 

Stephen  Royce 

Ryland  Fletcher           

Hiland  Hall     . 

Erastus  Fairbanks  
Frederick  Holbrook  
J.  Gregory  Smith  
Paul  Dillingham  
John  B  Pa^e 

'1870' 

'1879' 

Peter  T.  Washburn  
G.  W.  Hendee  (Lt.-Gov.  Act.) 
John  W  Stewart 

Julius  Converse  

Asahel  Peck 

Honice  Fairbanks  

Redfield  Proctor. 

Roswell  Farnham  

Boston,  Mass  

QUESTIONS   ON   THE    GOVERNORS. 

1.  Who  was  the  first  governor  of  Vermont  ?     2.  The  second  ?     3.  The  third? 

I.  When  did  Thomas  Chittenden  begin  his  first  term  ?    5.  For  how  many  periods 
was  he  governor?    6.  What  was  the   length  of  the   first  period?    7.  Of  the 
second?    8.  How  many  years  in  all  was  he  governor  ?    9.  How  many  times  had 
he  been  elected  ?    Ans.  19.     10.  Why  was  he  not  elected  again  ?     Ans.  "  He  re 
signed  his  office  in  the  summer  of  1797,  and  died  in  August  of  the  same  year.1' 

II.  Who  is  the  governor  of  the  State  now?     12.  Who  was  the  governor  last 
year  ?    13.  How  many  governors  has  the  State  had  in  all  ?    14.  Which  of  them 
served  more  than  one  term  ?    15.  Which  of  them  served  the  longest  ?    16.  Which 
one  died  in  office  ?    Ans.  Gov.  Washburn.    17.  Which  one  had  a  son  who  after 
ward  became  governor  ?    18.  Who  was  in  office  during  our  second  *war  with 
England?    19.  Who,  during  our  war  with  Mexico?    20.  Who,  during  the  great 
civil  war  ? 


VERMONT. 

The  principal  range  of 
tains  in  this  State,  are  the  Green 
Mountains.  Vermont  was  so  call- 
ed  from  this  range,  verd  or  vert, 
in  French,  signifying  green,  and 
mont,  mountain.  "  The  State  Seal 
given  above.  The  motto  of 
Vermont  is,  Liberty  and  Inde- 
f>cnlen'e. 


CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE   STATE   OF  VERMONT. 


PREAMBLE* 

TO   THE  CONSTITUTION  OF   THE   STATE  OF   VERMONT,   AS 
ESTABLISHED  BY  CONVENTION,  JULY  2,  1777. 

Whereas,  all  government  ought  to  be  instituted  and  supported,  for  the  security 
and  protection  of  the  community,  as  such,  and  to  enable  the  individuals  who 
compose  it,  to  enjoy  their  natural  rights,  and  the  other  blessings  which  the 
Author  of  existence  has  bestowed  upon  man  ;  and  whenever  those  great  ends  of 
government  are  not  obtained,  the  people  have  a  right,  by  common  consent,  to 
change  it,  and  to  take  such  measures  as  to  them  may  appear  necessary  to  pro 
mote  their  safety  and  happiness. 

And  whereas,  the  inhabitants  of  this  State  have  (in  consideration  of  protection 
only)  heretofore  acknowledged  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  and  the 
said  King  has  not  only  withdrawn  that  protection,  but  commenced,  and  still 
continues  to  carry  on,  with  unabated  vengeance,  a  most  cruel  and  unjust  war 
against  them ;  employing  therein,  not  only  the  troops  of  Great  Britain,  but 
foreign  mercenaries,  savages  and  slaves,  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  reducing 
thenTto  a  total  and  abject  submission  to  the  despotic  domination  of  the  British 
parliament,  with  many  other  acts  of  tyranny  (more  fully  set  forth  in  the  declara 
tion  of  Congress),  whereby  all  allegiance  and  fealty  to  the  said  King  and  his 
successors',  are  dissolved  and  at  an  end ;  and  all  power  and  authority  derived 
from  him,  ceased  in  the  American  Colonies. 

And  whereas,  the  territory  which  now  comprehends  the  State  of  Vermont,  did 
antecedently,  of  right,  belong  to  the  government  of  New  Hampshire  ;  and  the 
former  Governor  thereof,  viz.  his  Excellency  Benning  Went  worth,  Esq.,  granted 
many  charters  of  lands  and  corporations,  within  this  State,  to  the  present  inhab 
itants  and  others.  And  whereas,  the  late  Lieutenant-Governor  Colden,  of  New 
York,  with  others,  did,  in  violation  of  the  tenth  command,  covet  those  very 
lands ;  and  by  a  false  representation  made  to  the  court  of  Great  Britain  (in  the 

*  This  Preamble  appeared  in  the  statute  books  of  Vermont  until  and  including 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  1787  ;  but  in  Haswell's  Compilation,  in  1791,  of  acts  from 
1787  to  1791,  it  was  omitted— of  course  without  any  legal  authority,  as  the  original 
Constitution  was  unchanged  by  any  competent  authority  from  1777  to  1793.  The 
officers  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1793,  instead  of  simply  certifying 
the  amendments  to  the  Constitution  that  were  then  adopted,  engrossed  the 
whole  Constitution,  omitting  the  parts  superseded  by  the  amendments  of  that 
year,  and  also  omitted  the  original  Preamble ;  but  there  is  no  record  that  this 
was  authorized  by  the  Convention  ;  and  indeed  the  Convention  had  no  authority 
to  omit  the  Preamble,  since  the  Council  of  Censors  had  not  recommended  either 
its  abrogation  or  omission.  The  Preamble  seems,  therefore,  still  to  stand  by 
virtue  or  its  original  adoption,  and  certainly  its  preservation  in  the  records  of 
the  State  is  due  to  the  truth  of  history. 


110  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 

year  1764,  that  for  the  convenience  of  trade  and  administration  of  justice,  the 
inhabitants  were  desirous  of  being  annexed  to  that  government),  obtained  juris 
diction  of  those  very  identical  lands,  ex-parte  ;  which  ever  was,  and  is,  disagree 
able  to  the  inhabitants.  And  whereas,  the  legislature  of  New  York,  ever  have, 
and  still  continue  to  disown  the  good  people  of  this  State,  in  their  landed  prop 
erty,  which  will  appear  in  the  complaints  hereafter  inserted,  and  in  the  36th 
section  of  their  present  constitution,  in  which  is  established  the  grants  of  land 
made  by  that  government. 

They  have  refused  to  make  re-grants  of  our  lands  to  the  original  proprietors 
and  occupants,  unless  at  the  exorbitant  rate  of  2300  dollars  fees  for  each  town 
ship  ;  and  did  enhance  the  quit-rent,  three-fold,  and  demanded  an  immediate 
delivery  of  the  title  derived  before,  from  New  Hampshire. 

The  judges  of  their  supreme  court  have  made  a  solemn  declaration,  that  the 
charters,  conveyances,  &c.,  of  the  lands  included  in  the  before  described  prem 
ises,  were  utterly  null  and  void,  on  which  said  title  was  founded :  in  consequence 
of  which  declaration  writs  of  possession  have  been  by  them  issued,  and  the 
sheriff  of  the  county  of  Albany  sent,  at  the  head  of  six  or  seven  hundred  men, 
to  enforce  the  execution  thereof. 

They  have  passed  an  act,  annexing  a  penalty  thereto,  of  thirty  pounds  fine 
and  six  months  imprisonment,  on  any  person  who  should  refuse  assisting  the 
sheriff',  after  being  requested,  for  the  purpose  of  executing  writs  of  possession. 

The  Governors,  Dunrnore,  Tryon  and  Golden,  have  made  re-grants  of  several 
tracts  of  land,  included  in  the  premises,  to  certain  favorite  land-jobbers  in  the 
government  of  New  York,  in  direct  violation  of  his  Britannic  majesty's  express 
prohibition,  in  the  year  1767. 

They  have  issued  proclamations,  wherein  they  have  offered  large  sums  of 
money,  for  the  purpose  of  apprehending  those  very  persons  who  have  dared 
boldly,  and  publicly,  to  appear  in  defence  of  their  just  rights. 

They  did  pass  twelve  acts  of  outlawry,  on  the  9th  day  of  March,  A.D.  1774, 
empowering  the  respective  judges  of  their  supreme  court,  to  award  execution 
of  death  against  those  inhabitants  in  said  district,  that  they  should  judge  to  be 
offenders,  without  trial. 

They  have,  and  still  continue,  an  unjust  claim  to  those  lands,  which  greatly 
retards  emigration  into,  and  the  settlement  of,  this  State. 

They  have  hired  foreign  troops,  emigrants  from  Scotland,  at  two  different 
times,  and  armed  them,  to  drive  us  out  of  possession. 

They  have  sent  the  savages  on  our  frontiers,  to  distress  us. 

They  have  proceeded  to  erect  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Gloucester,  and 
establish  courts  of  justice  there,  after  they  were  discountenanced  by  the  author 
ity  of  Great  Britain. 

The  free  Convention  of  the  State  of  New  York,  at  Harlem,  in  the  year  1776, 
unanimously  voted,  "  That  all  quit-rents,  formerly  due  to  the  King  of  Great 
Britain,  are  now  due  and  owing  to  this  Convention,  or  such  future  government  as 
shall  be  hereafter  established  in  this  State." 

In  the  several  stages  of  the  aforesaid  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  his 
Britannic  majesty,  in  the  most  humble  manner,  for  redress,  and  have,  at  very 
great  expense,  received  several  reports  in  our  favor ;  and,  in  other  instances, 
wherein  we  have  petitioned  the  late  legislative  authority  of  New  York,  those 
petitions  have  been  treated  with  neglect. 

And  whereas,  the  local  situation  of  this  State,  from  New  York,  at  the  extreme 
part,  is  Tipward  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the  seat  of  that  govern 
ment,  which  renders  it  extremely  difficult  to  continue  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
said  State  : 

Therefore  it  is  absolutely  necessary,  for  the  welfare  and  safety  of  the  inhabit- 


CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT.  Ill 

ante  of  this  State,  that  it  should  be,  henceforth,  a  free  and  independent  State-, 
and  that  a  just,  permanent  and  proper  form  of  government,  should  exist  in  it, 
derived  from,  and  founded  on,  the  authority  of  the  people  only,  agreeable  to  the 
direction  of  the  honorable  American  Congress. 

We  the  representatives  of  the  freemen  of  Vermont,  in  General  Convention 
met,  for  the  express  purpose  of  forming  tuch  a  government, — confessing  the 
goodness  of  the  Great  Governor  of  the  universe  (who  alone,  knows  to  what 
degree  of  earthly  happiness,  mankind  may  attain,  by  perfecting  the  arts  of  gov 
ernment),  in  permitting  the  people  of  this  State,  by  common  consent,  and  with 
out  violence,  deliberately  to  form  for  themselves,  such  just  rules  as  they  shall 
think  best  for  governing  their  future  society  ;  and  being  fully  convinced  that  it 
is  our  indispensable  duty,  to  establish  such  original  principles  of  government,  as 
will  best  promote  the  happiness  of  the  people  of  this  State,  and  their  posterity, 
and  provide  for  future  improvements,  without  partiality  for,  or  prejudice  against, 
any  particular  class,  sect,  or  denomination  of  men  whatever,— do,  by  virtue  of 
authority  vested  in  us,  by  our  constituents,  ordain,  declare,  and  establish,  the 
following  declaration  of  rights,  and  frame  of  government,  to  be  the  CONSTITU 
TION  of  this  COMMONWEALTH,  and  to  remain  in  force  therein,  forever,  unaltered, 
except  in  such  articles,  as  shall,  hereafter,  on  experience,  be  found  to  require 
improvement,  and  which  shall,  by  the  same  authority  of  the  people,  fairly  dele 
gated,  as  this  frame  of  government  directs,  be  amended  or  improved,  for  the 
more  effectual  obtaining  and  securing  the  great  end  and  design  of  all  govern 
ment,  herein  before  mentioned. 


CONSTITUTION. 

PART  THE  FIRST. — A  DECLARATION  OF  THE  RIGHTS  OP  THE  INHABITANTS 

OF  THE  STATE  OF  VERMONT. 
AKTICLE 

1.  Equality  and  natural  rights  of  all  men. 

2.  Private  property  subservient  to  public  use.— Equivalent  to  be  paid. 

3.  Religious  freedom. 

4.  Every  person  to  find  remedy  at  law. 

5.  Internal  police  to  be  regulated  by  the  people. 

6.  Officers  of  government,  trustees  of  the  people. 

7.  Government  for  the  benefit  and  under  the  control  of  the  people. 

8.  Freedom  of  elections. 

9.  Rights  and  duties  of  citizens  in  government.— Exemption  from  bearing 
*ns. — Taxation. 

10.  Rights  of  persons  prosecuted  for  crime. 

11.  Regulation  of  search  and  seizure. 

12.  Trial  by  jury. 

13.  Fr/edom  of  speech  and  of  the  press. 

14.  Freedom  of  legislative  debate. 

15.  Legislature  only  to  suspend  laws. 

16.  Right  of  bearing  arms— Military  subordinate  to  civil  power. 

17.  Restriction  of  law  martial. 

18.  Recurrence  to  principles  and  adherence  to  justice,  &c.,  requisite  to  pre 
serve  liberty,  &c. 

19.  Right  of  emigration. 

20.  Right  of  instruction.— Popular  assemblies,  &c. 

21.  Transportation  for  trial  forbidden. 


112  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 


PART  THE  SECOND.— FRAME  OP  GOVERNMENT. 
SECTION 

1.  Organs  of  government. 

2.  Legislative  power. 

3.  Executive  power. 

4.  Courts  of  justice  in  each  county. 

5.  Court  of  chancery  may  be  constituted. 

6.  Legislative,  executive,  and  judiciary  departments  to  be  separate. 

7.  Representation  of  towns  regulated. 

8.  Choice  and  qualification  of  representatives. 

9.  General  assembly. — Time  of  meeting. — Powers  plenary,  but  not  to  infringe 
this  constitution. 

10.  Executive  council. — Manner  of  election  of  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
treasurer,  and  councillor?. 

11.  Powers  of  governor  and  council :  to  commission  officers ;  appoint  officers  ; 
fill  vacancies ;    correspond  with  other  states ;    prepare  business  for  general 
assembly ;  try  impeachments ;  grant  pardons  and  remit  fines ;   take  care  that 
laws  be  executed ;  draw  on  the  treasury  ;  lay  embargo  for  thirty  days  ;  grant 
licenses,   convoke  the  general  assembly.— Governor  to  be  captain-general.— 
Lieutenant-governor  to  be  lieutenant-general.— Meetings  of  the  council.— Casting 
vote  of  presiding  officer.— Councillors  justices.— Secretary  of  governor  and  council. 

12.  Oath  to  be  taken  and  subscribed  by  representatives. 

13.  Doors  of  general  assembly  to  be  open,  except  In  certain  cases. 

14.  Journals,  with  yeas  and  nays,  to  be  printed. 

15.  Style  of  laws. 

16.  Bills  to  be  laid  before  governor  and  council. — Power  of  governor  and  coun 
cil  to  suspend  bills. 

17.  Drafts  on  treasury.— Restriction. 

18.  Residence  of  representatives. 

19.  Members  of  council  and  house  prohibited  from  acting  as  counsel. 

20.  Legislature  restricted. 

21.  Qualification  of  freemen.— Oath. 

22.  People  to  be  armed  and  trained. — Militia  officers,  how  chosen. 

23.  Formality  of  commissions.— State  seal  kept  by  governor. 

24.  Impeachments,  how  tried. — No  bar  to  prosecution  at  law. 

25.  Compensation  of  public  officers. — In  what  cases  to  be  reduced. — Receiving 
illegal  fees,  disqualification. 

26.  Offices  incompatible.— Office  under  United  States  and  this  State  incom 
patible. 

27.  Sureties  required  of  treasurer  and  sheriffs. 

28.  Treasurer's  account  to  be  audited. 

29.  Officers  to  take  and  subscribe  oaths.— Oath  of  fealty.— Oath  of  office. 

30.  Eligibility  to  office  of  governor  and  lieutenant-governor. 

31.  Trials  by  jury. 

32.  Style  of  prosecution  and  indictment.— Fines. 

33.  Relief  of  imprisoned  debtors. 

34.  Elections  to  be  voluntary. — Penalty  for  corruption. 

35.  Record  of  deeds. 

36.  Regulation  of  entails. 

37.  State  prison  to  be  provided. 

38.  Estate  of  suicide  not  forfeited.— No  deodand. 

39.  Citizenship,  how  acquired. 

40.  Liberty  of  hunting,  &c. 


CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT.  113 

41.  Laws  for  the  encouragement  of  virtue  and  the  prevention  of  vice,  to  be 
kept  in  force.— Schools  to  be  supported. 

42.  Declaration  of  rights  part  of  the  constitution. 

43.  Council  of  censors  constituted.— Their  duties  and  powers. 

AETICLES   OF  AMENDMENT. 

1.  Foreigners  to  be  naturalized  before  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  freemen, 

2.  House  of  representatives. 

3.  General  assembly  composed  of  senate  and  house  of  representatives.— Their 
powers. — Revenue  bills  to  originate  in  the  house. — Adjournment. 

4.  Qualification  and  apportionment  of  senators. 

5.  Election  of  senators. — Return  and  canvass  of  votes. — Duties  of  county- 
clerks.— General  assembly  may  regulate  mode  of  election. 

6.  Powers  incident  to  the  senate. — Lieutenant-governor  to  be  president.—- 
President  to  have  a  casting  vote. 

7.  Senate  to  try  impeachments. — Extent  of  judgment  in  impeachments. 

8.  Governor  supreme  executive. — General  powers. — May  appoint  secretary 
of  civil  and  military  affairs. 

9.  Votes  for  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  treasurer  to  be  canvassed  by 
general  assembly.— Proceedings  in  case  of  no  election  by  the  people. 

10.  Joint  assembly  to  elect  officers.— President  of  the  senate  to  preside  in 
joint  assembly. 

11.  Bills,  having  passed  both  houses,  to  be  sent  to  governor  and  signed  by 
him,  if  approved. — If  not  approved,  to  be  returned. — If  repassed,  to  become 
laws. — Bills  not  returned  in  five  days  to  become  laws. 

12.  Writ  of  habeas  corpus  not  to  be  suspended. 

13.  Parts  of  the  constitution,  superseded  by  the  above  articles  of  amendment, 
to  cease  to  have  effect. 

14.  Judges  of  county  court  to  be  elected  by  the  freemen. 

15.  Sheriffs  and  high  bailiffs  to  be  elected  by  the  freemen. 

16.  State's  attorneys  to  be  elected  by  the  freemen. 

17.  Judges  of  probate  to  be  elected  by  the  freemen. 

18.  Justices  of  the  peace  to  be  elected  by  the  freemen. — Number  which  each 
town  may  elect. 

19.  Above  officers  to  be  annually  elected  by  ballot.— Term  of  office. 

20.  Time  and  manner  of  electing  above  officers. — Votes  for,  by  whom  taken, 
certified  and  canvassed. — Officers  to  be  commissioned  by  the  governor. — If  two 
or  more  have  equal  number  of  votes,  general  assembly  to  elect. 

21.  Term  of  office  of  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  treasurer.— Legisla 
ture  to  provide  for  vacancy  in  office  of  both  governor  and  lieutenant-governor. 
—Governor  may  appoint  treasurer  in  case  of  a  vacancy. 

22.  Securities  required  of  treasurer,  sheriffs,  and  high  bailiffs. 

23.  Number  and  qualifications  of  the  senators.— How  elected.— Their  appor 
tionment  to  the  several  counties. — New  apportionment,  when  to  be  made. 

24.  General  assembly  to  meet  on  1st  Wednesday  in  October  biennially.— State 
and  county  officers,  senators  and  representatives  to  be  elected  biennially.— Term 
of  State  officers.— Term  of  senators  and  representatives.— Term  of  county 
officers. 

25.  Judges  of  supreme  court  to  be*  elected  biennially,  and  their  term  of  office. 

26.  Amendments  to  the  constitution,  how  to  be  proposed  and  decided.— The 
general  assembly  to  direct  the  manner  of  voting  on  proposed  amendments  by 
the  people.— House  of  representatives  may  order  impeachments.— Council  of 
censors  and  constitutional  convention  abrogated. 


114  CONSTITUTION   OF   VEKMONT. 


PART     THE     FIRST. 

A  Declaration  of  the  Rights  of  the  Inhabitants  of  the  State  of 
Vermont. 

AKTICLE  I.  That  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and  have  cer 
tain  natural,  inherent,  and  inalienable  rights,  among  which  are  the  enjoying  and 
defending  life  and  liberty,  acquiring,  possessing,  and  protecting  property,  and 
pursuing  and  obtaining  happiness  and  safety ;— therefore  no  male  person,  born 
in  this  country,  or  brought  from  over  sea,  ought  to  be  holclen  by  law,  to  serve 
any  person,  as  a  servant,  slave,  or  apprentice,  after  he  arrives  to  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  nor  female,  in  like  manner,  after  she  arrives  to  the  age  of 
eighteen  years,  unless  they  are  bound  by  their  own  consent  after  they  arrive  to 
such  age,  or  bound  by  law  for  the  payment  of  debts,  damages,  fines,  costs,  or 
the  like. 

ART.  II.  That  private  property  ought  to  be  subservient  to  public  uses,  when 
necessity  requires  it ;  nevertheless,  whenever  any  person's  property  is  taken  for 
the  use  of  the  public,  the  owner  ought  to  receive  an  equivalent  in  money. 

ABT.  III.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  inalienable  right  to  worship  AL 
MIGHTY  GOD,  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences  and  understand 
ings,  as  in  their  opinion  shall  be  regulated  by  the  word  of  GOD  ;  and  that  no  man 
ought  to,  or  of  right  can  be  compelled  to  attend  any  religious  worship,  or  erect 
or  support  any  place  of  worship,  or  maintain  any  minister,  contrary  to  the  dic 
tates  of  his  conscience  ;  nor  can  any  man  be  justly  deprived  or  abridged  of  any 
civil  right,  as  a  citizen,  on  account  of  his  religious  sentiments,  or  peculiar  mode 
of  religious  worship ;  and  that  no  authority  can  or  ought  to  be  vested  in,  or 
assumed  by,  any  power  whatever,  that  shall  in  any  case  interfere  with,  or  in  any 
manner  control  the  rights  of  conscience,  in  the  free  exercise  of  religious  wor 
ship  ;  nevertheless,  every  sect  or  denomination  of  Christians  ought  to  observe 
the  Sabbath  or  Lord's  day,  and  keep  up  some  sort  of  religious  worship,  which  to 
them  shall  seem  most  agreeable  to  the  revealed  will  of  GOD. 

ART.  IV.  Every  person  within  this  State  ought  to  find  a  certain  remedy,  by 
having  recourse  to  the  laws,  for  injuries  or  wrongs,  which  he  may  receive  in  his 
person,  property  or  character ;  he  ought  to  obtain  right  and  justice  freely,  and 
without  being  obliged  to  purchase  it;  completely,  and  without  any  denial; 
promptly,  and  without  delay,  conformably  to  the  laws. 

ART.  V.  That  the  people  of  this  State,  by  their  legal  representatives,  have  the 
sole,  inherent  and  exclusive  right  of  governing  and  regulating  the  internal  police 
of  the  same. 

ART.  VI.  That  all  power  being  originally  inherent  in,  and  consequently  de 
rived  from,  the  people ;  therefore,  all  officers  of  Government,  whether  legislative 
or  executive,  are  their  trustees  and  servants,  and  at  all  times,  in  a  legal  way, 
accountable  to  them. 

ART.  VII.  That  Government  is,  or  ought  to  be,  instituted  for  the  common 
benefit,  protection  and  security  of  the  people,  nation,  or  community,  .and  not  for 
the  particular  emolument  or  advantage  of  any  single  man.  family,  or  set  of  men. 
who  are  a  part  only  of  that  community,  and  that  the  community  hath  an  indubit 
able,  inalienable,  and  indefeasible  right  to  reform  or  alter  government  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be,  by  that  community,  judged  most  conducive  to  the  public 
weal. 

ART.  VEI.  That  all  elections  ought  to  be  free,  and  without  corruption,  and 
that  all  freemen,  having  a  sufficient  evident  common  interest  with  and  attach 
ment  to,  the  community,  have  a  right  to  elect  and  be  elected  into  office,  agree 
ably  to  the  regulations  made  in  this  constitution. 


CONSTITUTION"   OF  VERMONT.  115 

ART.  IX.  That  every  member  of  society  hath  a  right  to  be  protected  in  the 
enjoyment  of  life,  liberty,  and  property,  and  therefore  is  bound  to  contribute  his 
proportion  toward  the  expense  of  that  protection,  and  yield  his  personal  service 
when  necessary,  or  an  equivalent  thereto ;  but  no  part  of  any  person's  .property 
can  be  justly  taken  from  him,  or  applied  to  public  uses,  without  his  own  con 
sent,  or  that  of  the  representative  body  of  the  freemen  ;  nor  can  any  man,  who  is 
conscientiously  scrupulous  of  bearing  arms,  be  justly  compelled  thereto,  if  he 
will  pay  such  equivalent ;  nor  are  the  people  bound  by  any  law  but  such  as  they 
have  in  like  manner  assented  to,  for  their  common  good.  And,  previous  to  any 
law  being  made  to  raise  a  tax,  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  to  be  raised  ought  to 
appear  evident  to  the  legislature  to  be  of  more  service  to  the  community  than 
the  money  would  be  if  not  collected. 

ART.  X.  That  in  all  presecutions  for  criminal  offences,  a  person  hath  a  right 
to  be  heard,  by  himself  and  his  counsel ;  to  demand  the  cause  and  nature  of  his 
accusation;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses;  to  call  for  evidence  in  his 
favor,  and  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  country,  without  the 
unanimous  consent  of  which  jury,  he  cannot  be  found  guilty ;  nor  can  he  be  com 
pelled  to  give  evidence  against  himself;  nor  can  any  person  be  justly  deprived 
of  his  liberty,  except  by  the  laws  of  the  land,  or  the  judgment  of  his  peers. 

ART.  XI.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  hold  themselves,  their  houses, 
papers,  and  possessions,  free  from  search  or  seizure,  and  therefore  warrants 
without  oath  or  affirmation  first  made,  affording  sufficient  foundation  for  them, 
and  whereby  any  officer  or  messenger  may  be  commanded  or  required  to  search 
suspected  places,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  persons,  his,  her,  or  their  property, 
not  particularly  described,  are  contrary  to  that  right,  and  ought  not  to  be  granted. 

ART.  XII.  That  when  any  issue  in  fact,  proper  for  the  cognizance  of  a  jury, 
is  joined  in  a  court  of  law,  the  parties  have  a  right  to  trial  by  jury,  which  ought 
to  be  held  sacred. 

ART.  XITI.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  freedom  of  speech,  and  of  writing 
and  publishing  their  sentiments  concerning  the  transactions  of  government,  and 
therefore  the  freedom  of  the  press  ought  not  to  be  restrained. 

ART.  XIV.  The  freedom  of  deliberation,  speech,  and  debate,  in  the  legis 
lature,  is  so  essential  to  the  rights  of  the  people,  that  it  cannot  be  the  foundation 
of  any  accusation  or  prosecution,  action  or  complaint,  in  any  other  court,  or 
place  whatsoever. 

ART.  XV.  The  power  of  suspending  laws,  or  the  execution  of  laws,  ought 
never  to  be  exercised  but  by  the  legislature,  or  by  authority  derived  from  it,  to 
be  exercised  in  such  particular  cases  as  this  constitution,  or  the  legislature,  shall 
provide  for. 

ART.  XVI.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  bear  arms  for  the  defence  of  them 
selves  and  the  State ;  and  as  standing  armies,  in  times  of  peace,  are  dangerous 
to  liberty,  they  ought  not  to  be  kept  up ;  and  that  the  military  should  be  kept 
under  strict  subordination  to,  and  be  governed  by,  the  civil  power. 

ART.  XVII.  That  no  person  in  this  State  can  in  any  case  be  subject  to  law- 
martial,  or  to  any  penalties  or  pains  by  virtue  of  that  law,  except  those  employed 
in  the  army,  and  the  militia  in  actual  service. 

ART.  XVIII.  That  frequent  recurrence  to  fundamental  principles,  and  a  firm 
adherence  to  justice,  moderation,  temperance,  industry,  and  frugality  are  abso 
lutely  necessary  to  preserve  the  blessings  of  liberty,  and  keep  government  free ; 
the  people  ought,  therefore,  to  pay  particular  attention  to  these  points  in  the 
choice  of  officers  and  representatives,  and  have  a  right,  in  a  legal  way,  to  exact 
a  due  and  constant  regard  to  them  from  their  legislators  and  magistrates,  in 
making  and  executing  such  laws  as  are  necessary  for  the  good  government  of 
the  State. 


116  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 

ART.  XIX.  That  all  people  have  a  natural  aiid  inherent  right  to  emigrate  from 
one  State  to  another  that  will  receive  them. 

ART.  XX.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together  to  consult  for 
their  common  good ;  to  instruct  their  representatives ;  and  to  apply  to  the  legis 
lature  for  redress  of  grievances,  by  address,  petition,  or  remonstrance. 

ART.  XXI.  That  no  person  shall  be  liable  to  be  transported  out  of  this  State 
for  trial,  for  any  offence  committed  within  the  same. 

PART     THE     SECOND. 

Frame  of  Government. 

SEC.  1.  [The  commonwealth  or  State  of  Vermont,  shall  be  governed  hereafter 
by  a  governor  (or  lieutenant  governor),  council,  and  an  assembly  of  the  represen 
tatives  of  the  freemen  of  the  same,  in  manner  and  form  following.]  (See  the 
third  and  eighth  Articles  of  amendments.) 

SEC.  2.  [The  supreme  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  house  of  represen 
tatives  of  the  freemen  of  the  commonwealth  or  State  of  Vermont.]  (See  the  third 
Article  of  amendment.) 

SEC.  3.  [The  supreme  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  governor,  or,  in  his 
absence,  a  lieutenant  governor,  and  council.]  (See  tlie  eighth  Article  of  amendment.} 

SEC.  4.  Courts  of  justice  shall  be  maintained  in  every  county  in  this  State, 
and  also  in  new  counties  when  formed,  which  courts  shall  be  open  for  the  trial 
of  all  causes  proper  for  their  cognizance,  and  justice  shall  be  therein  impartially 
administered  without  corruption  or  unnecessary  delay.  The  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  shall  be  justices  of  the  peace  throughout  the  State,  and  the  several 
judges  of  the  county  courts  in  their  respective  counties,  by  virtue  of  their  office, 
except  in  the  trial  of  such  causes  as  may  be  appealed  to  the  county  court, 

SEC.  5.  A  future  legislature  may,  when  they  shall  conceive  the  same  to  be 
expedient  and  necessary,  erect  a  court  of  chancery,  with  such  powers  as  are 
usually  exercised  by  that  court,  or  as  shall  appear  for  the  interest  of  the  com 
monwealth  :  provided,  they  do  not  constitute  themselves  the  judges  of  said  court. 

SEC.  6.  The  legislative,  executive,  and  judiciary  departments  shall  be  separate 
and  distinct,  so  that  neither  exercise  the  powers  properly  belonging  to  the  other. 

SEC.  7.  In  order  that  the  freemen  of  this  State  might  enjoy  the  benefit  of  elec 
tion  as  equally  as  may  be,  each  town  within  this  State,  that  consists  or  may  con 
sist  of  eighty  taxable  inhabitants,  within  one  septenary  or  seven  years  next  after 
the  establishing  of  this  constitution,  may  hold  elections  therein,  and  choose, 
each,  two  representatives  ;  and  each  other  inhabited  town  in  this  State,  may,  in 
like  manner,  choose  one  representative  to  represent  them  in  general  assembly, 
during  the  septenary  or  seven  years.  And  after  that,  each  inhabited  town  may. 
in  like  manner,  hold  such  election,  and  choose  one  representative,  forever 
Thereafter. 

SEC.  8.  The  house  of  representatives  of  the  freemen  of  this  State  shall  consist 
of  persons  most  noted  for  wisdom  and  virtue,  to  be  chosen  by  ballot  by  the  free 
men  of  every  town  in  this  State,  respectively,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  September, 
annually,  forever. 

SEC.  9.  The  representatives  so  chosen  (a  majority  of  whom  shall  constitute 
a  quorum  for  transacting  any  other  business  than  raising  a  State  tax,  for  which 
two  thirds  of  the  members  elected  shall  be  present)  shall  meet  on  the  [second 
Thursday  of  the  succeeding  October,]  [and  shall  be  styled,  The  General  Assem 
bly  of  the  State  of  Vermont :]  (See  Recond  and  twenty-fourth  Articles  of  amend 
ment^  They  shall  have  power  to  choose  their  speaker,  [secretary  of  State,]  (see 
tenth  Article  of  amendment,)  their  clerk  and  other  necessary  officers  of  the  house ; 


CONSTITUTION   OF  VEKMONT.  117 

eit  on  their  own  adjournments  ;  prepare  bills  and  enact  them  into  laws  ;  judge 
of  the  elections  and  qualifications  of  their  own  members  ;  they  may  expel  mem 
bers,  but  not  for  causes  known  to  their  constituents  antecedent  to  their  election ; 
they  may  administer  oaths  and  affirmations  in  matters  depending  before  them  ; 
redress  grievances ;  impeach  State  criminals  ;  grant  charters  of  incorporation  : 
constitute  towns,  boroughs,  cities  and  counties ;  they  may,  annually,  on  their 
first  session  after  their  election  [in  conjunction  with  the  council]  (or  oftener  if 
need  be)  elect  judges  of  the  supreme  [and  several  county  and  probate]  courts, 
[sheriffs  and  justices  of  the  peace]  (See  Articles  of  amendment  from  the  four 
teenth  to  the  twenty-fifth,  both  inclusive)  and  also  [with  the  council]  may  elect 
major  generals  and  brigadier  generals,  from  time  to  time  as  often  as  there  shall 
be  occasion :  and  they  shall  have  all  other  powers  necessary  for  the  legislature 
of  a  free  and  sovereign  State.  But  they  shall  have  no  power  to  add  to,  alter, 
abolish,  or  infringe  any  part  of  this  constitution.  (See  the  Articles  of  amend 
ment  which  require  the  concurrent  action  of  a  senate  for  the  effectual  exercise  of 
most  of  the  above  mentioned  powers?) 

SEC.  10.  [The  supreme  executive  council  of  this  State  shall  consist  of  a  gov 
ernor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  twelve  persons  chosen  in  the  following  manner, 
to  wit:]— the  freemen  of  each  town  shall,  on  the  day  of  election  for  choosing 
representatives  to  attend  the  general  assembly,  bring  in  their  votes  for  governor, 
with  his  name  fairly  written,  to  the  constable,  who  >?hall  seal  them  up,  and  write 
on  them,  "  Votes  for  Governor"  and  deliver  them  to  the  representative  chosen 
to  attend  the  general  assembly.  And  at  the  opening  of  the  general  assembly 
there  shall  be  a  committee  appointed  out  of  the  [council  and]  assembly,  who, 
after  being  duly  sworn  to  the  faithful  discharge  of  their  trust,  shall  proceed  to 
receive,  sort  and  count  the  votes  for  the  governor,  and  declare  the  person  who 
has  the  major  part  of  the  votes,  to  be  governor  for  the  year  ensuing.  [And  if 
there  be  no  choice  made,  then  the  council  and  general  assembly,  by  their  joint 
ballots,  shall  make  choice  of  a  governor.]  The  lieutenant  governor  and  treasurer 
^hall  be  chosen  in  the  manner  above  directed.  [And  each  freeman  shall  give  in 
twelve  votes  for  twelve  councillors,  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  twelve  highest 
in  nomination  shall  serve  for  the  ensuing  year  as  councillors.]  (See  the  eighth 
and  ninth  articles  of  amendment.) 

SEC.  11.  The  governor,  and  in  his  absence,  the  lieutenant  governor,  [with  the 
council  (the  major  part  of  whom,  including  the  governor  or  lieutenant  governor, 
shall  be  a  quorum  to  transact  business,)]  shall  have  power  to  commission  all 
officers,  and  also  to  appoint  officers,  except  where  provision  is  or  shall  be  other 
wise  made  by  law,  or  this  frame  of  government ;  and  shall  supply  every  vacancy 
in  any  office,  occasioned  by  death  or  otherwise,  until  the  office  can  be  filled  in 
the  manner  directed  by  law,  or  this  constitution. 

They  are  to  correspond  with  other  States ;  transact  business  with  officers  of 
government,  civil  and  military,  and  to  prepare  such  business  as  may  appear  to 
them  necessary  to  lay  before  the  general  assembly;  [they  shall  sit  as  judges  to 
hear  and  determine  on  impeachments,  taking  to  their  assistance,  for  advice  only, 
the  judges  of  the  supreme  court ;]  and  shall  have  power  to  grant  pardons  and 
remit  fines,  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  except  in  treason  and  murder,  in  which  they 
shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves,  but  not  to  pardon  until  after  the  end  of  the 
next  session  of  assembly ;  and  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  in  which  there 
shall  be  no  remission  or  mitigation  of  punishment,  but  by  act  of  legislation  ; 
they  are  to  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed  ;  they  are  to  expedite 
the  execution  of  such  measures  as  may  be  resolved  upon  by  the  general  assem 
bly  ;  and  they  may  draw  upon  the  treasury  for  such  sums  as  may  be  appropriated 
by  the  house  of  representatives  ;  they  may  lay  embargoes,  or  prohibit  the  expor 
tation  of  any  commodity  for  any  time  not  exceeding  thirty  days,  in  the  recess  of 


118  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 

the  house  only.  They  may  grant  such  licenses  as  shall  be  directed  by  law  ;  and 
shall  have  power  to  call  together  the  general  assembly,  when  necessary,  before 
the  day  to  which  they  .shall  stand  adjourned.  The  governor  shall  be  captain- 
general  and  Commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  of  the  State  ;  but  shall  not  com 
mand  in  person,  [except  advised  thereto  by  the  council,  and  then  only  so  long  as 
they  shall  approve  thereof.]  And  the  lieutenant  governor  shall,  by  virtue  of  his 
office,  be  lieutenant-general  of  all  the  forces  of  the  State.  The  governor  or  lieu 
tenant  governor  [and  the  council]  shall  meet  at  the  time  and  place  with  the 
general  assembly ;  [the  lieutenant  governor  shall,  during  the  presence  of  the 
commander-in-chief,  vote  and  act  as  one  of  the  council ;  and  the  governor,  and 
in  his  absence  the  lieutenant  governor,  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  preside  in 
council,  and  have  a  casting  but  no  other  vote.  Every  member  of  the  council 
shall  be  a  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  whole  State,  by  virtue  of  his  office.  The 
governor  and  council  shall  have  a  secretary,  and  keep  fair  books  of  their  pro 
ceedings,  wherein  any  councillor  may  enter  his  dissent,  with  his  reasons  to  sup 
port  it.  And  the  governor  may  appoint  a  secretary  for  himself  and  his  council.] 
(See  the  articles  of  amendment.} 

SEC.  12.  The  representatives  having  met  and  chosen  their  speaker  and  clerk, 
shall,  each  of  them,  before  they  proceed  to  business,  take  and  subscribe,  as  well 
the  oath  or  affirmation  of  allegiance  hereinafter  directed  (except  where  they 
shall  produce  certificates  of  their  having  heretofore  taken  and  subscribed  the 
same)  as  the  following  oath  or  affirmation,  viz. : 

"  You  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  as  a  member  of  this 

assembly  you  will  not  propose  or  assent  to  any  bill,  vote,  or  resolution,  which 
shall  appear  tp  you  injurious  to  the  people,  nor  do  or  consent  to  any  act  or  thing 
whatever,  that  shall  have  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  abridge  their  rights  and  privi 
leges,  as  declared  by  the  constitution  of  this  State  ;  but  will  in  all  things  conduct 
yourself  as  a  faithful,  honest  representative  and  guardian  of  the  people,  according 
to  the  best  of  your  judgment  and  abilities.  (In  case  of  an  oath) — So  help  you 
God,  (and  in  case  of  an  affirmation)  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of  perjury." 

SEC.  13.  The  doors  of  the  house  in  which  the  general  assembly  of  this  com- 
monwealth  shall  sit,  shall  be  open,  for  the  admission  of  all  persons  who  behave 
decently,  except  only  when  the  welfare  of  the  State  may  require  them  to  be  shut. 

SEC.  14.  The  votes  and  proceedings  of  the  general  assembly  shall  be  printed 
(when  one-third  of  the  members  think  it  necessary)  as  soon  as  convenient  after 
the  end  of  each  session,  with  the  yeas  and  nays  on  any  question,  when  required 
by  any  member  (except  where  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  ballot),  in  which  case 
every  member  shall  have  a  right  to  insert  the  reasons  of  his  vote  upon  the  minutes. 

SEC.  15.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  State,  in  future  to  be  passed,  shall  be, 
It  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont. 

SEC.  16.  [To  the  end  that  laws,  before  they  are  enacted,  may  be  more  maturely 
considered,  and  the  inconvenience  of  hasty  determinations  as  much  as  possible 
prevented,  all  bills,  which  originate  in  the  assembly,  shall  be  laid  before  the  gov 
ernor  and  council,  for  their  revision  and  concurrence,  or  proposals  of  amend 
ment,  who  shall  return  the  same  to  the  assembly,  with  their  proposals  of  amend 
ment,  if  any,  in  writing ;  and  if  the  same  are  not  agreed  to  by  the  assembly,  it 
shall  be  in  the  power  of  the  governor  and  council  to  suspend  the  passing  of  such 
bills  until  the  next  session  of  the  legislature.  Provided,  that  if  the  governor 
and  council  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  return  any  such  bill  to  the  assembly,  with 
written  proposals  of  amendment,  within  five  days,  or  before  the  rising  of  the 
legislature,  the  same  shall  become  a  law.]  (See  llth  article  of  amendment.) 

SEC.  17.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  out  of  the  treasury,  unless  first  appro> 
priated  by  act  of  legislation. 

SEC.  18.    No  person  shall  be  elected  a  representative  until  he  has  resided 


CONSTITUTION   OF   VERMONT.  119 

two  years  in  this.  State,  the  last  of  which,  shall  be  in  the  town  for  which  he  is 
elected. 

SEC.  19.  No  member  of  the  [council]  (senate)  or  house  of  representatives, 
shall  directly  or  indirectly  receive  any  fee  or  reward  to  bring  forward  or  advo 
cate  any  bill,  petition,  or  other  business  to  be  transacted  in  the  legislature,  or 
advocate  any  eause  as  counsel  in  either  house  of  legislation,  except  when  em 
ployed  in  behalf  of  the  State. 

SEC.  20.  No  person  ought,  in  any  case,  or  in  any  time,  to  be  declared  guilty 
of  treason,  or  felony,  by  the  legislature. 

SEC.  21.  Every  man  of  the  full  age  of  twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  this 
State  for  the  space  of  one  whole  year,  next  before  the  election  of  representatives, 
and  is  of  a  quiet  and  peaceable  behavior,  and  will  take  the  following  oath  or 
affirmation,  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  a  freeman  of  this  State : 

"  You  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  whenever  you  give  your  vote  or  suf 
frage,  touching  any  matter  that  concerns  the  State  of  Vermont,  you  will  do  it  so 
as  in  your  conscience  you  shall  judge  will  most  conduce  to  the  best  good  of  the 
same,  as  established  by  the  constitution,  without  fear  or  favor  of  any  man." 
(See  the  first  article  of  amendment.) 

SEC.  22.  The  inhabitants  of  this  State  shall  be  trained  and  armed  for  its  de 
fence,  under  such  regulations,  restrictions  and  exceptions,  as  Congress,  agree 
ably  to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  the  legislature  of  this  State, 
shall  direct.  The  several  companies  of  militia  shall,  as  often  as  vacancies  hap 
pen,  elect  their  captain  and  other  officers,  and  the  captains  and  subalterns  shall 
nominate  and  recommend  the  field  officers  of  their  respective  regiments,  who 
shall  appoint  their  staff  officers. 

SEC.  23.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  of  the  freemen  of  the  State  of 
Vermont,  sealed  with  the  State  seal,  signed  by  the  governor,  and  in  his  absence, 
the  lieutenant  governor,  and  attested  by  the  secretary ;  which  seal  shall  be  kept 
by  the  governor. 

SEC.  24.  Every  officer  of  state,  whether  judicial  or  executive,  shall  be  liable 
to  be  impeached  by  the  general  assembly,  either  when  in  office,  or  after  his 
resignation,  or  removal  for  inal-admiuistration.— [All  impeachments  shall  be 
before  the  governor  and  council,  who  shall  hear  and  determine  the  same,  and 
may  award  costs  ;  and  no  trial  or  impeachment  shall  be  a  bar  to  a  prosecution  at 
law.]  (See  the  seventh  article  of  amendment) 

SEC.  25.  As  every  freeman,  to  preserve  his  independence  (if  without  a  suffi 
cient  estate),  ought  to  have  some  profession,  calling,  trade,  or  farm,  whereby  he 
may  honestly  subsist,  there  can  be  no  necessity  for,  nor  use  in,  establishing 
offices  of  profit,  the  usual  effects  of  which  are  dependence  and  servility,  unbe 
coming  freemen,  in  the  possessors  or  expectants,  and  faction,  contention  and 
discord  among  the  people.  But  if  any  man  is  called  into  public  service  to  the 
prejudice  of  his  private  affairs,  he  has  a  right  to  a  reasonable  compensation;  and 
whenever  an  office,  through  increase  of  fees,  or  otherwise,  becomes  so  profitable 
as  to  occasion  many  to  apply  for  it,  the  profits  ought  to  be  lessened  by  the  legis 
lature.  And  if  any  officer  shall  wittingly  and  wilfully  take  greater  fees  than  the 
law  allows  him,  it  shall  ever  after  disqualify  him  for  holding  any  office  in  this 
State,  until  he  shall  be  restored  by  act  of  legislation. 

SEC.  26.  No  person  in  this  State  shall  be  capable  of  holding  or  exercising 
more  than  one  of  the  following  offices  at  the  same  time,  viz. :  governor,  lieu 
tenant  governor,  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  treasurer  of  the  State,  member  of 
the  council,  member  of  the  general  assembly,  surveyor  general  or  sheriff.  Nor 
shall  any  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  uder  the  authority  of 
Congress,  be  eligible  to  any  appointment  in  the  legislature,  or  of  holding  any 
executive  or  judiciary  office  under  this  State. 


120  CONSTITUTION    OF  VERMONT. 


SEC.  27.  [The  treasurer  of  the  State  shall,  before  the  governor  and  council, 
give  sufficient  security  to  the  secretary  of  state,  in  behalf  of  the  general  assem 
bly,  and  each  high  sheriff,  before  the  first  judge  of  the  county  court,  to  the 
treasurer  of  their  respective  counties,  previous  to  their  respectively  entering 
upon  the  execution  of  their  offices,  in  such  manner  and  in  such  sums  as  shall  be 
directed  by  the  legislature.]  (See  the  twenty-second  article  of  amendment.) 

SEC.  28.  The  Treasurer's  account  shall  be  annually  audited,  and  a  fair 
statement  thereof  be  laid  before  the  general  assembly,  at  their  session  in  October. 

SEC.  29.  Every  officer,  whether  judicial,  executive,  or  military,  in  authority 
under  this  State,  before  he  enters  upon  the  execution  of  his  office,  shall  take 
and  subscribe  the  following  oath,  or  affirmation,  of  allegiance  to  this  State  (un 
less  he  shall  produce  evidence  that  he  has  before  taken  the  same) ;  and  also  the 
following  oath  or  affirmation  of  office,  except  military  officers,  and  such  as  shall 
be  exempted  by  the  legislature : 

THE  OATH,   OB  AFFIRMATION,   OF  ALLEGIANCE. 

"You  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm),  that  you  will  be  true 

and  faithful  to  the  State  of  Vermont,  and  that  you  will  not,  directly  or  in 
directly,  do  any  act  or  thing  injurious  to  the  constitution  or  government  thereof, 
as  established  by  convention.  (If  an  oath)  So  help  you  God,  (if  an  affirmation) 
under  the  pains  and  penalties  of  perjury." 

THE  OATH,   OB  AFFIRMATION,   OF  OFFICE. 

"You  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm),  that  you  will  faithfully 

execute  the  office  of  for  the  of  and  will  therein 

do  equal  right  and  justice  to  all  men,  to  the  best  of  your  judgment  and  abilities, 
according  to  law.  (If  an  oath)  So  help  you  God,  (if  an  affirmation)  under  the 
pains  and  penalties  of  perjury." 

SEC.  30.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor  or  lieutenant 
governor,  until  he  shall  have  resided  in  this  State  four  years  next  preceding  the 
day  of  his  election. 

SEC.  31.  Trials  of  issues  proper  for  the  cognizance  of  a  jury,  in  the  supreme 
and  county  courts,  shall  be  by  jury,  except  where  parties  otherwise  agree ;  and 
great  care  ought  to  be  taken  to  prevent  conniption,  or  partiality,  in  the  choice 
and  return,  or  appointment  of  juries. 

SEC.  32.  All  prosecutions  shall  commence,  By  the  authority  of  the  State  of 
Vermont ;  all  indictments  shall  conclude  with  these  words :  against  the  peace 
and  dignity  of  the  State;  and  all  fines  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  offences. 

SEC.  33.  The  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  strong  presumption  of 
fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  prison  after  delivering  up  and  assigning  over. 
bonafide,  all  his  estate,  real  and  personal,  in  possession,  reversion,  or  remainder, 
for  the  use  of  his  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  hereafter  regulated  by 
law.  And  all  prisoners,  unless  in  execution,  or  committed  for  capital  offences, 
when  the  proof  is  evident  or  presumption  great,  shall  be  bailable,  by  sufficient 
sureties  ;  nor  shall  excessive  bail  be  exacted  for  bailable  offences. 

SEC.  34.  All  elections,  whether  by  the  people,  or  the  legislature,  shall  be  free 
and  voluntary ;  and  any  elector,  who  shall  receive  any  gift,  or  reward,  for  his 
vote,  in  meat,  drink,  moneys,  or  otherwise,  shall  forfeit  his  right  to  elect  at  that 
time,  and  suffer  such  other  penalty  as  the  law  shall  direct ;  and  any  person  who 
shall  directly  or  indirectly  give,  promise,  or  bestow,  any  such  rewards  to  be 
elected,  shall  thereby  be  rendered  incapable  to  serve  for  the  ensuing  year,  and 
be  subject  to  such  further  punishment  as  a  future  legislature  shall  direct. 

SEC.  35.  All  deeds  and  conveyances  of  land  shall  be  recorded  in  the  town 
clerk's  office,  in  their  respective  towns,  and  for  want  thereof,  in  the  county 
clerk's  office  of  the  same  county. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   VERMONT.  121 

SEC.  36.  The  legislature  shall  regulate  entails,  in  such  manner  as  to  prevent 
perpetuities. 

SEC.  37.  To  deter  more  effectually  from  the  commission  of  crimes,  by  con 
tinued  visible  punishments  of  long  duration,  and  to  make  sanguinary  punish 
ments  less  necessary,  means  ought  to  be  provided  for  punishing  by  hard  labor. 
those  who  shall  be  convicted  of  crimes  not  capital,  whereby  the  criminal  shall 
be  employed  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  or  for  the  reparation  of  injuries  done 
to  private  persons ;  and  all  persons,  at  proper  times,  ought  to  be  permitted  to 
see  them  at  their  labor. 

SEC.  38.  The  estates  of  such  persons  as  may  destroy  their  own  lives,  shall  not, 
for  that  offence,  be  forfeited  ;  but  descend,  or  ascend,  in  the  same  manner  as  if 
such  persons  had  died  in  a  natural  way.  Nor  shall  any  articles,  which  shall  acci 
dentally  occasion  the  death  of  any  person,  be  henceforth  deemed  a  deodand,  or  in 
any  wise  forfeited  on  account  of  such  misfortune. 

SEC.  39.  Every  person  of  good  character,  who  comes  to  settle  in  this  State, 
having  first  taken  an  oath  or  affirmation  of  allegiance  to  the  same,  may  purchase, 
or  by  other  just  means  acquire,  hold  and  transfer  laud,  or  other  real  estate,  and 
after  one  year's  residence  shall  be  deemed  a  free  denison  thereof,  and  entitled  to 
all  rights  of  a  natural  born  subject  of  this  State ;  except  that  he  shall  not  be 
capable  of  being  elected  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  treasurer,  councillor,  or 
representative  in  assembly,  until  after  two  years'  residence. 

SEC.  40.  The  inhabitants  of  this  State  shall  have  liberty,  in  seasonable  times, 
to  hunt  and  fowl,  on  the  lands  they  hold,  and  on  other  lands  not  enclosed,  and 
in  like  manner  to  fish  in  ball  oatable  and  other  waters  (not  private  property),  un 
der  proper  regulations  to  be  hereafter  made  and  provided  by  the  general  assembly. 

SEC.  41.  Laws  for  the  encouragement  of  virtue  and  prevention  of  vice  and  im 
morality  ought  to  be  constantly  kept  in  force,  and  duly  executed  ;  and  a  compe 
tent  number  of  schools  ought  to  be  maintained  in  each  town,  for  the  convenient 
instruction  of  youth,  and  one  or  more  grammar  schools  be  incorporated  and 
properly  supported,  in  ea*;h  county  in  this  State.  And  all  religious  societies  or 
bodies  of  men  that  may  be  hereafter  united  or  incorporated  for  the  advance 
ment  of  religion  and  learning,  or  for  other  pious  and  charitable  purposes,  shall 
be  encouraged  and  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  privileges,  immunities, 
and  estates,  which  they  in  justice  ought  to  enjoy,  under  such  regulations  as  the 
general  assembly  of  this  State  shall  direct. 

SEC.  42.  The  declaration  of  the  political  rights  and  privileges  of  the  inhabi 
tants  of  this  State,  is  hereby  declared  to  be  a  part  of  the  constitution  of  this  com 
monwealth,  and  ought  not  to  be  violated  on  any  pretence  whatsoever. 

[SEC.  43.  In  order  that  the  freedom  of  this  commonwealth  may  be  preserved 
inviolate  forever,  there  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot,  by  the  freemen  of  this  State, 
on  the  last  Wednesday  in  March,  in  the  year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
ninety-nine,  and  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  March  in  every  seven  years  thereafter, 
thirteen  persons,  who  shall  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner  the  council  is  chosen, 
except  they  shall  not  be  out  of  the  council  or  general  assembly,  to  be  called  the 
council  of  censors,  who  shall  meet  together  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  June  next 
ensuing  their  election,  the  majority  of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum  in  every  case, 
except  as  to  calling  a  convention,  in  which  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number 
elected  shall  agree  :  and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  inquire  whether  the  constitu 
tion  has  been  preserved  inviolate  in  every  part  during  the  last  septenary  (includ 
ing  the  year  of  their  service,)  and  whether  the  legislative  and  executive  branches 
of  government  have  performed  their  duty  as  guardians  of  the  people,  or  assumed 
to  themselves,  or  exercised  other  or  greater  powers  than  they  are  entitled  to  by 
the  constitution.  They  are  also  to  inquire  whether  the  public  taxes  have  been 
justly  laid  and  collected  in  all  parts  of  this  commonwealth  ;  in  what  manner  th« 


CONSTITUTION   OF   VERMONT. 


public  moneys  have  been  disposed  of,  and  whether  the  laws  have  been  duly  exe 
cuted.  For  these  purposes  they  shall  have  power  to  send  for  persons,  papers, 
and  records  ;  they  shall  have  authority  to  pass  public  censures,  to  order  impeach 
ments,  and  to  recommend  to  the  legislature  the  repealing  such  laws  as  shall 
appear  to  them  to  have  been  passed  contrary  to  the  principles  of  the  constitu 
tion  :  these  powers  they  shall  continue  to  have  for  and  during  the  space  of  one 
year  from  the  day  of  their  election,  and  no  longer.  The  said  council  of  censors 
shall  also  have  power  to  call  a  convention,  to  meet  within  two  years  after  their 
Bitting,  if  there  appears  to  them  an  absolute  necessity  of  amending  any  article  of 
this  constitution  which  may  be  defective,  explaining  such  as  may  be  thought  not 
clearly  expressed,  and  of  adding  such  as  are  necessary,  for  the  preservation  of 
the  rights  and  happiness  of  the  people.  But  the  articles  to  be  amended,  and  the 
amendments  proposed,  and  such  articles  as  are  proposed  to  be  added  or  abol 
ished,  shall  be  promulgated  at  least  six  months  before  the  day  appointed  for  the 
election  of  such  convention,  for  the  previous  consideration  of  the  people,  that 
they  may  have  an  opportunity  of  instructing  their  delegates  on  the  subject.]  (See 
the  twenty-sixth  Article  of  amendment. 

ARTICLES    OF    AMENDMENT. 

ARTICLE  1.  No  person,  who  is  not  already  a  freeman  of  this  State,  shall  be 
entitled  to  exercise  the  privileges  of  a  freeman,  unless  he  be  a  natural  born  citi 
zen  of  this,  or  some  one  of  the  United  States,  or  until  he  shall  have  been  natural 
ized,  agreeably  to  the  acts  of  Congress. 

ART.  2.  The  most  numerous  branch  of  the  legislature  of  this  State  shall  here 
after  be  styled  "  The  House  of  Representatives." 

ART.  3.  The  supreme  legislative  power  of  this  State  shall  hereafter  be  exer 
cised  by  a  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  which  shall  be  styled  "The 
General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Vermont."  Each  shall  have  and  exercise  the 
like  powers  in  all  acts  of  legislation ;  and  no  bill,  resolution,  or  other  thing, 
which  shall  have  been  passed  by  the  one,  shall  have  the  effect  of  or  declared  to 
"be,  a  law,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  other.  Provided  that  all  revenue  bills 
shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives, — but  the  Senate  may  propose  or 
concur  with  amendments,  as  on  other  bills.  Neither  house,  during  the  session 
of  the  general  assembly,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjoum  for 
more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  houses 
shall  be  sitting, — and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  houses  with 
respect  to  adjournment,  the  governor  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall 
think  proper. 

ART.  4.  [The  senate  shall  be  composed  of  thirty  senators,  to  be  of  the  free 
men  of  the  county  for  which  they  are  elected,  respectively,  who  are  thirty  years 
of  age  or  upwards,  and  to  be  annually  elected  by  the  freemen  of  each  county 
respectively.  Each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  one  senator,  at  least,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  senators  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  several  counties  according 
to  their  population,  as  the  same  was  ascertained  by  the  last  census,  taken  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States— regard  being  always  had,  in  such  apportion 
ment,  to  the  counties  having  the  greatest  fraction.  But  the  several  counties 
shall,  until  after  the  next  census  of  the  United  States,  be  entitled  to  elect,  and 
have  their  senators,  in  the  following  proportion,  to  wit : 

Benniugton  county,  two ;  Windham  county,  three ;  Rutland  county,  three ; 
Windsor  county,  four ;  Addison  county,  three  ;  Orange  county,  three  ;  Washing 
ton  county,  two;  Chittenden  county,  two;  Caledonia  county,  two;  Franklin 
county  three  ;  Orleans  county,  one  ;  Essex  county,  one ;  Grand  Isle  coiinty,  one. 

The  legislature  shall  make  a  new  apportionment  of  senators,  to  the  several 


CONSTITUTION   OF   VERMONT. 


counties,  after  the  taking  of  each  census  of  the  United  Slates,  or  census  taken 
for  the  purpose  of  such  apportionment,  by  order  of  the  government  of  this  State, 
always  regarding  the  above  provisions  in  this  article.]  (See  the  twenty-third 
Article  of  amendment.) 

ART.  5.  The  freemen  of  the  several  towns  in  each  county  shall  [annually] 
give  their  votes  for  the  senators,  apportioned  to  such  county,  at  the  same  time 
and  under  the  same  regulations,  as  are  now  provided  for  the  election  of  council 
lors.*  And  the  person  or  persons,  equal  in  number  to  the  number  of  senators 
apportioned  to  such  county,  having  the  greatest  number  of  legal  votes  in  such 
county  respectively,  shall  be  the  senator  or  senators  of  such  county.  At  every 
election  of  senators,  after  the  votes  shall  have  been  taken,  the  constable  or  pre 
siding  officer,  assisted  by  the  selectmen  and  civil  authority  present,  shall  sort 
and  count  the  said  votes,  and  make  two  lists  of  the  names  of  each  person,  with 
the  number  of  votes  given  for  each,  annexed  to  his  name,  a  record  of  which  shall 
be  made  in  the  town  clerk's  office,  and  shall  seal  up  said  lists,  separately,  and 
write,  on  each,  the  name  of  the  town,  and  these  words,  "Votes  for  Senator,1' 
or  "  Votes  for  Senators,"  as  the  case  may  be,  one  of  which  lists  shall  be  deliv 
ered  by  the  presiding  officer  to  the  representative  of  said  town  (if  any),  and  if 
none  be  chosen,  to  the  representative  of  an  adjoining  town,  to  be  transmitted  to 
the  president  of  the  Senate  ;  the  other  list,  the  said  presiding  officer  shall,  with 
in  ten  days,  deliver  to  the  clerk  of  the  county  court  for  the  same  county,  and 
the  clerk  of  each  county  court  respectively,  or  in  case  of  his  absence  or  disabil 
ity  the  sheriff  of  such  county,  or  in  case  of  the  absence  or  disability  of  both,  the 
high  bailiff  of  such  county,  on  the  tenth  day  after  such  election,  shall  publicly 
open,  sort  and  count  said  votes,  and  make  a  record  of  the  same,  in  the  office  of 
the  clerk  of  such  county  court,  a  copy  of  which  he  shall  transmit  to  the  senate  ; 
and  shall  also,  within  ten  days  thereafter,  transmit  to  the  person  or  persons 
elected,  a  certificate  of  his  or  their  election.  Provided,  however,  that  the  gen 
eral  assembly  shall  have  power  to  regulate  by  law  the  mode  of  balloting  for 
senators,  within  the  several  counties,  and  to  prescribe  the  means,  and  the  man 
ner  by  which  the  result  of  the  balloting  shall  be  ascertained,  and  through  which 
the  senators  chosen  shall  be  certified  of  their  election,  and  for  filling  all  vacan 
cies  in  the  senate,  which  shall  happen  by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise.  But 
they  shall  not  have  power  to  apportion  the  senators  to  the  several  counties  other 
wise  than  according  to  the  population  thereof,  agreeably  to  the  provisions  herein 
before  ordained. 

ART.  6.  The  senate  shall  have  the  like  powers  to  decide  on  the  election  and 
qualifications  of,  and  to  expel  any  of  its  members,  make  its  own  rules,  and  ap 
point  its  own  officers,  as  are  incident  to,  or  are  possessed  by,  the  house  of  rep 
resentatives.  A  majority  shall  constitute  a  quorum.  The  lieutenant  governor 
shall  be  president  of  the  senate,  except  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  gov 
ernor,  or  when  his  office  shall  be  vacant,  or  in  his  absence  ;  in  which  cases,  the 
senate  shall  appoint  one  of  its  own  members  to  be  president  of  the  senate,  pro 
tempore.  And  the  president  of  the  senate  shall  have  a  casting  vote,  but  no  other. 

ART.  7.  The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  trying  and  deciding  upon  all 
impeachments  ;  —  when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirma 
tion,  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted,  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of 
the  members  present.  Judgment,  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  not  extend 
farther,  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  or  enjoy  any 
office  of  honor,  or  profit,  or  trust,  under  this  State.  But  the  party  convicted 
shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable,  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and 
punishment,  according  to  law. 

ART.  8.    The  supreme  executive  power  of  the  state  shall  be  exercised  by  the 

*     Section  10  of  Part  II. 


124  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 

governor,  or  in  case  of  his  absence  or  disability,  by  the  lieutenant  governor : 
who  shall  have  all  the  powers  and  perform  all  the  duties  vested  in  and  enjoined 
iipon  the  governor  and  council,  by  the  eleventh  and  twenty-seventh  sections  of 
the  second  chapter  of  the  constitution,  as  at  present  established,  excepting  that 
he  shall  not  ait  as  a  judge,  in  case  of  impeachment,  nor  grant  reprieve,  or  par 
don,  in  any  such  case:  nor  shall  he  command  the  forces  of  the  State  in  person, 
in  time  of  war  or  insurrection,  unless  by  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ; 
and  no  longer  than  they  shall  approve  thereof.  The  governor  may  have  a  secre 
tary  of  civil  and  military  affairs,  to  be  by  him  appointed  during  pleasure,  whos<> 
cervices  he  may  at  all  times  command ;  and  for  whose  compensation,  provision 
shall  be  made  by  law. 

ART.  9.  The  votes  for  governor,  lieutenant  governor  and  treasurer  of  the 
State,  shall  be  sorted  and  counted,  and  the  result  declared  by  a  committee,  ap 
pointed  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  If,  at  any  time,  there  shall 
be  no  election  by  the  freemen,  of  governor,  lieutenant  governor  and  treasurer 
of  the  State,  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  shall,  by  a  joint  ballot,  elect 
to  fill  the  office,  not  filled  by  the  freemen  as  aforesaid,  one  of  the  three  candidates 
for  such  office  (if  there  be  so  many)  for  whom  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall 
have  been  returned. 

ABT.  10.  The  secretary  of  state,  and  all  officers,  whose  elections  are  not 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  who,  under  the  existing  provisions  of  the  constitu 
tion,  are  elected  by  the  council  and  house  of  representatives,  shall,  hereafter,  bo 
elected  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  in  joint  assembly,  at  which 
the  presiding  officer  of  the  senate  shall  preside ;  and  such  presiding  officer,  in 
such  joint  assembly,  shall  have  a  casting  vote,  and  no  other. 

ART.  11.  Every  bill,  which  shall  have  passed  the  senate  and  house  of  repre 
sentatives,  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  governor;  if  he 
approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections  in  writ 
ing,  to  the  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated ;  which  shall  proceed  to 
reconsider  it.  If,  upon  such  reconsideration,  a  majority  of  the  house  shall  pass 
the  bill,  it  shall,  together  with  the  objections,  be  sent  to  the  other  house,  by 
which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  a  majority  of  that 
house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases,  the  votes  of  both  houses 
shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  or 
against  the  bill,  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house,  respectively.  If 
any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  governor,  as  aforesaid,  within  five  days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall 
become  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it;  unless  the  two  houses,  by 
their  adjournment,  within  three  days  after  the  presentment  of  such  bill,  shall 
prevent  its  return ;  in  which  case  it  shall  not  become  a  law. 

ART.  12.  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall,  in  no  case,  be  suspended.  It  shall 
be  a  writ,  issuable  of  right ;  and  the  general  assembly  shall  make  provision  to 
render  it  a  speedy  and  effectual  remedy  in  all  cases  therefor. 

ART.  13.  Such  parts  and  provisions,  only,  of  the  constitution  of  this  State, 
established  by  convention,  on  the  ninth  day  of  July,  one  thousand  seven  hun 
dred  and  ninety-three,  as  are  altered  or  superseded  by  any  of  the  foregoing 
amendments,  or  are  repugnant  thereto,  shall  hereafter  cease  to  have  effect. 

ART.  14.  The  assistant  judges  of  the  county  court  shall  be  elected  by  the 
freemen  of  their  respective  counties. 

ART.  15.  Sheriffs  and  high  bailiffs  shall  be  elected  by  the  freemen  of  their 
respective  counties. 

ART.  16.  State's  attorneys  shall  be  elected  by  the  freemen  of  their  respective 
counties. 

ART.  17.  Judges  of  probate  shall  be  elected  by  the  freemen  of  their  respective 
districts.  • 


CONSTITUTION   OF   VEKMONT. 


ART.  18.  Justices  of  the  peace  shall  be  elected  by  the  freemen  of  their  respec 
tive  towns  ;  and  towns  having  less  than  one  thousand  inhabitants  may  elect  any 
number  of  justices  of  the  peace  not  exceeding  Jive  ;  towns  having  one  thousand, 
and  less  than  two  thousand  inhabitants,  may  elect  seven  ;  towns  having  two 
thousand,  and  less  than  three  thousand  inhabitants,  may  elect  ten  ;  towns  having 
three  thousand,  and  less  than  five  thousand  inhabitants,  may  elect  twelve;  and 
towns  having  five  thousand,  or  more,  inhabitants,  may  elect  fifteen  justices  of 
the  peace. 

ART.  19.  All  the  officers  named  in  the  preceding  articles  of  amendment  (Ar 
ticles  Ik  to  18)  shall  be  [annually]  elected  by  ballot,  [and  shall  hold  their  offices 
for  one  year,  said  year  commencing  on  the  first  day  of  December  next  after  their 
election.]  (See  the  twenty-fourth  Article  of  amendments.^ 

ART.  20.  The  election  of  the  several  officers  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
articles  (Articles  Ik  to  IS),  excepting  town  representatives,  shall  be  made  at  the 
times  and  in  the  manner  now  directed  in  the  constitution  for  the  choice  of  sen 
ators.  And  the  presiding  officer  of  each  freemen's  meeting,  after  the  votes  shall 
have  been  taken,  sorted,  and  counted,  shall,  in  open  meeting,  make  a  certificate 
of  the  names  of  each  person  voted  for,  with  the  number  of  votes  given  for  each, 
annexed  to  his  name  and  designating  the  office  for  which  the  votes  were  given, 
a  record  of  which  shall  be  made  in  the  town  clerk's  office,  and  he  shall  seal  up 
said  certificate,  and  shall  write  thereon  the  name  of  the  town  and  the  words, 
Certificate  of  votes  for  --  ,  and  add  thereto,  in  writing,  the  title  of  the  office 
voted  for,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  shall  deliver  such  certificate  to  some  represen 
tative  chosen  as  a  member  of  the  general  assembly,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
cause  such  certificate  of  votes  to  be  delivered  to  the  committee  of  the  general 
assembly  appointed  to  canvass  the  same.  And  at  the  sitting  of  the  general 
assembly,  next  after  such  balloting  for  the  officers  aforesaid,  there  shall  be  a 
committee  appointed  of  and  by  the  general  assembly,  who  shall  be  sworn  to  the 
faithful  discharge  of  their  duty,  and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  such  cer 
tificates  and  ascertain  the  number  of  votes  given  for  each  candidate,  and  the  per 
sons  receiving  the  largest  number  of  votes  for  the  respective  offices  shall  be 
declared  duly  elected,  and  by  such  committee  be  reported  to  the  general  assem 
bly,  and  the  officers  so  elected  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor.  And  if 
two  or  more  persons  designated  for  any  one  of  said  offices  shall  have  received 
an  equal  number  of  votes,  the  general  assembly  shall  elect  one  of  such  persons 
to  such  office. 

ART.  21.  The  term  of  office  of  the  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  treas 
urer  of  the  state,  respectively,  shall  commence  when  they  shall  be  chosen  and 
qualified,  and  shall  continue  for  the  term  of  [one  year]  (two  years),  or  until  their 
successors  shall  be  chosen  and  qualified,  or  to  the  adjournment  of  the  session  of 
the  legislature,  at  which,  by  the  constitution  and  laws,  their  successors  are 
required  to  be  chosen,  and  not  after  such  adjournment.  And  the  legislature 
shall  provide,  by  general  law,  declaring  what  officer  shall  act  as  governor  when 
ever  there  shall  be  a  vacancy  in  both  the  offices  of  governor  and  lieutenant  gov 
ernor,  occasioned  by  a  failure  to  elect,  or  by  the  removal  from  office,  or  by  the 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  of  both  governor  and  lieutenant  governor,  to 
exercise  the  powers  and  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office  of  governor  ;  and  such 
officer,  so  designated,  shall  exercise  the  powers  and  discharge  the  duties  apper 
taining  to  the  office  of  governor  accordingly,  until  the  disability  shall  be 
removed,  or  a  governor  shall  be  elected.  And  in  case  there  shall  be  a  vacancy 
in  the  office  of  treasurer,  by  reason  of  any  of  the  causes  enumerated,  the  gover 
nor  shall  appoint  a  treasurer  for  the  time  being,  who  shall  act  as  treasurer  until 
the  disability  shall  be  removed,  or  a  new  election  shall  be  made. 

ART.  22.    The  treasurer  of  the  state  shall,  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of 


12G  CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT. 

his  office,  give  sufficient  security  to  the  secretary  of  state,  in  behalf  of  the  state 
of  Vermont,  before  the  governor  of  the  state,  or  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court.  And  sheriffs  and  high  bailiffs,  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  their 
respective  offices,  shall  give  sufficient  security  to  the  treasurer  of  their  respective 
counties,  before  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  or  the  two  assistant 
judges  of  the  county  court  of  their  respective  counties,  in  such  manner  and  in 
such  sums  as  shall  be  directed  by  the  legislature. 

ART.  23.  The  senate  shall  be  composed  of  thirty  senators,  to  be  of  the  free 
men  of  the  county  for  which  they  are  elected,  respectively,  who  shall  have  at 
tained  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  they  shall  be  elected  [annually]  (biennially)  by 
the  freemen  of  each  county  respectively. 

The  senators  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  several  counties,  according  to  the 
population,  as  ascertained  by  the  census  taken  under  the  authority  of  Congress 
in  the  year  1840,  regard  being  always  had,  in  such  apportionment,  to  the  counties 
having  the  largest  fraction,  and  giving  to  each  county  at  least  one  senator. 

The  legislature  shall  make  a  new  apportionment  of  the  senators  to  the  several 
counties,  after  the  taking  of  each  census  of  the  United  States,  or  after  a  census 
taken  for  the  purpose  of  such  apportionment,  under  the  authority  of  this  State, 
always  regarding  the  above  provisions  of  this  article. 

ART.  24.  The  General  Assembly  shall  meet  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  October, 
biennially;  the  first  election  shall  be  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  September,  A.D. 
1870;  the  first  session  of  the  General  Assembly  on  the  first  Wednesday  of 
October,  A.D.  1870. 

The  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  Treasurer  of  the  State,  senators,  town 
representatives,  assistant  judges  of  the  county  court,  sheriffs,  high  bailiffs, 
State's  attorneys,  judges  of  probate,  and  justices  of  the  peace,  shall  be  elected 
biennially  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  September,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the 
Constitution  of  the  State. 

The  term  of  office  of  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  Treasurer  of  the 
State,  respectively,  shall  commence  when  they  shall  be  chosen  and  qualified,  and 
shall  continue  for  the  term  of  two  years,  or  until  their  successors  shall  be  chosen 
and  qualified,  or  to  the  adjournment  of  the  session  of  the  Legislature  at  which, 
by  the  Constitution  and  laws,  their  successors  are  required  to  be  chosen,  and  not 
after  such  adjournment. 

The  term  of  office  of  senators  and  town-  representatives  shall  be  two  years, 
commencing  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  October  following  their  election. 

The  term  of  office  of  the  assistant  judges  of  the  county  court,  sheriffs,  high 
bailiffs,  State's  attorneys,  judges  of  probate  and  justices  of  the  peace,  shall  be 
two  years,  and  shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  December  next  after  their 
election. 

ART.  25.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  be  elected  biennially,  and 
their  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years. 

ART.  26.  At  the  session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  State,  A.D.  1880,  and 
at  the  session  thereof  every  tenth  year  thereafter,  the  Senate  may,  by  a  vote  of 
two-thirds  of  its  members,  make  proposals  of  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  State,  which  proposals  of  amendment,  if  concurred  in  by  a  majority  of 
the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals 
of  the  two  Houses,  and  referred  to  the  General  Assembly  then  next  to  be  chosen, 
and  be  published  in  the  principal  newspapers  of  the  State ;  and  if  a  majority  of 
the  members  of  the  Senate  and  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  next 
following  General  Assembly  shall  respectively  concur  in  the  same  proposals  of 
amendment,  or  any  of  them,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to 
submit  the  proposals  of  amendment  so  concurred  in  to  a  direct  vote  of  the  free 
men  of  the  State  ;  and  such  of  said  proposals  of  amendment  as  shall  receive  a 


CONSTITUTION   OF  VERMONT.  127 

majority  of  the  votes  of  the  freemen  voting  thereon,  shall  become  a  part  of  the 
Constitution  of  this  State. 

The  General  Assembly  shall  direct  the  manner  of  voting  by  the  people  upon 
the  proposed  amendments,  and  enact  all  such  laws  as  shall  be  necessary  to  pro 
cure  a  free  and  fair  vote  upon  each  amendment  proposed,  and  to  carry  into  efiect 
all  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  section. 

The  House  of  Representatives  shall  have  all  the  powers  now  possessed  by 
the  Council  of  Censors  to  order  impeachments,  which  shall  in  all  cases  be  by  a 
vote  of  two-thirds  of  its  members. 

The  forty-third  section  of  the  second  part  of  the  Constitution  of  this  State  is 
hereby  abrogated. 


NOTE.— The  first  constitution  of  Vermont  was  adopted  by  a  convention  of 
delegates  which  met  at  Windsor,  on  the  second  day  of  July,  A.D.  1777,  and  wa& 
revised  by  the  same  convention  at  a  subsequent  meeting  at  Windsor,  on  the  24th 
day  of  December  of  the  same  year. 

To  this  constitution  amendments  were  made  by  a  convention,  holclen  at  Man 
chester,  on  the  last  Thursday  of  June,  A.D.  1786.  Further  amendments  were 
made  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Windsor,  on  the  third  *  day  of  July,  A.D. 
1793,  and  the  constitution  as  thus  amended  consisted  of  those  of  the  foregoing 
articles  and  sections  which  precede  those  designated  as  u  articles  of  amend 
ment."  [Not  including  the  preamble.] 

The  first  of  the  above  designated  articles  of  amendment  was  adopted  by  a 
convention,  holden  at  Montpelier  on  the  26th  day  of  June,  A.D.  1828;  those 
numbered  from  two  to  thirteen  inclusive,  were  adopted  by  a  convention,  held  at 
Montpelier  on  the  sixth  day  of  January,  A.D.  1836 ;  those  numbered  from  four 
teen  to  twenty-three  inclusive,  were  adopted  by  a  convention,  held  at  Montpelier 
on  the  second  day  of  January,  A.D.  1850;  and  those  numbered  from  twenty-four 
to  twenty-six  inclusive,  were  adopted  by  a  convention,  held  at  Montpelier  on  the 
eighth  day  of  June,  A.D.  1870. 

The  convention  of  1793,  instead  of  promulgating  only  the  amendments  which 
they  had  adopted,  as  has  been  the  practice  since,  engrossed  and  set  forth  the 
whole  constitution  without  making  any  distinction  between  the  articles  pre 
viously  in  force  and  those  then  adopted ;  this  engrossment,  which  was  signed  by 
the  officers  of  that  convention,  and  deposited  in  the  secretary  of  state's  office,  is 
styled,  in  a  title-page  prefixed  to  it,  "  The  Constitution  of  Vermont,  as  adopted 
by  the  convention,  holden  at  Windsor,  July  fourth,*  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-three,"  and  in  consequence  of  this  error,  those  articles  which  had 
been  previously  established  by  the  conventions  of  1786  and  1777  have,  in  con 
nection  with  the  amendments  adopted  in  1793,  been  uniformly  alluded  to  and 
designated  as  the  constitution  " established "  or  "adopted"  by  the  convention 
of  1793. 

It  is  obvious  from  a  comparison,  that  a  majority  of  the  articles  and  sections 
in  this  constitution  had  their  origin  and  adoption  in  the  conventions  of  1786  and 
1777,  and  that  it  is  as  incorrect  to  speak  of  the  whole  constitution  as  being 

*  The  convention  of  1793  met  on  the  third  instead  of  the  fourth  day  of  July,  as 
stated  in  the  title-page  to  the  constitution  which  (hey  set  forth.—  They  were  called 
by  the  council  of  censors  to  convene  on  "  the  first  Wednesday"  which  was  the  third 
day  of  July  •  and  in  the  extracts  from  their  journals  which  were  furnished  by 
their  secretary,  and  published  in  the  Vermont  Journal  of  July  2M,  1793,  there  are 
accounts  of  the  proceedings  of  the  convention  on  both  the  third  and  fourth,  as  well 
as  subsequent  days  of  July. 


128  CONSTITUTION   OF   VERMONT. 

adopted  or  established  in  1793,  as  it  would  be  to  say  of  the  whole  of  our  present 
constitution,  that  it  was  adopted  by  the  convention  of  1850. 

The  convention  of  1793  was  called  by  the  council  of  censors  "  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  and  adopting  the  amendments  of  the  constitution,  as  'proposed 
by  this  council ;"  in  the  newspapers  of  those  days  it  was  spoken  of  as  "  the 
convention  for  ratifying  or  rejecting  the  amendments  to  the  constitution  of  this 
state  as  proposed  by  the  council  of  censors."  That  it  was  the  understanding  of 
the  convention  that  they  were  merely  amending  an  already  established  and  exist 
ing  constitution,  is  apparent  from  the  only  account  of  their  proceedings  which 
the  compiler  has  been  able  to  find ;  and  that  such  was  the  understanding  of  its 
members,  and  the  construction  given  both  by  them  and  by  the  legislature  of  the 
state  at  its  session  in  October,  1793,  is  evident  from  the  questions  which  then 
arose,  and  the  decisions  which  were  made  respecting  the  right  of  several  towns 
to  have  two  representatives  at  that  session,  under  the  provisions  of  the  seventh 
section  of  the  second  chapter  of  the  constitution  as  then  promulgated. 


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